No description available.

Pallidosis is a disease of strawberry identified in 1957 with an unknown etiology. Two previously uncharacterized viruses in strawberry, Strawberry pallidosis associated virus (SPaV) and Beet pseudo-yellows virus (BPYV), have been found associated with disease symptoms. The complete nucleotide sequence of both viruses was determined and molecular detection protocols developed. In addition, an immunological tissue blot assay was developed for SPaV. Phylogenetic analysis of SPaV placed it in the genus Crinivirus, family Closteroviridae, along with BPYV. Transmission studies identified Trialeuroides vaporariorum, the greenhouse whitefly, as a vector of SPaV, while the virus was not transmitted by pollen or seed. The geographic distribution of both SPaY and BPYV in the United States was examined. Two ilarviruses of strawberry were investigated. Tobacco streak virus (TSV) is the type member of the genus Ilarvirus, family Bromoviridae, and can cause severe yield losses in small fruit crops. Sequence and phylogenetic analysis of 15 "TSV" isolates from Fragaria and Rubus revealed that they are homogeneous and represent a new virus species designated as Strawberry necrotic shock virus (SNSV). Nucleic acid-based protocols failed to identify any plants of the study infected with TSV an indication that the virus may not be a pathogen of Fragaria and Rubus. Fragaria chiloensis latent virus (FC1LV) is the second member of the genus Ilarvirus that infects strawberry. Previously, the virus had been found only in Chile and although many plants have been tested in North America using a serological test, none was found infected with the virus. A molecular test has been developed and used to confirm the presence of the virus in strawberries along the west coast of North America. Phylogenetic analysis of the coat protein gene of the virus place it in subgroup 4 of the genus along Prune dwarf virus, while it was previously thought to be related most closely to Lilac ring mottle virus and Asparagus virus-2. The role of the newly identified viruses and other viruses infecting strawberry is discussed in association with the strawberry decline disease found to cause severe symptoms and yield losses in both California and British Columbia, Canada. The significance of the work presented in this publication includes: the identification of two viruses associated with strawberry pallidosis disease; the complete nucleotide sequence of two criniviruses, an emerging group of plant viruses adds to the limited knowledge we have about this diverse virus genus; the identification of FC1LV in North America; the identification of SNSV as a distinct virus species which demonstrates the need of further studies on TSV, a virus species that infect a wide range of plant species and may actually be a cluster of diverse species. The high incidence of the pallidosis associated viruses points to the significance of the disease and their role in strawberry decline. The development of fast, sensitive and reliable tests for four strawberry viruses will have an impact to the strawberry industry, since the need for high quality, virus-free plants is essential for a crop that is asexually propagated. / Graduation date: 2004

No description available.

CAPES / O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito dos eliciadores acibenzolar-S-metil (ASM) e da proteína harpina em pré e pós-colheita na indução de resistência a Botrytis cinerea, causador do mofo-cinzento em morangos, e sobre outros agentes infestantes. Quatro experimentos foram conduzidos, dois deles em pré-colheita, e outros dois em pós-colheita. No primeiro experimento (1) em pré-colheita, conduzido em casa-de-vegetação, testou-se dois produtos à base de harpina (ProActTM 2,5 g L-1 com 1% do i.a., e Messenger® 0,75 g L-1 com 3% do i.a) e um à base de ASM (Bion® 500WG 0,5 g L-1 com 50% do i.a.), mais a testemunha (água destilada). Após 24 horas da segunda pulverização dos tratamentos foi realizada inoculação do fungo B. cinerea (105 conídios mL-1). Neste experimento foram avaliadas: produtividade, incidência e severidade da mancha-de-dendrofoma, flores abortadas, incidência de ácaros e incidência de frutos com mofo-cinzento, além do teor de proteínas totais, atividade da enzima fenilalanina amônia-liase (FAL), fenóis totais e taxa de assimilação de CO2. No segundo experimento (2) em pré-colheita, foram testadas doses de harpina (ProActTM 100, 200 e 300 mg L-1) e de ASM (Bion® 500 WG 100, 200, 300 e 400 mg L-1), mais a testemunha (água destilada). Após 24 horas da primeira aplicação dos tratamentos foi realizada inoculação de B. cinerea (104 conídios mL-1). Neste experimento foram realizadas avaliações para os parâmetros de produtividade, incidência de podridões e taxa de assimilação de CO2. Além disso, após a quarta aplicação dos tratamentos, foram coletados frutos para um dos experimentos (4) em pós-colheita. Foram realizados mais dois experimentos em pós-colheita, e o terceiro experimento (3) foi conduzido em parcelas subdivididas, com e sem ferimentos nos frutos. Os frutos foram pulverizados com ASM (Actigar® 50WG 5,0 mg do i.a. mL-1), dois produtos comerciais contendo proteína harpina (80 mg do i.a. L-1 - ProActTM e Messenger®) e uma testemunha (água destilada). Para o quarto experimento (4), frutos tratados em pré-colheita com 100, 200 e 300 mg L-1 ProActTM (1% de harpina), e 100, 200, 300 e 400 mg L-1 de Bion® (50% de ASM), mais a testemunha (água destilada). No experimento 3, os tratamentos foram aplicados por meio de pulverização e 12 horas após efetuou-se a inoculação do fungo B. cinerea (105 conídios mL-1). Após 48 horas da inoculação os frutos foram avaliados quanto à área lesionada e firmeza de polpa. Foi coletada amostra do material vegetal para análise do teor de proteínas totais e da atividade da FAL. Os frutos do experimento 4 foram colhidos do experimento 2, depois da quarta aplicação dos tratamentos. Após a desinfecção em HCl (1%) os frutos foram inoculados com o fungo B. cinerea (105 conídios mL-1) e passadas 96 horas foram avaliadas a área lesionada e a firmeza da polpa. Nos experimentos em pré-colheita foi observada indução de resistência à B. cinerea pelos eliciadores, inclusive com efeito de doses. No experimento 1, verificou-se maior atividade da FAL e maior acúmulo de fenóis totais, sendo estes parâmetros relacionados à redução da porcentagem de frutos podres e a menor incidência e severidade da mancha-de-dendrofoma. Em pós-colheita, no experimento 3, houve redução de área lesionada por B. cinera mediante aplicação dos eliciadores. A atividade da fenilalanina amônia-liase aumentou em relação à testemunha e foi relacionada ao maior controle do mofo-cinzento, como também, à maior firmeza de polpa. No experimento 4, também houve a redução da área lesionada, bem como o aumento da firmeza de polpa com o aumento das doses de ambos os produtos. As doses 300 e 9 400 mg L-1 de ProActTM e Bion®, respectivamente, apresentaram os menores valores de área lesionada e a dosagem de 200 mg L-1 de ambos os produtos apresentou maior firmeza de polpa. / The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of elicitors acibenzolar-S-metil (ASM) and harpin protein in pre and post harvest in the induction of resistance against Botrytis cinerea, responsible to the gray-mold in strawberries, and about other infestent agents. Four experiments had been led, two of them in pre harvest, and other two in post harvest. The first experiment (1) in pre harvest, was carried out in a greenhouse. It was tested two products from harpin protein (ProActTM 2,5 g L-1 with 1% of i.a, and Messenger® 0,75 g L-1 with 3% of i.a) and one from ASM (0,5 Bion® 500WG g L-1 with 50% of i.a), more the control (distilled water). 24 hours after the second spraying of the treatments was carried through inoculation of B. cinerea (105 conidia mL-1). To this experiment we had also been evaluated: productivity, incidence and severity of the one leaf blight fungus (Dendrophoma obscurans), percentage of aborted flowers, incidence of mites and percentage of fruits with the gray-mold, beyond the content of total proteins, activity of the phenylalanine ammonia-lyase enzyme (PAL), total phenols and the CO2 assimilation rate. In the second experiment (2) in pre harvest, doses of harpin (ProActTM 100, 200 and 300 mg L-1) and of ASM had been tested (Bion® 500 WG 100, 200, 300 and 400 mg L-1), more the control (distilled water). 24 hours after the first application of the treatments inoculation of B. cinerea (104 conidia mL-1) was carried through. In this experiment evaluations for the productivity parameters, percentage of putrid fruits and the CO2 assimilation rate had been carried through. Besides that, after the fourth application of the treatments, had been collected fruits for one of the experiments (4) in post harvest. Two experiments had been led more, in post harvest, the third experiment (3) was led in subdivided parts, with and without wounds in the fruits. The fruits had been sprayed with acibenzolar-Smetil (Actigar® 50WG 5.0 mg of i.a. mL-1), two commercial products having harpin protein (80 mg of i.a. L-1 - ProActTM e Messenger®) and one control (distilled water). The fruits of experiment 4 had been harvested of experiment 2, after the fourth application of the treatments. To the fourth experiment (4), fruits in pre harvest with 100, 200 and 300 mg L-1 ProActTM (1% of harpin), and 100, 200, 300 and 400 mg L-1 of Bion® (50% of ASM), more the control (distilled water), were evaluated in post harvest. In experiment 3, the treatments had been applied by means of spraying and 12 hours after the B. cinerea fungus was inoculated (105 conidia mL-1). After 48 hours of the inoculation the fruits had been evaluated as for the injured area and pulp firmness. Sample of the vegetal material was collected for analysis of the total proteins content and the activity of the PAL. After the disinfection in HCl (1%) the fruits had been inoculated with B. cinerea fungus (105 conidia mL-1) and passed 96 hours had been evaluated the injured area and the firmness of the pulp. In the experiments in pre harvest the induction of resistance against B. cinerea was observed by the use of elicitors, including with effect of doses. In experiment 1, it was verified bigger activity of the PAL and bigger accumulation of total phenols, being these parameters related to the reduction of the 11 percentage of rotten fruits and the smaller incidence and severity of the one leaf blight. In post harvest, in the experiment 3, there was reduction of injured area by B. cinerea through the application of the elicitors. Plants sprayed with the elicitors increased the activity of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase and it was related to the biggest control of the gray mold, as well as, the biggest pulp firmness. In experiment 4, there was also had the reduction of the injured area, as well as the increase of the pulp firmness with the increase of the doses of both the products. The doses of 300 and 400 mg L-1 of ProActTM and Bion®, respectively, had presented the smaller values of injured area, and the dosage of 200 mg L-1 of both the products presented greater pulp firmness.

Strawberries are an extremely perishable fruit mainly due to their soft texture and sensitivity to fungal infection. The fungal pathogen Botrytis cinerea is responsible for grey mould on strawberries and is the main causal agent of postharvest decay and subsequent economic loss. As an alternative to fungicides, manipulation of plant nutrition, such as calcium and boron, has been suggested as a means of disease management. This project investigated the effects of calcium and boron application on fruit quality and grey mould development in strawberry. The effect of calcium on fruit quality, grey mould development and leaf blight in strawberry cultivars ‘Aromas’ and ‘Selva’ was investigated through preharvest and postharvest applications. To determine the effect of preharvest application, calcium sulphate in 0.25X strength Hoagland’s solution was applied at 0, 100, 300 and 500 ppm Ca through fertigation. Fully-ripened fruit were harvested and evaluated for postharvest quality at harvest and then after storage at 10⁰C, 90±5% RH for 2 to 10 days. Although fruit firmness of both cultivars declined slightly during storage, this was not affected by preharvest calcium application. Similarly, preharvest calcium treatment had no effect on the external appearance, pH, soluble solids content (SSC) or titratable acidity (TA). No grey mould development was observed on fruit at harvest when flowers were inoculated with a conidia suspension of B. cinerea (10⁴ conidia per mL). However, fruit harvested from plants that received calcium at any concentration had less incidence of grey mould during storage at 10⁰C, 90±5% RH for 14 days than fruit harvested from plants that received no calcium for both cultivars. For ‘Aromas’, 79% and 51% of fruit, and for ‘Selva’, 69% and 43% of fruit, showed rot when treated with 0 and 500 ppm Ca, respectively. The shelf life of ‘Aromas’ and ‘Selva’ increased by about 8% when plants received 500 ppm Ca in comparison with plants that received 0 ppm Ca. After 7 days of incubation at 22 to 24⁰C, there was no difference between blight lesions on wound-inoculated detached leaves from different calcium treatments for either cultivar. However, the lesions on ‘Selva’ were smaller than on ‘Aromas’. The calcium levels in leaves from plants that received calcium at any concentration were adequate for strawberry growing and significantly higher (P < 0.05) than in leaves from plants that received 0 ppm Ca. However, calcium treatment did not ensure transfer of calcium to fruit tissues. Calcium lactate and calcium chloride were used as postharvest calcium treatments at 1500, 3000 and 4500 ppm Ca. Fruit of ‘Selva’ were dipped in calcium solution for 5 min and wound-inoculated with B. cinerea (10⁶ conidia per mL). Calcium lactate and calcium chloride at 3000 and 4500 ppm Ca, respectively, were most effective in delaying Botrytis rot development on ‘Selva’ after 7 days of storage at 10⁰C, 90±5% RH. Storage for least 24 h after calcium dips prior to inoculation was required to delay the development of fruit rot. Fruit harvested early in the season seemed to be less susceptible to grey mould than those harvested later. However, calcium treatment tended to be more effective when applied to late-season fruit. Preharvest boron treatment, applied as for calcium but at 0, 0.25, 0.5 and 1.0 ppm B, had no effect on fruit firmness of either cultivar. However, firmness of ‘Aromas’ fruit was slightly greater than ‘Selva’ fruit for all treatments. The amount of boron applied had no effect on the external appearance, pH, SSC or TA for either cultivar after storage of fruit for up to 10 days. Application of boron had no effect on fruit grey mould development in either cultivar. Furthermore, boron had minimal effect on the incidence of blight on woundinoculated detached leaves of ‘Aromas’ 7 days after inoculation. However, blight lesion diameters on ‘Selva’ leaves in the 1.0 ppm B treatment (8.0 mm) were significantly smaller (P < 0.001) than in the 0 ppm B treatment (13.0 mm). Phytotoxicity was observed in boron treatments even at the level considered optimum for strawberry growing. Severity increased with increasing boron concentration but no consistent effect on flower death or flower abortion was observed. In conclusion, strawberry is sensitive to boron toxicity. Calcium may enhance fruit firmness and, consequently, delay grey mould development if calcium penetrates the fruit. Postharvest calcium treatment tended to be more effective in delaying development of grey mould when applied to late-season fruit. Calcium lactate is a potential alternative to calcium chloride for reducing decay caused by B. cinerea in strawberry without providing undesirable bitterness. This finding may provide a basis for application in industry. / http://proxy.library.adelaide.edu.au/login?url= http://library.adelaide.edu.au/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=1331382 / Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine 2008

The temperature-dependent development of pupae and adults of strawberry root weevil (SRW) Otiorhynchus ovatus (L.) was studied in strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa Duch. var. 'Totem'). The development of pupae and adults was investigated at constant temperatures from 3-33��C at 3��C intervals. Major emphasis was on the development of a weighted linear temperature-based pupal prediction model. The predictive ability of this weighted model was compared to a traditional non-weighted linear degree-day model by relating predictions to the observed occurrence of SRW lifestages determined by field sampling. The upper thermal lethal limit for SRW pupae was between 30 and 33��C. Pupae did not eclose below 6��C. Mean pupal duration was 127 d at 6��C and 7 d at 30��C. Rate of development (1/days) was greatest at 30��C. The weighted linear pupal prediction model produced a developmental threshold of 4.3��C and a degree-day requirement of 227.3. The non-weighted linear pupal prediction model produced a developmental threshold of 6.2��C and a degree-day requirement of 163.9. Adults fed at all temperatures from 3-33��C and oviposited at temperatures between 18 and 30��C . The longest preoviposition period (32.8 d) and the least total number of eggs (2.2) were observed at 18��C. The shortest preoviposition period (15.1 d) and the greatest total number of eggs (282.5) were observed at 27��C. A temperature range of 21 to 27��C appeared to be optimum for oviposition; i.e. relative to other temperatures, preoviposition time was short, mortality was low, and total number of eggs laid was high. / Graduation date: 2000

Gray mold, caused by Botrytis cinerea is the major cause of postharvest loss in strawberries. Detection of flower and fruit infections enables producers to make intelligent management decisions. A plate-trapped ELISA protocol using a Botrytis-specific monoclonal antibody (BC-12.CA4) was developed for the detection of Botrytis cinerea in strawberry flower receptacles and red fruits. Horseradish peroxidase, was chosen as enzyme conjugate because it gave lower background absorbance in disease-free samples. B. cinerea reference antigen (RAg) was isolated from strawberry. BC-12.CA4 was very sensitive to the RAg, detecting up to 6 mug/ml of RAg when mixed with strawberry extracts. The MAb did not show any reaction to Rhizopus sp., Mucor sp. and Penicillium sp. associated with strawberry. B. cinerea could be detected in receptacles two days after inoculation. Treatment of inoculated receptacles with paraquat speeded-up detection. Inoculated red fruit infection could be detected after three days of incubation. Disease in commercially-produced receptacles and red fruits were assessed visually and by ELISA. The ELISA detected B. cinerea in 95% of commercial flower samples, whereas the traditional visual method detected only 50 to 70%. No dramatic differences between methods were found for red fruits.

Strawberries are an extremely perishable fruit mainly due to their soft texture and sensitivity to fungal infection. The fungal pathogen Botrytis cinerea is responsible for grey mould on strawberries and is the main causal agent of postharvest decay and subsequent economic loss. As an alternative to fungicides, manipulation of plant nutrition, such as calcium and boron, has been suggested as a means of disease management. This project investigated the effects of calcium and boron application on fruit quality and grey mould development in strawberry. The effect of calcium on fruit quality, grey mould development and leaf blight in strawberry cultivars ‘Aromas’ and ‘Selva’ was investigated through preharvest and postharvest applications. To determine the effect of preharvest application, calcium sulphate in 0.25X strength Hoagland’s solution was applied at 0, 100, 300 and 500 ppm Ca through fertigation. Fully-ripened fruit were harvested and evaluated for postharvest quality at harvest and then after storage at 10⁰C, 90±5% RH for 2 to 10 days. Although fruit firmness of both cultivars declined slightly during storage, this was not affected by preharvest calcium application. Similarly, preharvest calcium treatment had no effect on the external appearance, pH, soluble solids content (SSC) or titratable acidity (TA). No grey mould development was observed on fruit at harvest when flowers were inoculated with a conidia suspension of B. cinerea (10⁴ conidia per mL). However, fruit harvested from plants that received calcium at any concentration had less incidence of grey mould during storage at 10⁰C, 90±5% RH for 14 days than fruit harvested from plants that received no calcium for both cultivars. For ‘Aromas’, 79% and 51% of fruit, and for ‘Selva’, 69% and 43% of fruit, showed rot when treated with 0 and 500 ppm Ca, respectively. The shelf life of ‘Aromas’ and ‘Selva’ increased by about 8% when plants received 500 ppm Ca in comparison with plants that received 0 ppm Ca. After 7 days of incubation at 22 to 24⁰C, there was no difference between blight lesions on wound-inoculated detached leaves from different calcium treatments for either cultivar. However, the lesions on ‘Selva’ were smaller than on ‘Aromas’. The calcium levels in leaves from plants that received calcium at any concentration were adequate for strawberry growing and significantly higher (P < 0.05) than in leaves from plants that received 0 ppm Ca. However, calcium treatment did not ensure transfer of calcium to fruit tissues. Calcium lactate and calcium chloride were used as postharvest calcium treatments at 1500, 3000 and 4500 ppm Ca. Fruit of ‘Selva’ were dipped in calcium solution for 5 min and wound-inoculated with B. cinerea (10⁶ conidia per mL). Calcium lactate and calcium chloride at 3000 and 4500 ppm Ca, respectively, were most effective in delaying Botrytis rot development on ‘Selva’ after 7 days of storage at 10⁰C, 90±5% RH. Storage for least 24 h after calcium dips prior to inoculation was required to delay the development of fruit rot. Fruit harvested early in the season seemed to be less susceptible to grey mould than those harvested later. However, calcium treatment tended to be more effective when applied to late-season fruit. Preharvest boron treatment, applied as for calcium but at 0, 0.25, 0.5 and 1.0 ppm B, had no effect on fruit firmness of either cultivar. However, firmness of ‘Aromas’ fruit was slightly greater than ‘Selva’ fruit for all treatments. The amount of boron applied had no effect on the external appearance, pH, SSC or TA for either cultivar after storage of fruit for up to 10 days. Application of boron had no effect on fruit grey mould development in either cultivar. Furthermore, boron had minimal effect on the incidence of blight on woundinoculated detached leaves of ‘Aromas’ 7 days after inoculation. However, blight lesion diameters on ‘Selva’ leaves in the 1.0 ppm B treatment (8.0 mm) were significantly smaller (P < 0.001) than in the 0 ppm B treatment (13.0 mm). Phytotoxicity was observed in boron treatments even at the level considered optimum for strawberry growing. Severity increased with increasing boron concentration but no consistent effect on flower death or flower abortion was observed. In conclusion, strawberry is sensitive to boron toxicity. Calcium may enhance fruit firmness and, consequently, delay grey mould development if calcium penetrates the fruit. Postharvest calcium treatment tended to be more effective in delaying development of grey mould when applied to late-season fruit. Calcium lactate is a potential alternative to calcium chloride for reducing decay caused by B. cinerea in strawberry without providing undesirable bitterness. This finding may provide a basis for application in industry. / http://proxy.library.adelaide.edu.au/login?url= http://library.adelaide.edu.au/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=1331382 / Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine 2008

O mofo cinzento é causado pelo fungo Botrytis cinerea (Pers.: Fr.), causador de grandes perdas econômicas em várias culturas. Este patógeno é de difícil controle, devido à ampla gama de hospedeiros, sua atividade saprófita e por formar estruturas de resistência (escleródios). Uma das formas de controle deste patógeno é a utilização de produtos químicos, no entanto, principalmente na pós-colheita de frutos, a tolerância por resíduos químicos nos alimentos, é cada vez menos desejável do ponto de vista ecológico e de saúde pública. Os tratamentos alternativos, como a utilização de extratos de plantas, vêm sendo pesquisados na fitopatologia, para reduzir o uso dos fungicidas sintéticos. A canola (Brassica napus) é uma planta que possui compostos biocidas, com potencial de controle de pragas e doenças. Este trabalho teve como objetivos avaliar o efeito de diferentes extratos da canola (alcoólico, macerado, aquoso sem tempo de reserva e infusão) no controle de Botrytis cinerea in vitro e em pós-colheita de morangos. Foram realizados dois experimentos in vitro, sendo um para avaliar o crescimento micelial e outro a germinação de conídios. O delineamento experimental para os dois experimentos foi inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 4 x 5, sendo o fator modos de extração de extratos e concentrações (0, 3, 6, 9 e 12%), em 4 repetições. No ensaio de crescimento micelial, a unidade experimental foi uma placa de Petri, e um tubo de ensaio no teste de germinação de conídios. Em pós-colheita foram testados os quatro tipos de extratos na concentração de 16%. O delineamento foi inteiramente casualizado, com 4 repetições por tratamento, sendo a parcela composta por 10 frutos/bandeja. Os parâmetros físico-quimicos avaliados foram podridões, perda de massa, firmeza de polpa e acidez titulável. As análises bioquímicas avaliadas foram proteínas totais, antocianinas e flavonóides, e a atividade da enzima fenilalanina amônia-liase (FAL) e peroxidases. Os resultados obtidos permitiram concluir que houve redução do crescimento micelial e da germinação de conídios, em função das concentrações, mas não ocorreram diferenças entre os extratos. A maior eficiência dos extratos ocorreu na concentração de 8,31%, na avaliação com 96horas. Para a germinação o comportamento foi linear decrescente, ou seja, o aumento das concentrações influenciou na menor germinação dos conídios. Os extratos: alcoólico, maceração e infusão reduziram as podridões causadas por B. cinerea em pós-colheita de morangos. Os extratos atuaram na alteração do teor de acidez dos frutos, e no comportamento das peroxidases, mas não apresentaram efeito sobre sólidos solúveis totais (SST), firmeza de polpa, perda de massa, antocianinas, flavonoides,e atividade da FAL. Os resultados obtidos neste trabalho, comprovam o potencial da canola no controle do mofo cinzento em pós-colheita de morangos, bem como do fungo Botrytis cinerea. / The gray mold is caused by the fungus Botrytis cinerea (Pers.: Fr.), causer of great economic losses in various cultures. This pathogen is difficult to control, due to the wide range of hosts, its saprophytic activity and by forming structures of resistance (esclerodios). One of the ways to control this pathogen is the use of chemical products, however, mainly in post-harvest fruit, tolerance by chemical residues in foods is increasingly less desirable from an ecological and public health point of view. The alternative treatments, such as the use of plant extracts, are being probed in phytopathology, to reduce the use of synthetic fungicides. The canola (Brassica napus) is a plant that has biocidal compounds, with potential to control pests and diseases. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of different extracts of canola (alcoholic, macerate, aqueous without reserve time and infusion) in the control of Botrytis cinerea in vitro and in post-harvest of strawberries. Two experiments were conducted in vitro, being one to evaluate the mycelial growth and another the germination of conidia. The experimental design for the two experiments was completely randomized, in a 4 x 5 factorial scheme, and the modes of extraction of extracts and concentrations (0, 3, 6, 9 and 12 %), in 4 repetitions. In the trial mycelial growth, the experimental unit was a Petri dish, and a test tube in germination test of conidia. In post-harvest were tested four types of extracts at a concentration of 16 %. The experimental design was completely randomized, with 4 repetitions per treatment, being the plot composed by10 fruits/tray. The physico-chemical parameters evaluated were rotting, weight loss, firmness and titratable acidity. The biochemical analyzes were evaluated total proteins, anthocyanins and flavonoids, and the activity of the enzyme phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) and peroxidases. The results obtained allowed us to conclude that there was a reduction of mycelial growth and germination of conidia, as a function of the concentrations, but there were no differences between the extracts. The greater efficiency of extracts occurred at a concentration of 8.31 %, in evaluation with 96 hours. For germination, the behavior was decreasing linear, in other words, the increase of concentrations influenced the lower germination of conidia. The extracts: alcoholic, maceration and infusion reduced the rot caused by B. cinerea in post-harvest of strawberries. The extracts operate in fruits acidity modification, and in the behavior of peroxidases, but they had no effect on total soluble solids (TSS), pulp firmness, weight loss, anthocyanins, flavonoids,and activity of the PAL. The results obtained in this work, have demonstrate the potential of canola in the control of gray mold on post-harvest of strawberries, as well as the fungus Botrytis cinerea.

O mofo cinzento é causado pelo fungo Botrytis cinerea (Pers.: Fr.), causador de grandes perdas econômicas em várias culturas. Este patógeno é de difícil controle, devido à ampla gama de hospedeiros, sua atividade saprófita e por formar estruturas de resistência (escleródios). Uma das formas de controle deste patógeno é a utilização de produtos químicos, no entanto, principalmente na pós-colheita de frutos, a tolerância por resíduos químicos nos alimentos, é cada vez menos desejável do ponto de vista ecológico e de saúde pública. Os tratamentos alternativos, como a utilização de extratos de plantas, vêm sendo pesquisados na fitopatologia, para reduzir o uso dos fungicidas sintéticos. A canola (Brassica napus) é uma planta que possui compostos biocidas, com potencial de controle de pragas e doenças. Este trabalho teve como objetivos avaliar o efeito de diferentes extratos da canola (alcoólico, macerado, aquoso sem tempo de reserva e infusão) no controle de Botrytis cinerea in vitro e em pós-colheita de morangos. Foram realizados dois experimentos in vitro, sendo um para avaliar o crescimento micelial e outro a germinação de conídios. O delineamento experimental para os dois experimentos foi inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 4 x 5, sendo o fator modos de extração de extratos e concentrações (0, 3, 6, 9 e 12%), em 4 repetições. No ensaio de crescimento micelial, a unidade experimental foi uma placa de Petri, e um tubo de ensaio no teste de germinação de conídios. Em pós-colheita foram testados os quatro tipos de extratos na concentração de 16%. O delineamento foi inteiramente casualizado, com 4 repetições por tratamento, sendo a parcela composta por 10 frutos/bandeja. Os parâmetros físico-quimicos avaliados foram podridões, perda de massa, firmeza de polpa e acidez titulável. As análises bioquímicas avaliadas foram proteínas totais, antocianinas e flavonóides, e a atividade da enzima fenilalanina amônia-liase (FAL) e peroxidases. Os resultados obtidos permitiram concluir que houve redução do crescimento micelial e da germinação de conídios, em função das concentrações, mas não ocorreram diferenças entre os extratos. A maior eficiência dos extratos ocorreu na concentração de 8,31%, na avaliação com 96horas. Para a germinação o comportamento foi linear decrescente, ou seja, o aumento das concentrações influenciou na menor germinação dos conídios. Os extratos: alcoólico, maceração e infusão reduziram as podridões causadas por B. cinerea em pós-colheita de morangos. Os extratos atuaram na alteração do teor de acidez dos frutos, e no comportamento das peroxidases, mas não apresentaram efeito sobre sólidos solúveis totais (SST), firmeza de polpa, perda de massa, antocianinas, flavonoides,e atividade da FAL. Os resultados obtidos neste trabalho, comprovam o potencial da canola no controle do mofo cinzento em pós-colheita de morangos, bem como do fungo Botrytis cinerea. / The gray mold is caused by the fungus Botrytis cinerea (Pers.: Fr.), causer of great economic losses in various cultures. This pathogen is difficult to control, due to the wide range of hosts, its saprophytic activity and by forming structures of resistance (esclerodios). One of the ways to control this pathogen is the use of chemical products, however, mainly in post-harvest fruit, tolerance by chemical residues in foods is increasingly less desirable from an ecological and public health point of view. The alternative treatments, such as the use of plant extracts, are being probed in phytopathology, to reduce the use of synthetic fungicides. The canola (Brassica napus) is a plant that has biocidal compounds, with potential to control pests and diseases. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of different extracts of canola (alcoholic, macerate, aqueous without reserve time and infusion) in the control of Botrytis cinerea in vitro and in post-harvest of strawberries. Two experiments were conducted in vitro, being one to evaluate the mycelial growth and another the germination of conidia. The experimental design for the two experiments was completely randomized, in a 4 x 5 factorial scheme, and the modes of extraction of extracts and concentrations (0, 3, 6, 9 and 12 %), in 4 repetitions. In the trial mycelial growth, the experimental unit was a Petri dish, and a test tube in germination test of conidia. In post-harvest were tested four types of extracts at a concentration of 16 %. The experimental design was completely randomized, with 4 repetitions per treatment, being the plot composed by10 fruits/tray. The physico-chemical parameters evaluated were rotting, weight loss, firmness and titratable acidity. The biochemical analyzes were evaluated total proteins, anthocyanins and flavonoids, and the activity of the enzyme phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) and peroxidases. The results obtained allowed us to conclude that there was a reduction of mycelial growth and germination of conidia, as a function of the concentrations, but there were no differences between the extracts. The greater efficiency of extracts occurred at a concentration of 8.31 %, in evaluation with 96 hours. For germination, the behavior was decreasing linear, in other words, the increase of concentrations influenced the lower germination of conidia. The extracts: alcoholic, maceration and infusion reduced the rot caused by B. cinerea in post-harvest of strawberries. The extracts operate in fruits acidity modification, and in the behavior of peroxidases, but they had no effect on total soluble solids (TSS), pulp firmness, weight loss, anthocyanins, flavonoids,and activity of the PAL. The results obtained in this work, have demonstrate the potential of canola in the control of gray mold on post-harvest of strawberries, as well as the fungus Botrytis cinerea.