This thesis utilizes the binary encounter approximation to calculate the stopping power of protons penetrating silicon. The main goal of the research was to make predictions of the stopping power of silicon for low-energy and medium-energy channelled protons, in the hope that this will motivate experiments to test the theory developed below. In attaining this goal, different stopping power theories were compared and the binary encounter approach was applied to random (non-channelled) and high-energy channelled protons in silicon, and these results were compared with experimental data.

ABSTRACT A continuous energy loss measurements of 63Cu, 28Si, 27AI, 24Mg, 19F, 160 and 12C ions over an energy range of(O.OG-0.65) MeV/nucleon through thin polymeric foils (Mylar, Polypropylene and Formvar) were carried out by time of flight spectrometry. The deduced experimental stopping data have been used in order to assess our proposed semi empirical formula. The proposed approach based on the Firsov and Lindhard-Scharff stopping power models is provided for well describing-the electronic stopping power of heavy ions (3 Z < 100) in various solids targets at low energy range. The '· factor, which was approximated to be z:i6 , involved in Lindhard, Scharff and Schiott (LSS) formula has been suitably modified in the light of the available experimental stopping power data. The calculated stopping power values after incorporating, effective charge z; of moving heavy ions with low velocities ( v v0z 13 ) and modified C. in LSS formula, have been found to be in close agreement with measured values in various solids targets. A reason of energy loss measurements is to obtain data that help to assess our understanding of the stopping power theories. For this, the obtained results are compared with, LSS calculations, MSTAR and SRIM-2013 predictions code.

Thesis (M.S. in Physics)--United States Naval Postgraduate School, 1959. / "Physics and Mathematics" -t.p. Includes bibliographical references (p. 39).

Estudos recentes utilizaram filtração com absorvedores de W para representar o efeito da rugosidade do ânodo. Para verificar a validade desta metodologia, neste trabalho, foram avaliados espectros de energia na faixa utilizada em radiologia diagnóstica convencional (40, 80 e 150 kV), gerados por tubos de raios X com ânodos rugosos por meio de simulações baseadas no Método de Monte Carlo. Para isto, foi desenvolvido um programa computacional com a ferramenta GEANT4, a qual simula a interação da radiação com a matéria. Neste programa, foram abordados: a modelagem geométrica do sistema, os processos físicos envolvidos e a aplicação de uma técnica de redução de variância baseada no fracionamento (splitting) de bremsstrahlung. Para a modelagem geométrica, as superfícies rugosas dos ânodos foram geradas a partir de um modelo estocástico de crescimento baseado na equação de Edwards-Wilkinson. Os ânodos foram modelados com um ângulo fixo de 16º e de material constituído de 95% de tungstênio e 5% de rênio. As superfícies dos ânodos foram geradas com rugosidades de 0,0; 0,5; 1,0; 2,0; 3,0; 4,0; 5,0 e 6,0 ?m. Também foi realizada a caracterização do feixe de radiação X pelos parâmetros da energia média e da camada semi-redutora (CSR). Estes parâmetros foram calculados numericamente a partir dos espectros de raios X gerados por simulação de Monte Carlo. Os valores das energias médias sofreram aumentos da ordem de 20 a 30% e as CSR\'s entre 11 a 25% aproximadamente, com o aumento das rugosidades, dependendo da energia máxima do espectro. A comparação entre os espectros produzidos com ânodo rugoso e os espectros gerados com a adição de filtração de W no feixe primário de radiação X mostraram que ambos alteram a forma da distribuição espectral, porém de modos distintos. Ou seja, o efeito da rugosidade é diferente do efeito da filtração. / Recent studies employed the filtration with tungsten absorbers to represent the effect of the anode roughness. To verify the validity of this method, in this work, the Monte Carlo method was used to simulate the spectra of X rays employed in conventional radiodiagnostics (40, 80 and 150 kV), generated by anode roughness. To perform this task, a computational program was developed with the GEANT4 toolkit, which simulates the interaction of radiation with matter. In this program, the geometric modeling of the system, the relevant physical processes and the application of a variance reduction technique based on bremsstrahlung splitting were implemented. In the geometric modeling, the rough surfaces of the anodes were generated from a stochastic model of roughness growth based on the Edwards-Wilkinson equation. The anodes were modeled with a fixed angle of 16º and material consisting of 95% tungsten and 5% of rhenium. The anode surfaces were generated with roughness of 0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0 and 6.0 ?m. The X ray spectra were characterized by the half-value layers (HVL) and mean energies. These parameters were calculated numerically from X ray spectra generated by the Monte Carlo simulation. The increase in the mean energy values was of the order of 20 to 30% and in the HVLs between 11 and 25% approximately growing with the roughness, depending on maximum energy of the spectrum. Comparison between spectra from anodes with roughness and spectra generated by adding tungsten filtration on primary X ray beam showed that both change the shape of the spectral distribution, but in different ways. In other words, the roughness effect and the filtration effect are not equivalent.

Utilizando um método de integração da área de espectros de energia, medidos a partir da combinação de técnicas de espalhamento em alvos espessos e transmissão, obtivemos a curva de perda de energia de partículas sobre absorvedores de Al, em torno do pico de Bragg, com incerteza entre 2% e 3%. Para tanto, foram realizadas duas medidas do espectro de energia de partículas , espalhadas por alvos espessos, sendo a primeira medida sem absorvedor e a segunda com o absorvedor de Al em frente ao detetor. Através da análise de porções das áreas sob os dois espectros, obtivemos uma curva, praticamente contínua, de perda de energia em função da energia das partículas. Implementamos também uma nova metodologia para a obtenção da curva de poder de freamento, diferente da tradicionalmente utilizada no método de transmissão. Inicialmente, parametrizamos uma curva de poder de freamento, obtida na literatura, utilizando uma expressão conveniente, com 6 parâmetros, que fornece o poder de freamento, em função da energia. Posteriormente, foi realizado um ajuste da curva de perda de energia, através da comparação dos valores teóricos e experimentais, e variando-se os parâmetros calculados anteriormente, através do método de mínimos quadrados, até se obter o melhor ajuste para a curva de perda de energia experimental. Deste modo, são obtidos novos parâmetros, que fornecem agora a curva de poder de freamento experimental. Os resultados obtidos foram comparados com outros resultados experimentais e também com algumas das parametrizações semi-empíricas mais comumente utilizadas. / We present in this work experimental energy loss curves for alpha particles in Al foils around the Bragg peak energy. Our method is based on an integration of the energy spectrum, combining elastic scattering in thick targets with transmission method, providing an almost continuous energy loss curve with $2-3\\%$ precision. To achieve this precision we perform two independent measurements of energy spectra. The first one consist of a traditional elastic scattering measurement in thick foil and the second one consists of adding the absorver foil in front of the detector. The energy spectrum from the second measurement shows a shift to lower energies when compared to the one obtained in the first measurement. Through the analysis of the partial areas under the spectra the energy loss curve can be obtained. We also developed a new method to obtain the corresponding experimental stopping power curve, through a global analysis of the energy loss measurements. First, the stopping power of alpha particles in Al, obtained from the literature is parametrized with a convenient six parameters expression. Then we fit the experimental energy loss curve, with the energy loss derived from the stopping power fit using a chi^2 fitting method. From this fitting procedure we obtain a new set of parameters and the experimental stopping power curve is determined. Our results are compared with other experimental data and semi-empirical parametrization found in the literature.

Utilizando um método de integração da área de espectros de energia, medidos a partir da combinação de técnicas de espalhamento em alvos espessos e transmissão, obtivemos a curva de perda de energia de partículas sobre absorvedores de Al, em torno do pico de Bragg, com incerteza entre 2% e 3%. Para tanto, foram realizadas duas medidas do espectro de energia de partículas , espalhadas por alvos espessos, sendo a primeira medida sem absorvedor e a segunda com o absorvedor de Al em frente ao detetor. Através da análise de porções das áreas sob os dois espectros, obtivemos uma curva, praticamente contínua, de perda de energia em função da energia das partículas. Implementamos também uma nova metodologia para a obtenção da curva de poder de freamento, diferente da tradicionalmente utilizada no método de transmissão. Inicialmente, parametrizamos uma curva de poder de freamento, obtida na literatura, utilizando uma expressão conveniente, com 6 parâmetros, que fornece o poder de freamento, em função da energia. Posteriormente, foi realizado um ajuste da curva de perda de energia, através da comparação dos valores teóricos e experimentais, e variando-se os parâmetros calculados anteriormente, através do método de mínimos quadrados, até se obter o melhor ajuste para a curva de perda de energia experimental. Deste modo, são obtidos novos parâmetros, que fornecem agora a curva de poder de freamento experimental. Os resultados obtidos foram comparados com outros resultados experimentais e também com algumas das parametrizações semi-empíricas mais comumente utilizadas. / We present in this work experimental energy loss curves for alpha particles in Al foils around the Bragg peak energy. Our method is based on an integration of the energy spectrum, combining elastic scattering in thick targets with transmission method, providing an almost continuous energy loss curve with $2-3\\%$ precision. To achieve this precision we perform two independent measurements of energy spectra. The first one consist of a traditional elastic scattering measurement in thick foil and the second one consists of adding the absorver foil in front of the detector. The energy spectrum from the second measurement shows a shift to lower energies when compared to the one obtained in the first measurement. Through the analysis of the partial areas under the spectra the energy loss curve can be obtained. We also developed a new method to obtain the corresponding experimental stopping power curve, through a global analysis of the energy loss measurements. First, the stopping power of alpha particles in Al, obtained from the literature is parametrized with a convenient six parameters expression. Then we fit the experimental energy loss curve, with the energy loss derived from the stopping power fit using a chi^2 fitting method. From this fitting procedure we obtain a new set of parameters and the experimental stopping power curve is determined. Our results are compared with other experimental data and semi-empirical parametrization found in the literature.

Estudos recentes utilizaram filtração com absorvedores de W para representar o efeito da rugosidade do ânodo. Para verificar a validade desta metodologia, neste trabalho, foram avaliados espectros de energia na faixa utilizada em radiologia diagnóstica convencional (40, 80 e 150 kV), gerados por tubos de raios X com ânodos rugosos por meio de simulações baseadas no Método de Monte Carlo. Para isto, foi desenvolvido um programa computacional com a ferramenta GEANT4, a qual simula a interação da radiação com a matéria. Neste programa, foram abordados: a modelagem geométrica do sistema, os processos físicos envolvidos e a aplicação de uma técnica de redução de variância baseada no fracionamento (splitting) de bremsstrahlung. Para a modelagem geométrica, as superfícies rugosas dos ânodos foram geradas a partir de um modelo estocástico de crescimento baseado na equação de Edwards-Wilkinson. Os ânodos foram modelados com um ângulo fixo de 16º e de material constituído de 95% de tungstênio e 5% de rênio. As superfícies dos ânodos foram geradas com rugosidades de 0,0; 0,5; 1,0; 2,0; 3,0; 4,0; 5,0 e 6,0 ?m. Também foi realizada a caracterização do feixe de radiação X pelos parâmetros da energia média e da camada semi-redutora (CSR). Estes parâmetros foram calculados numericamente a partir dos espectros de raios X gerados por simulação de Monte Carlo. Os valores das energias médias sofreram aumentos da ordem de 20 a 30% e as CSR\'s entre 11 a 25% aproximadamente, com o aumento das rugosidades, dependendo da energia máxima do espectro. A comparação entre os espectros produzidos com ânodo rugoso e os espectros gerados com a adição de filtração de W no feixe primário de radiação X mostraram que ambos alteram a forma da distribuição espectral, porém de modos distintos. Ou seja, o efeito da rugosidade é diferente do efeito da filtração. / Recent studies employed the filtration with tungsten absorbers to represent the effect of the anode roughness. To verify the validity of this method, in this work, the Monte Carlo method was used to simulate the spectra of X rays employed in conventional radiodiagnostics (40, 80 and 150 kV), generated by anode roughness. To perform this task, a computational program was developed with the GEANT4 toolkit, which simulates the interaction of radiation with matter. In this program, the geometric modeling of the system, the relevant physical processes and the application of a variance reduction technique based on bremsstrahlung splitting were implemented. In the geometric modeling, the rough surfaces of the anodes were generated from a stochastic model of roughness growth based on the Edwards-Wilkinson equation. The anodes were modeled with a fixed angle of 16º and material consisting of 95% tungsten and 5% of rhenium. The anode surfaces were generated with roughness of 0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0 and 6.0 ?m. The X ray spectra were characterized by the half-value layers (HVL) and mean energies. These parameters were calculated numerically from X ray spectra generated by the Monte Carlo simulation. The increase in the mean energy values was of the order of 20 to 30% and in the HVLs between 11 and 25% approximately growing with the roughness, depending on maximum energy of the spectrum. Comparison between spectra from anodes with roughness and spectra generated by adding tungsten filtration on primary X ray beam showed that both change the shape of the spectral distribution, but in different ways. In other words, the roughness effect and the filtration effect are not equivalent.

The biological effects of charged particles is of interest in particle therapy, radiation protection and space radiation science and known to be dependent on both absorbed dose and radiation quality or LET. Microdosimetry is a technique which uses a tissue equivalent gas to simulate microscopic tissue sites of the order of cellular dimensions and the principles of gas ionization devices to measure deposited energy. The Gas Electron Multiplier (GEM) has been used since 1997 for tracking particles and for the determination of particle energy. In general, the GEM detector works in either tracking or energy deposition mode. The instrument proposed here is a combination of both, for the purpose of determining the energy deposition in simulated microscopic sites over the charged particle range and in particular at the end of the range where local energy deposition increases in the so‐called Bragg‐peak region. The detector is designed to track particles of various energies for 5 cm in one dimension, while providing the particle energy deposition every 0.5 cm of its track. The reconfiguration of the detector for different particle energies is very simple and achieved by adjusting the pressure of the gas inside the detector and resistor chain. In this manner, the detector can be used to study various ion beams and their dose distributions to tissues. Initial work is being carried out using an isotopic source of alpha particles and this thesis will describe the construction of the GEM‐based detector, computer modelling of the expected gas‐gain and performance of the device as well as comparisons with experimentally measured data of segmented energy deposition. / UOIT

No description available.

La famille des matériaux semiconducteurs III-N présente des propriétés adéquates pour diversesapplications que ce soit dans le domaine de l’optique ou de l’électronique. Certaines de ces applicationsconsistent à intégrer ces matériaux dans des environnements hostiles et notamment soumis à l’actiond’ions lourds à différentes énergies. Lors de cette thèse, le travail consistait tout d’abord à comprendrel’évolution microstructurale sous irradiation du substrat alpha-Al2O3, puis du film mince GaN, afin d’établirun profil de l’évolution de l’endommagement en fonction de la profondeur. Un comportement assezsimilaire concernant l’évolution des paramètres de maille a été observé pour les deux matériaux. Dansla direction parallèle à la trajectoire du faisceau d’ions, une importante augmentation du paramètre demaille a été mise en évidence tandis que peu de variations ont été relevées perpendiculairement à latrajectoire du faisceau d’ions. Les formations de couche amorphe pour l’alpha-Al2O3 et de couche fortementendommagée pour le GaN ont été observées en surface. Les épaisseurs de ces couches augmentent enfonction de la fluence, associé à l’augmentation des contraintes résiduelles au sein du matériau. Al’aide d’hypothèses et des différents résultats obtenus, deux profils d’endommagement en profondeuront été proposés. D’autre part, la nanoindentation a montré que les paramètres de dureté et de moduled’élasticité évoluent fortement sous irradiation en fonction de la fluence. / Nitride semiconductors are attractive materials for the development of optical and electronic devices.Some of these applications can expose materials to extreme environments and especially radiation ofheavy ions at different energies. In this thesis, the study focused first on behaviour evolution underirradiation of alpha-Al2O3 and then of GaN thin film, in order to establish a profile of damage evolution asfunction of the depth. Concerning lattice parameter, a similar behaviour was observed for both materials.An important increase of lattice parameter parallel to ion beam was highlighted while few variations wasnoted for the lattice parameter perpendicular to ion beam. Formation of amorphous layer for alpha-Al2O3and highly disordered layer for GaN were observed in surface. Layers thicknesses increase as functionof the fluence with an increase of residual stresses in material. Using different results and assumptions,two damage profiles as function of the depth have been proposed. In addition, nanoindentation hasshown hardness and modulus of elasticity parameter evolve highly under irradiation as function of thefluence.