With the ever-expanding speed of technological development and the dependence of social media outlets in everyday life. Information warfare can be used to strike targets with information operations from leaders down to the average person. Therefore, it is important to acknowledge the fact that attacks are being performed on our media corporations to influence are opinion. By influence opinion via deception the outcome of an attack even changes an election. The aim of this paper intends to shed light on the behaviour of hacktivist groups. The Syrian Electronic Army will be the main character in this paper do to the groups plausible deniability connections to the Syrian regime. As this paper will show with the works of a case studies on this group with the theoretical framework of John Warden. Hacker groups with connections to a regime work towards influencing the public via the power of disinformation.

El proceso de formación de un gobierno –que, según algunos de los conceptos que se manejan sobre cohesión social, permitiría avanzar por la senda del progreso de la sociedad– carece de procesos articuladores que permitan su funcionamiento eficiente en la práctica. En ese sentido, se hace necesaria la creación de mecanismos que permitan el ejercicio comunicacional entre la población y sus instituciones públicas, de modo que la ejecución de proyectos se acerque al objetivo último que debería ser el bien común. Este trabajo propone un modelo que busca la efectividad comunicacional entre ciudadanía y organismos públicos, sobre la base de una conceptualización de la cohesión y articulación social desde una mirada comunicacional, considerando los aspectos, procesos y presunciones con los que actualmente actúan algunas instituciones públicas peruanas. Se plantea el concepto de desfragmentación organizacional, el cual contribuye a entender las brechas que alejan a la sociedad de la cohesión / The process of forming a government -which, according to some of the concepts that are handled on social cohesion, would advance along the path of progress of society- lacks articulators processes to function efficiently in practice. In that sense, is necessary the creation of mechanisms enabling the communication exercise between the population and public institutions, so that project implementation to the ultimate objective should be the common good approach. This paper proposes a model that seeks the communicational effectiveness between citizens and public institutions, based on a conceptualization of cohesion and social articulation from a communicational glance, considering the aspects, processes and assumptions with currently operating some Peruvian public institutions. The concept of organizational defragmentation arises, which helps to understand the gaps that keep society cohesion.

Space technologies and the tools of space warfare are proliferating across Earth. The use of spacepower in conflict necessitates strategic thinking. Strategic theory can guide and improve strategic thought about outer space. Drawing on strategic theory, this thesis develops a spacepower theory in the next step of a collective theory-making effort about warfare in the Space Age. This spacepower theory is based on seven distinct, complementary, and interacting propositions that aim to shift the debate of spacepower away from space weaponisation and the Revolution in Military Affairs (RMA), and towards a more holistic view of the vast possibilities granted by spacepower. This spacepower theory proposes that space warfare only has meaning in so far it works towards the command of space; that the command of space is about manipulating celestial lines of communication; that spacepower in Earth orbit is a place to conduct strategic manoeuvres to influence the wider war and grand strategic goals; and that the command of space can have direct meaning for battlefield success through its dispersing effects. The theory is based on three major strategic analogies from terrestrial strategic theory and experience. First, space warfare is a continuation of terrestrial politics. Second, space is like the sea in its most basic concepts. Third, Earth orbit is like a coastal region. The contributions of this work are a theory that assists the individual’s education on warfare in the Space Age that takes emphasis away from space-based weaponry and the RMA, and a treatise that demonstrates and encourages a pedagogical method of analysis in strategic studies. This has tentative implications for wider discussions of astropolitics in International Relations (IR) as well. IR will continue in its usefulness in the cosmos, while Terran IR today must account for the realities of the Space Age.