O Estado brasileiro, seguindo as tendências mundiais, vem desenvolvendo e implementando, de forma cada vez mais sistematizada, aparatos institucionais e políticas públicas de estímulo à inovação. Entretanto, tais políticas apresentam um longo histórico de falhas e de descontinuidades nas estratégias do governo e nos planos que incentivam o desenvolvimento da ciência, tecnologia e inovação no país. Tendo em vista esse contexto, o presente trabalho busca analisar em detalhes, por meio de um estudo de casos, como o governo formula e implementa seus programas de estímulo a inovação. Para tanto, foram escolhidos dois programas para serem comparados como estratégias de investigação, distantes no tempo e nos alicerces políticos e institucionais em que foram concebidos. O primeiro deles foi uma ação da década de oitenta, intitulada Programa Inovação Tecnológica (PIT), que objetivava a implantação de Núcleos de Inovação Tecnológica em universidades e institutos de pesquisas. O segundo e mais recente é o Programa Primeira Empresa Inovadora (PRIME), que visa o apoio financeiro, com recursos não reembolsáveis para empresas nascentes inovadoras. Verificou-se que houve avanços significativos na forma como são concebidos e implementados, todavia, alguns aspectos críticos das heranças culturais e políticas brasileiras continuam ameaçando a continuidade desse tipo de ação, com destaque para a excessiva politização dos altos escalões das entidades responsáveis por executar essas ações e a intensa corporatização dos atores centrais nos movimentos de tentativas de estímulo a inovação no Brasil. / The Brazilian State, following the worldwide trends, has been developing and implementing, in increasingly systemized way, public policies to stimulate innovation. However, such policies present a long description of imperfections and discontinuities in the government strategies, and plans that stimulate the development of science, technology and innovation in the country. In this context, this work aims to analyze at great length, through a study of cases, the way that the government formulates and implements its programs to stimulate innovation. Therefore, two programs had been chosen to be comparing as inquiry strategies, distant in time as well as in the institutional and politicians foundations where they had been conceived. The first one was an action of the eighties, entitled Programa Inovação Tecnológica (PIT), which aimed to implement the Core of Technological Innovation in universities and research institutes. The second and most recent is the Programa Primeira Empresa Inovadora (PRIME), which aims to support innovative emerging companies with non-refundable grant. It was verified that they had significant advances in the way that they are conceived and implemented, however some critical aspects of the cultural inheritances and Brazilian policies keep threatening the continuity of those kind of action, with prominence for the excessive politicalization of the high steps of the responsible entities for executing those actions and the intense corporatization of the central actors in the movements that attempts to stimulate innovation in Brazil.

O Estado brasileiro, seguindo as tendências mundiais, vem desenvolvendo e implementando, de forma cada vez mais sistematizada, aparatos institucionais e políticas públicas de estímulo à inovação. Entretanto, tais políticas apresentam um longo histórico de falhas e de descontinuidades nas estratégias do governo e nos planos que incentivam o desenvolvimento da ciência, tecnologia e inovação no país. Tendo em vista esse contexto, o presente trabalho busca analisar em detalhes, por meio de um estudo de casos, como o governo formula e implementa seus programas de estímulo a inovação. Para tanto, foram escolhidos dois programas para serem comparados como estratégias de investigação, distantes no tempo e nos alicerces políticos e institucionais em que foram concebidos. O primeiro deles foi uma ação da década de oitenta, intitulada Programa Inovação Tecnológica (PIT), que objetivava a implantação de Núcleos de Inovação Tecnológica em universidades e institutos de pesquisas. O segundo e mais recente é o Programa Primeira Empresa Inovadora (PRIME), que visa o apoio financeiro, com recursos não reembolsáveis para empresas nascentes inovadoras. Verificou-se que houve avanços significativos na forma como são concebidos e implementados, todavia, alguns aspectos críticos das heranças culturais e políticas brasileiras continuam ameaçando a continuidade desse tipo de ação, com destaque para a excessiva politização dos altos escalões das entidades responsáveis por executar essas ações e a intensa corporatização dos atores centrais nos movimentos de tentativas de estímulo a inovação no Brasil. / The Brazilian State, following the worldwide trends, has been developing and implementing, in increasingly systemized way, public policies to stimulate innovation. However, such policies present a long description of imperfections and discontinuities in the government strategies, and plans that stimulate the development of science, technology and innovation in the country. In this context, this work aims to analyze at great length, through a study of cases, the way that the government formulates and implements its programs to stimulate innovation. Therefore, two programs had been chosen to be comparing as inquiry strategies, distant in time as well as in the institutional and politicians foundations where they had been conceived. The first one was an action of the eighties, entitled Programa Inovação Tecnológica (PIT), which aimed to implement the Core of Technological Innovation in universities and research institutes. The second and most recent is the Programa Primeira Empresa Inovadora (PRIME), which aims to support innovative emerging companies with non-refundable grant. It was verified that they had significant advances in the way that they are conceived and implemented, however some critical aspects of the cultural inheritances and Brazilian policies keep threatening the continuity of those kind of action, with prominence for the excessive politicalization of the high steps of the responsible entities for executing those actions and the intense corporatization of the central actors in the movements that attempts to stimulate innovation in Brazil.

Le projet constitue une modalité centrale d’administration de l’Aide publique au développement (APD). Moyen d’injecter des fonds selon des objectifs préétablis dans des secteurs donnés de l’économie, les projets ont suscité une littérature abondante dédiée à la rationalisation de ce format gestionnaire afin d’en assurer une plus grande maitrise. C’est également par projet que le secteur de l’APD intègre les enjeux de biodiversité dans ses activités de développement. Or la généalogie de cette question environnementale globale nous montre qu’elle déborde les pratiques standards de la conduite de projet, qu’elle se construit autant au niveau global qu’au niveau local, et que les méthodes d’élaboration ex ante et d’évaluation ex post brident la compréhension de ce qui se construit in itinere, dans le temps du projet et de son déroulé. En décalant la focale classique d’analyse de la gestion de projet nous faisons l’hypothèse qu’une posture de « recherche embarquée » nous permet d’expérimenter et de restituer au plus près l’activité stratégique de construction des cadres émergents de l’action environnementale. Nous outillons analytiquement cette posture à partir des travaux foucaldiens en sciences de gestion sur la conception de l’action collective et en aménageant le cadre d’Analyse stratégique de la gestion environnementale (ASGE). Nous faisons du couple régime-dispositif l’analyseur central de cette activité qui articule une intention générale - le régime de biodiversité - et sa conception dans un projet entendu comme un dispositif (i.e. un ensemble hétérogène d’acteurs, d’institutions, d’outils et de savoirs). Le « pôle réflexif » devient alors le lieu d’émergence de la stratégie environnementale du dispositif à partir de l’exercice d’une « réflexivité engagée ». Le projet qui sert de base empirique à cette réflexion, financé par le Fonds français pour l’environnement mondial (FFEM) été conçu dans une démarche originale entre une Agence de développement rural albanaise (MADA) et une organisation intergouvernementale méditerranéenne (CIHEAM-IAMM) ayant accepté « d’embarquer » une fonction recherche dans un processus concret de création de signes de qualité et d’origine (SIQO) pour des productions locales issues des systèmes pastoraux et agricoles et des activités de collecte de produits non-ligneux. L’hypothèse avancée par le projet « BiodivBalkans » (2012-2016) étant que ce processus peut favoriser une gestion environnementale durable des territoires agro-silvo-pastoraux albanais. La restitution de cette enquête prend la forme d’une narration-description située du projet comme dispositif à laquelle est rapportée une analyse de l’activité de mise en dispositif du régime de biodiversité endossée par le pôle réflexif, dans ses dimensions cognitive, organisationnelle et stratégique. Au-delà de l’irréductibilité de cette expérience de recherche, la portée démonstrative de ce travail s’articule en deux temps. D’un point de vue pratique, l’activité de pôle réflexif nous semble constituer une modalité additionnelle de conception et de mise en œuvre des projets de l’APD à visée environnementale. Nous dégageons des invariants de l’activité de mise en dispositif du régime de biodiversité en définissant trois catégories d’exercice d’une réflexivité engagée. Ces types d’opérations stratégiques de nature et d’échelles conceptuelles différentes permettent de concevoir les cadres de l’action environnementale au cœur des dispositifs d’action collective en univers complexe, ambigu et conflictuel.Du point de vue analytique, la théorisation de l’activité de pôle réflexif nous permet de redéfinir le statut de l’acteur environnemental tel qu’il est proposé par l’Analyse stratégique de la Gestion Environnementale (ASGE) en y intégrant une dimension cognitive, procédurale et située du changement en faveur de l’environnement dans les collectifs, rendue par les notions de « courtage de connaissances » et « d’organisation frontière ». / Overseas Development Assistance (ODA) operates mainly through projects. Envisioned as an efficient mean to inject funds according established targets in specific sectors of the economy, projects have generated a vast managerial literature aiming at optimizing the delivery of rationally planned and controlled outputs. Projects are also widely used to mainstream biodiversity in the ODA sector. However, our genealogy of biodiversity as a global environmental issue shows how this kind of wicked and ambiguous problem challenges the mechanistic rationality at the basis of all ODA project models. Building on both global and local levels, biodiversity issues cannot be properly constructed and managed through ex ante planning processes or ex post evaluations, but are arising from multi-actors interactions throughout the project life.By shifting the traditional focus of analysis of project management we assume a posture of "embedded research" allows us to experiment and describe the strategic activity of conceiving environmental action frames. We are equipping this posture building on Strategic Environmental Management Analysis (SEMA), adjusted with foucaldian analytical frameworks in management science on collective action design.Pairing the concepts of “regime” and “device”, we propose to use them as a central analytic tool to study this strategic activity that articulates a general intention – a biodiversity regime – conceived through a project understood as a device (i.e.: an heterogeneous set of actors, institutions, tools and knowledges). The figure of "reflexive pole” endorses the conception of the environmental strategy as a liminal site embedded in a specific device through the exercise of a “committed reflexivity”.The project used as an empirical basis for this intervention research, funded by the French Global Environment Facility (GEF), was designed in an original approach between Albanian Rural Development Agency (MADA) and Mediterranean intergovernmental organization (CIHEAM-IAMM) having agreed to "embark" a research function in a concrete process of building Signs of quality and origin (SIQO) for local productions from pastoral and agricultural systems and collection activities of non-timber products. The hypothesis advanced by the project "BiodivBalkans" (2012-2016) was that this process can promote a sustainable environmental management of agro-silvopastoral Albanian territories.This inquiry – led in a pragmatic perspective – is based on a situated narrative and description of the project’s developments studied as a strategic device, to which is attached the activity of the “reflexive pole”. Doing so, we emphasize the cognitive, organizational and strategic nature of conceiving the frames of environmental action in a situated device related to an evolving biodiversity regime. Beyond the irreducibility of this experience, the added value of this research work is twofold.From a practical standpoint, we propose to consider the “reflexive pole’s” activity as an additional modality to design and implement ODA environmental projects. We derive three invariants of this biodiversity mainstreaming activity (i.e.: framing, shaping, using), which designate three modes of exerting a “committed reflexivity”. Theses strategic operations of different nature and conceptual scales are to design the environmental dimension of collective action devices in complex, ambiguous and adverse universe.From an analytical standpoint then, theorizing the “reflexive pole’s” strategic activity allows us to redefine the status of the environmental actor as proposed by the Strategic Environmental Management Analysis (SEMA) in an actor-centric perspective. We used the concepts of “knowledge brokering" and» boundary organization” to enlarge this focus with a socio-cognitive dimension and build theoretical foundations to further explore the cognitive, procedural and located dimension of environmental changes in collective action devices.

This diploma thesis is mainly to explain the significance of the document Efektivní veřejná správa a přátelské služby: Strategie realizace Smart Administration 2007 - 2015 2015 (Efficient public administration and friendly service: Smart Administration Strategy 2007 - 2015) in the context of the reform process of public administration in the Czech republic. The author′s point of view is based of the theory of change, strategic managment and modern managment methods in public administration. Author focused on way of understanding the role and the context of the implementation of this document in public administration. Aim of this thesis is a decription and explanation of changes and their comparison with the primary Strategy′s goals. Another goals of this thesis is to understand the context of the implementation of the Strategy Smart Administration with regard to the major actors and events that could affect implementation. These methods are supplemented by findings that were obtained through interviews with experts in public administration area. The results of these analyses show that the goals of Strategy Smart Administration have not been fulfilled and this document presented an umbrella body for SMART methods in public administration. The goals of Strategy Smart Administration have not been met...