Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:52:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:00:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Dissertacao (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:52:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:00:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / A liga de alumínio 6063 possui um grande interesse industrial, apresentando características que justificam o seu uso mais freqüente quando comparadas às demais ligas de alumínio: a capacidade de endurecimento por precipitação (pois são termicamente tratáveis) aliada à facilidade de serem extrudadas. Estas ligas apresentam elevada ductilidade, que permite o seu uso em operações que acarretam elevados graus de deformação, como a extrusão. Por esse motivo, as ligas Al-Mg-Si apresentam a maior parte do volume de ligas extrudadas. Tendo em vista a freqüente utilização da liga de alumínio 6063, este trabalho estuda a caracterização e a recristalização da liga após a deformação plástica em diferentes graus de redução em área 20%, 50%, 70% e 90%, com tratamentos térmicos de 396ºC, 462ºC e 528ºC e com tempos de recozimento em 1minuto, 10 minutos e 100 minutos Tratamentos Termomecânicos. Observou-se como resultados de uma forma geral, que os tratamentos com 1minuto nas amostras de Al6063 houve pouca ou nenhuma alteração e ao aumentarmos o tempo de recozimento para 10 minutos e depois para 100 minutos os processos de recuperação/recristalização se tornam evidentes e o crescimento de também é observável para os tempos de tratamento em 100 minutos. / Dissertacao (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP

Les travaux effectués concernent le développement et la caractérisation de nouveaux alliages de titane à grande déformation, combinant des effets TRIP (« Transformation Induced Plasticity ») et TWIP (Twinning Induced Plasticity »). Ils s’inscrivent dans le cadre de la recherche de technologies plus économiques en termes de coûts énergétiques, nécessitant en particulier le développement de matériaux structuraux légers et performants avec une résistance, une ténacité et une ductilité exceptionnelles. Nous avons d’abord utilisé une approche semi-empirique, combinant calculs théoriques et données expérimentales, comme méthode de conception de ces nouveaux alliages. Basée sur des paramètres électroniques, cette approche permet de contrôler le degré de stabilité de la phase β du titane. Cette métallurgie, appelée métallurgie combinatoire, nous a permis de développer rapidement 3 nouvelles nuances d’alliages, qui sont : le Ti-8.5Cr-1.5Sn, Ti-8.5Cr-1.5Al, et le Ti-10V-4Cr-1Al. Il s’avère que plusieurs mécanismes de déformation sont déclenchés pour accommoder plastiquement le matériau, lors d’une sollicitation mécanique externe. Parmi ces mécanismes, sont présents le maclage {332}⟨113⟩, la martensite sous contrainte, et le glissement des dislocations. Nous avons montré que leur synergie donnée naissance à deux effets, un effet de raffinement microstructural dit « effet Hall & Petch dynamique », et un effet assimilable aux interactions matrice-renforts, appelé « effet Composite ». Nous avons mené ensuite une campagne d’essais balistiques comparative avec d’autres alliages de titane, pour analyser le comportement à l’endommagement, au plus proche d’une potentielle application industrielle. Nous avons montré que les alliages ayant la capacité d’être transformable par déformation sont ceux qui possèdent la ténacité (KIC) et la résilience (KCV) la plus élevée. Enfin, dans une dernière partie, axée sur l’ouverture de cette thématique, nous avons étudié dans un premier temps la transposition de la méthode de conception à un alliage industriel. Puis, dans un deuxième temps, une transposition des effets TRIP/TWIP à des matrices α+β, dont les résultats prometteurs des propriétés mécaniques offrent de nouvelles perspectives. / The work carried out concerns the development and characterization of new high deformation titanium alloys, combining TRIP (Transformation Induced Plasticity) and TWIP (Twinning Induced Plasticity) effects. They are part of the search for more economical technologies in terms of energy costs, requiring in particular the development of lightweight and efficient structural materials with exceptional strength, toughness and ductility. We first used a semi-empirical approach, combining theoretical calculations and experimental data, as a method for designing these new alloys. Based on electronic parameters, this approach makes it possible to control the degree of stability of the β phase of titanium. This metallurgy, called combinatorial metallurgy, allowed us to quickly develop 3 new grades of alloys, which are : Ti-8.5Cr-1.5Sn, Ti-8.5Cr-1.5Al, and Ti-10V-4Cr-1Al. It turns out that several deformation mechanisms are triggered to plastically accommodate the material during an external mechanical stress. Among these mechanisms are the {332}⟨113⟩ twinning, the stress martensite, and the dislocation slip. We have shown that their synergy gives rise to two effects, a microstructural refinement effect called "dynamic Hall & Petch effect", and an effect comparable to the matrix-reinforcement interactions, called the "Composite effect". We then carried out a comparative ballistic test campaign with other titanium alloys, to analyze the behavior to damage, closest to a potential industrial application. We have shown that alloys with the ability to be transformable by deformation are those with the highest toughness (KIC) and resilience (KCV). Finally, in a final part, focusing on the opening of this thematic, we first studied the transposition of the design method to an industrial alloy. Then, a transposition of the TRIP / TWIP effects to α+β matrices, whose promising results of mechanical properties offer new perspectives.Keywords : Titanium alloys, Twinning, Strain-hardening, Deformation microstructure, Martensitic phase transformation.

Práce sleduje vliv velikosti částic na elastický modul a deformační chování za mezí kluzu. Bylo pozorováno, že jak elastická oblast, tak oblast za mezí kluzu ukazuje silnou závislost chování na velikosti částic. Cílem této práce je korelovat experimentální data a teoretické předpoklady které bylo odvozeny pro deformační chování v elastické oblasti a v oblasti za mezí kluzu pro amorfní polymery a konkrétně pro PMMA. Vše je motivováno propojit zatím oddělené oblasti kontinuální mikromechaniky a diskrétní nanomechaniky. Deformační chovaní PMMA plněného nano a mikro plnivem bylo pozorováno v elastické a plastické oblasti. Byl zkoumán vliv velikosti částic na velikost modulu a deformačního zpevnění. Mechanizmus vyztužení je interpretován s použitím teorie imobilizace řetězců, nanočástice mají silný vliv na molekulární dynamiku a kinetiku zapletenin. Mým příspěvkem k tomuto tématu je ukázat výraznou závislost na mechanizmu vyztužení v závislosti na velikosti částic. A to jak pod teplotou skelného přechodu tak nad teplotou skelného přechodu. Ačkoli pro velikost modulu byla publikována značná množství dat, která byla následně i interpretována, vliv částic na deformační zpevnění je poskrovnu. Během elastické deformace je primární struktura materiálu neměnná, jedná se o elastickou deformaci, za mezí kluzu již toto neplatí a primární struktura je zde nevratně poškozena. Bylo ukázáno, že obsah nano částic vede ke zvýšení meze kluzu a vyššímu deformačnímu zpevnění. Tento nárůst deformačního zpevnění je v korelaci s Guth-Gold rovnicí. Je předpokládáno, že nanočástice slouží jako další fyzikální zapleteniny a vedou k fyzikálně více zapletenému systému. Stejný efekt jako v elastické oblast tj. vliv velikosti částic na modul, byla pozorována i během deformačního zpevnění.

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Constitutive models that conform to separable KBKZ specification have been shown to fit steady-state strain hardening rheological data in planar and uniaxial elongational flows, but with inaccuracy in the rate of strain hardening. The single parameter Molecular Stress Function model of Wagner [Rheol. Acta, 39 (2000), 97-109] has been shown to accurately fit the rise-rate in experimental data for a number of strain hardening and strain softening materials. We study this models accuracy against the well characterised IUPAC LDPE data, and present a method for full implementation of this model for flow solution which is suitable for incorporating into existing separable KBKZ software. A new method for particle tracking in arbitrarily aligned meshes, which is efficient and robust, is given. The Quadratic Molecular Stress Function (QMSF) model is compared to existing separable KBKZ based models, including one which is capable of giving planar strain hardening; the QMSF is shown to fit experimental rheological and contraction flow data more convincingly. The issue of `negative correction pressures¿ notable in some Doi-Edwards based models is addressed. The cause is identified, and leads to a logical method of calculation which does not give these anomalous results.

Aluminum alloys are increasingly being used in a broad spectrum of applications such as lightweight structures, light rail, bridge decks, marine crafts, and off-shore platforms. The post-fire (residual) integrity of aluminum structures is of particular concern as a severe degradation in mechanical properties may occur without catastrophic failure, even for short duration, low intensity fires. The lack of research characterizing residual mechanical behavior results in an unquantified mechanical state of the structure, potentially requiring excessively conservative repair. This research aims to develop an in-depth understanding of the mechanisms governing the residual aluminum alloys so as to establish a knowledge-base to assist intelligent structural repair. In this work, the residual mechanical behavior after fire exposure of marine-grade aluminum alloys AA5083-H116 and AA6061-T651 is characterized by extensive mechanical testing. Metallography was performed to identify the as-received and post-fire microstructural state. This extensive characterization was utilized to develop constitutive models for the residual elasto-plastic mechanical behavior of the alloys. The constitutive models were developed as a series of sub-models to predict (i) microstructural evolution, (ii) residual yield strength, and (iii) strain hardening after fire exposure. The AA5083-H116 constitutive model was developed considering the microstructural processes of recovery and recrystallization. The residual yield strength was calculated considering solid solution, subgrain, and grain strengthening. A recovery model was used to predict subgrain growth and a recrystallization model was used to predict grain nucleation and growth, as well as subgrain annihilation. Strain hardening was predicted using the Kocks-Mecking-Estrin law modified to account for the additional dislocation storage and dynamic recovery of subgrains. The AA6061-T651 constitutive model was developed considering precipitate nucleation, growth, and dissolution. A Kampmann-Wagner numerical model was used to predict precipitate size distribution evolution during elevated temperature exposure. The residual yield strength was calculated using solid solution and precipitate strengthening, considering both shearable and non-shearable precipitates. A modified KME law was used to predict residual strain hardening considering the additional effects of the precipitate-dislocation interactions, focusing on the efficient of dislocation (Orowan) loop storage and recovery about the precipitates. In both cases, the constitutive models were bench-marked against experimental data. / Ph. D.

Thesis (MScEng (Civil Engineering))--University of Stellenbosch, 2009. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Strain Hardening Cement-based Composite (SHCC) is part of the High Performance Fibre Reinforced Cement-based Composite (HPFRCC) family and is a relative new concrete composite. This Fibre Reinforced Cement-based Composite (FRCC) contains randomly distributed short fibres and when subjected to a uni-axial tensile load multiple cracking occurs. The multiple cracking generates fine cracks which are normally smaller than 100 μm and achieve a strain capacity of more than 5 %. There are limited publications regarding the research of sustained tensile tests on SHCC and especially the cracking behaviour of SHCC under quasi-static uni-axial as well as sustained tensile loads. The cracking behaviour is described as the average crack width, number of cracks and descriptive statistical properties which could be used to represent the distribution of the multiple fine cracks under uni-axial tension. There are two types of tests that were under consideration to determine the cracking behaviour of SHCC. The first is quasi-static uniaxial tensile tests and the second is sustained tensile tests. The latter was dependant on the uni-axial tensile tests in terms of the sustained load applied. The sustained loads ranged from 40 % to 80 % of the ultimate tensile resistance recorded from the uni-axial tensile tests that correspond with a strain rate of 0.001 /s. Different strain rates were used for the uni-axial tensile tests to determine the effect on the cracking behaviour. The cracking behaviour was determined with the aid of a non-contact optical 3D digital deformation measuring device called ARAMIS. The content of this thesis gives a background study of the cracking behaviour and relevant research performed on SHCC under certain loads as well as some literature about the timedependant effects of a cement-based composite. The functioning of the device called ARAMIS is explained as well as the resulting effects of this device on the preparation of the test specimens. The experimental framework for the uni-axial and sustained tensile tests is discussed. Thereafter, the experimental results of the tests are depicted and discussed. The results shed some light on the basic material properties such as the average ultimate stress and average ultimate strain, Young’s modulus, etc. for the quasi-static tensile tests as well as shrinkage and creep of SHCC. The cracking behaviour such as the average crack width, number of cracks, the variance and skewness of the distribution of the crack widths in the test specimens for the quasi-static uni-axial and sustained tensile tests are depicted and discussed. The cracking behaviour when subjected to uni-axial tensile tests with different strain rates is significantly governed by the formation of new cracks and the average crack width remains small with increase in strain. There is no significant difference for the cracking behaviour found when subjected to different strain rates. However, when SHCC is subjected to a sustained load then the average crack width is dependant on the number of cracks that form over time as well as the load level. The formation of fewer and wider cracks was observed for specimens loaded at average 40 % of the ultimate tensile resistance stress, however at loading percentages of higher than 65 % more cracks developed which resulted in a smaller average crack width. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Vervorming Verharding Sement gebaseerde samestelling “Strain Hardening Cement-based Composite” (SHCC) is deel van die familie van “High Performance Fibre Reinforced Cement-based Composite” (HPFRCC) en is ʼn relatiewe nuwe beton samestelling. Hierdie vesel versterkte sement gebaseerde beton bevat willekeurig verspreide kort vesels en veelvoudige klein krake vorm onder monotoniese trekkragte. Hierdie veelvoudige klein krake is minder as 100 μm wyd en lei tot ʼn vervorming van meer as 5 %. Daar is ʼn tekort aan navorsing oor die kruip van SHCC sowel as die kraak gedrag van hierdie sement gebaseerde samestelling onderhewig aan trek. Die kraak gedrag word beskryf as die gemiddelde kraakwydte, aantal krake en ʼn paar beskrywende statistiese parameters. Hierdie kraak gedrag parameters kan gebruik word om ʼn verdeling te kan weergee van die veelvoudige klein krake onder ʼn trek belasting. Twee tipes toetse was uitgevoer om die kraak gedrag te beskryf. Die eerste tipe toets was monotoniese trek toetse en die tweede tipe was kruip toetse. Die tweede toets was afhanklik van die monotoniese trek toetse in terme van die belasting wat gebruik was vir die kruip toetse. Die belasting was gevarieer vanaf 40 % tot 80 % van die breekbelasting wat bepaal is met die monotoniese trektoetse wat ooreenstem met ʼn vervorming tempo van 0.001 /s. Verskillende vervorming tempo’s vir die monotoniese trektoetse was uitgevoer om te bepaal wat die effek is op die kraak gedrag. Die kraak gedrag was bepaal met behulp van ʼn geen-kontak optiese 3D digitale deformasie meet instrument genoem ARAMIS. Die inhoud van die tesis bevat ʼn kort opsoming oor ʼn agtergrond studie van die kraak gedrag en relevante navorsing oor vesel versterkte sement gebaseerde beton, sowel as literatuur oor die tydafhanklike effekte van ʼn sement gebaseerde samestelling. Die beheer en gebruik van die meet instrument ARAMIS word verduidelik, sowel as die effek van hierdie masjien op die voorbereiding vir die eksperimente. Die eksperimentele uiteensetting vir die monotoniese en kruip toetse word beskryf. Daarvolgens is die resultate van die eksperimentele toetse getoon en verduidelik. Die resultate verduidelik die basiese materiaal eienskappe, byvoorbeeld die gemiddelde breekspanning met die ooreenkomstige breekvervorming, Young’s modulus en so voorts vir die monotoniese trektoetse, sowel as eienskappe met betrekking tot krimp en kruip van SHCC. Die kraak gedrag naamlik die gemiddelde kraakwydte, aantal krake per meter, variansie en die skuinsheid van die ontwikkelde krake met die toets proefstukke vir die monotoniese en kruip trek toetse word weergegee en verduidelik. Die kraak gedrag van SHCC wanneer getoets word met verskillende monotoniese trektoets tempo’s word beheer deur die ontwikkeling van nuwe krake en die gemiddelde kraakwydte is beduidend laag met toenemende vervorming. Daar is geen beduidende verskil in die kraak gedrag ten opsigte van die verskillende monotoniese trek tempo’s nie. In teendeel, wanneer SHCC belas word met ʼn konstante las oor tyd word die gemiddelde kraakwydte beheer deur die ontwikkeling van nuwe krake sowel as die belasting wat aangewend is. Onder ʼn belasting van so laag as 40 % van die breekbelasting vorm daar minder krake, maar met ʼn groter gemiddelde kraakwydte. Wanneer belas word met meer as 65 % van die breekbelasting vorm meer krake wat lei tot ʼn kleiner gemiddelde kraakwydte.

A disputa por espaço no mercado automotivo tem sido intensificada a cada ano. A cobrança por componentes mais leves e de menor custo aliados à preocupação ambiental têm exigido a busca de novas alternativas de materiais e/ou processos produtivos mais eficientes. Uma das respostas a estas tendências é o aumento significativo no uso de aços de alta resistência baixa liga e dual phase nos últimos anos a fim de reduzir peso dos componentes. Entretanto, o custo destes aços no Brasil está entre 20 a 40% maior que os aços baixo carbono. Desta forma, para alguns segmentos está descartada esta hipótese, pois o mercado brasileiro exige redução de peso aliada à redução de custo. Sendo assim, a melhoria do processo produtivo ganha força nesta disputa. O processo de repuxamento (spinning) tem sido utilizado há anos para produção do componente disco de rodas para veículos comerciais e é um processo de trabalho à frio severo, o que pode resultar em aumento das propriedades mecânicas do material e redução do uso de matéria-prima em função da porcentagem da redução de espessura proposta. Sendo assim, neste trabalho foram analisadas 3 condições de repuxamento de disco, 41% de redução de espessura, 52% de redução de espessura e 64% de redução de espessura a fim de se obter o limite de redução de espessura do material S355JR por meio do processo de repuxamento do disco sem que haja perda das propriedades mecânicas do mesmo e, assim, gerar aumento da vida em fadiga do componente roda e redução de peso. Para isso, foram realizados os seguinte ensaios: análise de composição química, análise de microdureza, análise metalográfica, ensaios de tração e obtenção das curvas tensão x deformação, ensaios de fadiga por flexão alternada (R=-1,0) e obtenção das curvas S-N. A análise da composição química do aço S355JR verificou que o mesmo atende o especificado em norma DIN EN-10025-2. Por meio da análise metalográfica foi verificado que as fases presentes nos materiais analisados eram ferrita e perlita dispersa na matriz e nos contornos de grão. Através dos ensaios realizados foi observado que houve aumento das propriedades mecânicas do material para as amostras repuxadas e também aumento na vida em fadiga dos mesmos. Além disso, foi observado aumento das propriedades mecânicas e da vida em fadiga para a amostra com maior porcentagem de redução de espessura. / The battle for space in the automotive market is becoming fiercer. Calls for lighter and cheaper components, and also environmental concerns, have led to the search for alternative materials and more effective processes. One of the answers is the recent significant increase in sales of dual phase and high strength low alloy steel, which has reduced the weight of the products. However, in Brazil, the price of these steels is 20% to 40% higher than low carbon steel price and thus it is necessary to look for other options. On this way, for some segments this hypothesis is ruled out because the Brazilian market requires weight reduction combined to cost reduction. Thus, the improvement of the manufacturing process gains strength in this battle. The spinning process has long been used to make the disc of commercial vehicle wheels. It is a hard cold working process which could achieve an improvement of the material mechanical properties and a raw material reduction based on the thickness reduction during the process. Thus, three spun disc conditions were analyzed, corresponding to 41, 52% and 64% of thickness reduction, in order to find out a reasonable limit of thickness reduction with no loss of the material mechanical properties, purposing to increase the fatigue life of the wheel and reducing the wheel weight. The following tests were carried out: chemical composition analysis, metallographic analysis, tensile tests to obtain the stress v strain curves, and fatigue tests by alternated bending (R=-1.0) to obtain the S-N curves. The chemical composition analysis of the S355JR steel proved that it met the DIN EN10025-2 standard. Through metallographic analysis, it was confirmed that, for S355JR steels, whose microstructure is ferrite and perlite, the perlite was near the grain boundaries. Throughout the realized tests, it was observed that there was an increasing of the mechanical properties and the fatigue life of the spun samples. In addition, the mechanical properties and fatigue life of the sample with 64% of thickness reduction had increased more than the others spun samples had.

A liga de alumínio 6063 possui um grande interesse industrial, apresentando características que justificam o seu uso mais freqüente quando comparadas às demais ligas de alumínio: a capacidade de endurecimento por precipitação (pois são termicamente tratáveis) aliada à facilidade de serem extrudadas. Estas ligas apresentam elevada ductilidade, que permite o seu uso em operações que acarretam elevados graus de deformação, como a extrusão. Por esse motivo, as ligas Al-Mg-Si apresentam a maior parte do volume de ligas extrudadas. Tendo em vista a freqüente utilização da liga de alumínio 6063, este trabalho estuda a caracterização e a recristalização da liga após a deformação plástica em diferentes graus de redução em área 20%, 50%, 70% e 90%, com tratamentos térmicos de 396ºC, 462ºC e 528ºC e com tempos de recozimento em 1minuto, 10 minutos e 100 minutos Tratamentos Termomecânicos. Observou-se como resultados de uma forma geral, que os tratamentos com 1minuto nas amostras de Al6063 houve pouca ou nenhuma alteração e ao aumentarmos o tempo de recozimento para 10 minutos e depois para 100 minutos os processos de recuperação/recristalização se tornam evidentes e o crescimento de também é observável para os tempos de tratamento em 100 minutos. / The aluminum 6063 alloy possesses a great industrial interest, presenting characteristics that justify its frequent use, when compared to the other aluminum alloys: the precipitation hardening and high cold work capacity. These alloys present high ductility, that allows their use in operations with high deformation degrees, as the cold work. The objective of this work is to show comparative analysis of the hardness Vickers of the commercial aluminum 6063 alloy, after cold work with different area reduction degree and thermal treatment. Considering the frequent utilization aluminium 6063 alloy, this work studies the caracterization and recristalization of this alloy, after the plastc deformation in different area reduction degrees, thermal treatment and convenient tratment times Termomechanic Tratments.