En lien avec le désir de cerner les raisons susceptibles d'expliquer l'intention de quitter, chez les infirmières, l’objectif de la présente recherche est de saisir la nature et l’intensité des interactions entre les conflits travail-famille et ladite intention, en tant qu’antécédent du roulement effectif. Dans le contexte actuel québécois de vieillissement de la population et de pénuries d’infirmières, la problématique met en lumière la nécessité de mettre en place des stratégies efficaces d’attraction et de rétention de la main d’oeuvre. L’originalité de la présente étude repose, entre autre, sur la rareté des études s’étant penché sur l’intention de quitter comme conséquence organisationnelle desdits conflits, dans un contexte canadien et par surcroit, dans le secteur de la santé. De plus, les recherches existantes demeurent caractérisées par une controverse des résultats obtenus, à savoir quel type d’interférences entre la vie professionnelle et la vie de famille, expliquerait d’avantage l’intention de quitter son organisation. Alors que le cadre théorique dit "Stress Management Model" explique l’intention de quitter en raison des conflits travail [flèche vers la droite] famille, le cadre théorique concurrent, dit "Domain Spécific Predictor-to- Outcomes", explique ladite intention en raison des conflits famille [flèche vers la droite] travail. Ainsi, dans le cadre de la présente recherche, nous nous proposons d'explorer la variance spécifique à chacune des dimensions du conflit travail-famille, sur les intentions de quitter. En lien au cadre théorique dit "Stress Management Model", nous avons postulé trois hypothèses à savoir que les conflits travail [flèche vers la droite] famille, en termes de temps et d’effort, mais pas en tenues de comportement, seront positivement associés à l’intention de quitter, alors qu’en lien au cadre théorique concurrent, nous avons également formulé trois hypothèses : les conflits famille [flèche vers la droite] travail, en termes de temps et d'effort, mais pas en termes de comportement, seront positivement associés à l’intention de quitter. La collecte des données s’est réalisée par questionnaire, auprès d’infirmières d’un centre hospitalier de grande taille de la région estrienne. Les échelles de mesure du questionnaire, opérationnalisant nos variables dépendantes et indépendantes, ainsi que de nos variables de contrôle, sont largement utilisées dans la littérature. Pour sa part, la méthode d’analyse retenue consistait en la modélisation par équations structurelles, moyennant une analyse factorielle confirmatoire. Les validités des construits ayant été démontrées, bien que nous ayons constaté des accrocs à la validité nomologique, nous avons réalisé l’analyse du modèle structurel modifié, qui s’est avéré offrir un bon ajustement aux données et a semblé explicatif de l’intention de quitter. L’analyse réalisée auprès des deux cadres théoriques susmentionnés a fait ressortir le cadre théorique dit "Stress Management Model" comme plus performant, au sens où son ajustement est supérieur, tout comme son pouvoir explicatif de l’intention de quitter, alors que deux des hypothèses inhérentes au dit cadre théorique furent corroborées, contrairement à une seule pour le modèle concurrent. À cet effet, seulement 3 hypothèses de recherche furent corroborées : La présence d’une relation entre le conflit travail [flèche vers la droite] famille en termes de temps sur l’intention de quitter et l’absence de corrélation entre les conflits travail [flèche vers la droite] famille et famille [flèche vers la droite] travail, en termes de comportement, sur ladite intention. La présence de multicolinéarité et le biais de désirabilité sociale furent proposés, afin d’expliquer le fait que certaines hypothèses aient été non-corroborées. De la sorte, nos résultats enregistrés postulent en faveur d’une conceptualisation bidirectionnelle et multidimensionnelle, qui demeure plutôt rare dans la littérature, quant à l’étude de la dynamique des conflits travail-famille, ainsi qu’à l’intégration des variables de contrôle spécifiques dans le cadre d’analyse dudit champ d’étude. De plus, reconnaissant que les interférences de la vie professionnelle dans la vie de famille, en termes de temps, constituent un déterminant important de l'intention de quitter son organisation, et ce, surtout chez les infirmières ayant un horaire inflexible et imprévisible, notre recommandation managériale est à l’effet de procéder à l’aménagement du temps de travail en agissant sur l'horaire.

Dissertation submitted in partial compliance with the requirements for the Masters Degree in Technology: Chiropractic, Durban University of Technology, 2009. / Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine the current role of the Chiropractor in the Patient-Centred Approach to Stress Management. Methods: Chiropractors were contacted telephonically in order to discuss a convenient time in which they are free to receive the questionnaire at their practice. The questionnaire was developed specifically for this particular research project and verified through the use of a focus group and pilot testing. The researcher waited outside the room whilst the Chiropractor completed the questionnaire. The questionnaire was then collected after completion prior the researcher leaving the practice, in order to improve the return of the questionnaires. Results: Seventy-five percent of chiropractors, in the study indicated that they took a psychosocial history which may indicate that they utilised the fundamental biopsychosocial theme of ‘patient-centeredness’. 68.9% of chiropractors who took a psychosocial history indicated that they are equipped with the necessary skills to evaluate psychosocial stressors in patients and 55.6% indicated that their patients responded ‘Very Positively’ to their stress management protocols. All the Chiropractors in the study indicated that they had consulted patients who had associated their main complaint with stress related issues. 38.3% of Chiropractors felt that their patients ‘Often’ associated their main complaint with stress-related issues whilst 35% felt that their patients ‘Very Often’ relate their main complaint with stress-related issues. Muscle spasm (85%) was the most common symptom or sign found or elicited in a patient suffering with chronic stress. Referral was the most common primary method of treatment with 36% of Chiropractors utilising this method in the clinical setting when dealing with a stressed patient. iii Conclusion: Chiropractors in the study indicated that they took a psychosocial history therefore they utilised the fundamental biopsychosocial theme of ‘patientcenteredness’ and that the majority indicated that they are equipped with the necessary skills to evaluate psychosocial stressors in patients and that patients responded positively to their stress management protocols.

Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2013. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study focused on the plight of teachers in the challenging traumatic context of high-risk schools on the Cape Flats, Western Cape, South Africa. Study aims were to measure the stress and burnout of educators and analyse the effect of three different interventions using psycho-educational workshops. Forty-three educators in three secondary schools took part for 15 hours in total over 10 weeks, as well as a control group of 20 teachers. Interventions were grounded in trauma release exercises (TRE), transpersonal psychology (TP) and transactional analysis (TA) practice, and can be conceptualised as primarily physical, emotional and cognitive approaches to stress and burnout prevention. In a mixed-methods study based on the transactional stress model, quantitative data comprised statistical analysis of stress, personal, work and learner-induced burnout and well-being, at the pre- and post-intervention stages. An analysis of the text coding of the educators’ stress, burnout, coping and well-being accounts followed. The study then focused on qualitative thematic analysis of the focus group interviews. Perceived stress was significantly different between the three intervention groups and control group and learner burnout was significantly reduced in the TRE (p=0.02) and TA (p=0.02) groups. There were trends for stress and burnout reduction for the TP group. Coding analysis focused on the intra-and inter-individual TRE, TP and TA tools that had an impact on educators in their efforts to cope with stress and burnout. Focus group interviews gave thematic insights into physical, emotional and cognitive responses to stress and burnout interventions on the individual, interpersonal and organisational levels and revealed new perspectives on classroom competency, with educators taking more responsibility for discipline in the classroom, their greatest stressor. This study indicated that TRE, TP and TA interventions offer educators in high-risk schools physiological, affective and cognitive approaches to dealing with threat and trauma, assisting with stress and burnout reduction, facilitating renewed insights into classroom competency. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie het gefokus op die toestand van onderwysers in die uitdagende, traumatiese konteks van hoë-risiko skole op die Kaapse Vlakte van die Wes-Kaap, Suid-Afrika. Die doelstellings van die ondersoek was om stres en uitbranding by onderwysers te meet en om die invloed van drie verskillende intervensies, in die vorm van psigo-opvoedkundige werkswinkels, te analiseer. Drie-en-veertig opvoeders in drie sekondêre skole het oor 10 weke vir 15 uur in totaal deelgeneem, sowel as ‘n kontrolegroep van 20 onderwysers. Die ingrypings is gegrond in die praktyke van trauma-ontladingsoefeninge (trauma release exercises [TRE]), transpersoonlike sielkunde (transpersonal psychology [TP]) en transaksionele analise (transactional analysis [TA]), en kan hoofsaaklik as fisiese, emosionele en kognitiewe benaderings tot die voorkoming van stres en uitbranding gekonseptualiseer word. In ’n gemengde metode studie gebaseer op die transaksionele stresmodel, het die kwantitatiewe data bestaan uit statistiese analises van stres, persoonlike, werks- en leerdergeïnduseerde uitbranding en welstand, vóór en ná die ingrypings. Dit is gevolg deur ’n analise van die tekskodering van die opvoeders se verslae oor hulle stres, uitbranding, behartiging en welstand. Die studie het hierna gefokus op ’n kwalitatiewe tematiese analise van die fokusgroeponderhoude. Waargenome stres het beduidend tussen die drie intervensiegroepe en die kontrolegroep verskil en leerderuitbranding het beduidend in die TRE (p=.02) en TA (p=.02) groepe verminder. Daar was tekens van vermindering van stres en uitbranding in die TP groep. Koderingsanalise het gefokus op die intra- en inter-individuele TRE, TP en TA gereedskap wat ’n impak op opvoeders gehad het in hulle pogings om stres en uitbranding te hanteer. Fokusgroeponderhoude het tematiese insigte oor die fisiese, emosionele en kognitiewe reaksies op stres- en uitbrandingsingrypings op die individuele, interpersoonlike en organisatoriese vlak verskaf, met onderwysers wat groter verantwoordelikheid geneem het vir dissipline in die klaskamer, wat hulle vernaamste stressor is. Hierdie studie dui daarop dat TRE-, TP- en TA-ingrypings aan opvoeders in hoë-risiko skole fisiologiese, affektiewe en kognitiewe benaderings bied om bedreiging en trauma te hanteer. Dit dra by tot ’n vermindering van stres en uitbranding en fasiliteer nuwe insigte in klaskamerbevoegdheid.

Thesis (MA)--University of Stellenbosch, 2004. / Hierdie artikel bied 'n teoretiese oorsig van stres en streshantering in die korporatiewe omgewing. Die artikel begin met 'n kort oorsig van die historiese ontwikkeling van die streskonsep, gevolg deur 'n kort bespreking van die konsep streshantering. Vervolgens word verskeie faktore wat tot stres in die werkplek bydra, in oënskou geneem. Dit word opgevolg deur 'n bespreking van stres wat kenmerkend is van bestuursposisies en 'n kort oorsig van onlangse navorsing oor streshanteringsprogramme. Sommige van die probleme wat met navorsing oor streshanteringsprogramme ondervind word, word kortliks oorweeg. Die artikel word afgesluit met 'n poging om, op grond van gepubliseerde bevindings, te illustreer watter stresverminderende intervensies doeltreffend is en watter nie. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie artikel bied 'n teoretiese oorsig van stres en streshantering in die korporatiewe omgewing. Die artikel begin met 'n kort oorsig van die historiese ontwikkeling van die streskonsep, gevolg deur 'n kort bespreking van die konsep streshantering. Vervolgens word verskeie faktore wat tot stres in die werkplek bydra, in oënskou geneem. Dit word opgevolg deur 'n bespreking van stres wat kenmerkend is van bestuursposisies en 'n kort oorsig van onlangse navorsing oor streshanteringsprogramme. Sommige van die probleme wat met navorsing oor streshanteringsprogramme ondervind word, word kortliks oorweeg. Die artikel word afgesluit met 'n poging om, op grond van gepubliseerde bevindings, te illustreer watter stresverminderende intervensies doeltreffend is en watter nie.

Thesis (MA)--University of Stellenbosch, 2003. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The primary aim of this study was to determine the relationship between stress (as manifested in anxiety and depression), coping strategies and burnout in South African clinical and counselling psychologists. The degrees of anxiety and depression, as well as the levels of burnout and types of coping strategies that psychologists used, were examined firstly. This was followed by an investigation into the coping strategies that correlated with anxiety and depression respectively. Stepwise multiple regression analyses were performed to complete this task. The relationship between anxiety and burnout, as well as between depression and burnout, were examined, using linear regression analyses. An investigation into the coping strategies that correlated with burnout was also performed, using stepwise multiple regression analyses. Finally, the influence of various biographical variables on burnout was determined, making use of linear regression analyses, t-tests, one-way analyses of variance and Tukey tests. The study was conducted with the aid of the internet, which involved the mailing of an explanatory letter to a stratified, randomly selected sample of a thousand psychologists, requesting the recipients to visit a web page and complete five questionnaires electronically. The test battery consisted of the following: A biographical questionnaire; the Beck Depression Inventory (BOl), which was used to determine the presence of depression; the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI), to examine the levels of burnout; the S-scale of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAl), which was used to measure anxiety; and the Brief Coping Orientations to Problems Experienced (Brief COPE), for the measurement of fourteen different coping strategies. A total of 238 registered psychologists (representing a response rate of 23.8%) participated in the study. Results indicated that 134 (56.3%) psychologists experienced above-average levels of anxiety, while 129 (54.2%) were at least mildly depressed. Regarding the three components of burnout, 72 (30.25%) and 64 (26.89%) experienced high and moderate levels of emotional exhaustion respectively, 49 (20.59%) and 65 (27.31%) experienced high and moderate levels of depersonalization respectively, while 68 (28.57%) and 84 (35.29%) reported strong and moderate feelings of reduced personal accomplishment respectively. Participants made use of all 14 coping strategies, as measured by the Brief COPE, but the coping strategy of active coping was used mostly, while behavioural disengagement was used the least. A combination of the coping strategies of self-blame, behavioural disengagement, denial, a lack of humour, self-distraction, a lack of acceptance of the reality of the stressful situation, venting and substance use, was a significant predictor of high levels of anxiety. A combination of substance use, self-blame, self-distraction, denial, and a lack of seeking instrumental support, contributed significantly to the prediction of depression. The participants' levels of anxiety and depression, respectively, were both significant predictors of burnout, as measured on all three MBI subscales. Emotional exhaustion was significantly predicted by the combination of behavioural disengagement, venting, a lack of humour, and active coping, while a combination of behavioural disengagement, a lack of positive reframing, venting, a lack of religious involvement, selfdistraction, the absence of emotional support seeking, and the absence of denial, significantly predicted depersonalization. The combination of a lack of the use of positive reinterpretation, selfdistraction, a lack of humour, self-blame, a lack of planning, seeking instrumental support, and behavioural disengagement, significantly predicted feelings of reduced personal accomplishment. Regarding biographical variables, the following results were obtained: Age was a significant predictor of emotional exhaustion and depersonalization, but not of feelings of reduced personal accomplishment. Male psychologists experienced significantly more emotional exhaustion and depersonalization than their female counterparts, but no significant difference between the sexes was found for reduced personal accomplishment. The number of hours per week spent in conducting psychotherapy with patients/clients was a significant positive predictor of emotional exhaustion, depersonalization and feelings of personal accomplishment. The number of years in practice only contributed significantly to the prediction of emotional exhaustion, but not to the prediction of depersonalization or feelings of reduced personal accomplishment. Participants who followed a psychodynamic therapeutic approach experienced significantly more emotional exhaustion than those who used a combination of cognitive behavioural therapy and personcentered therapy. When comparing the systemic and narrative approaches, the former contributed more significantly to feelings of reduced personal accomplishment in psychologists. No significant differences regarding scores on any of the three MBI subscales were found between participants who were married, divorced, or had never been married. Experiencing difficulties with the settlement of accounts by medical aid schemes was a significant predictor of burnout, with respect to all three MBI subscales. Having difficulties with bad debts, however, contributed significantly to the prediction of a decrease in depersonalization, but not to the prediction of emotional exhaustion or reduced personal accomplishment. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die primêre doelstelling van hierdie studie was om ondersoek in te stel na die verband tussen stres (soos gemanifesteer in angs en depressie), streshanteringstrategieë en uitbranding by Suid- Afrikaanse kliniese en voorligtingsielkundiges. Die mate van angs en depressie, asook die vlakke van uitbranding en tipes streshanteringstrategieë wat sielkundiges gebruik het, is eerstens vasgestel. Vervolgens is die streshanteringstrategieë wat verband hou met angs en depressie onderskeidelik, met behulp van stapsgewyse meervoudige regressie-analises bepaal. Die verband tussen angs en uitbranding, asook tussen depressie en uitbranding, is met behulp van lineêre regressie-analises ondersoek. Verder is die streshanteringstrategieë wat verband hou met uitbranding deur middel van stapsgewyse meervoudige regressie-analises bepaal. Laastens is die invloed van, verskeie biografiese veranderlikes op uitbranding deur middel van lineêre regressieanalises, t-toetse, eenrigting-variansie-analises en Tukey-toetse ondersoek. Die studie is met behulp van die internet uitgevoer, wat behels het dat elke lid van 'n gestratifiseerde, ewekansig-geselekteerde steekproef van 'n duisend geregistreerde kliniese en voorligtingsielkundiges 'n brief per pos ontvang het, met die versoek om 'n webbladsy te besoek en vyf vraelyste daarop te voltooi. Die toetsbattery het bestaan uit die volgende: 'n biografiese vraelys; die Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), wat gebruik is om die teenwoordigheid van depressie by die deelnemers vas te stel; die Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI), om die vlakke van uitbranding te ondersoek; die S-skaal van die State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAl), vir die meting van angs; asook die Brief Coping Orientations to Problems Experienced (Brief COPE), wat gebruik is om te bepaal in watter mate deelnemers 14 streshanteringstrategieë gebruik het. 'n Totaal van 238 geregistreerde sielkundiges (wat 'n responskoers van 23.8% verteenwoordig) het aan die studie deelgeneem. Die resultate het aangedui dat 134 (56.3%) sielkundiges bogemiddelde angsvlakke ervaar het, terwyl 129 (54.2%) minstens tot 'n ligte mate depressief was. Wat die drie komponente van uitbranding betref, het 72 (30.25%) hoë en 64 (26.89%) matige vlakke van emosionele uitputting ervaar, 49 (20.59%) en 65 (27.31%) het onderskeidelik hoë en matige vlakke van depersonalisasie ervaar, terwyl 68 (28.57%) en 84 (35.29%) onderskeidelik sterk en matige gevoelens van verminderde persoonlike bekwaamheid gerapporteer het. Die deelnemers het van al 14 Brief COPE-streshanteringstrategieë gebruik gemaak, terwyl die meeste van aktiewe streshantering en die minste van losmakingsgedrag gebruik gemaak het. 'n Kombinasie van die streshanteringstrategieë van selfblamering, losmakingsgedrag, ontkenning, 'n gebrek aan humor, self-afleiding, 'n gebrek aan aanvaarding van die realiteit van die stresvolle situasie, emosionele ontlading en substansgebruik, was 'n beduidende voorspeller van hoë angsvlakke. Die gesamentlike gebruik van substansgebruik, selfblamering, self-afleiding, ontkenning en die afwesigheid van instrumentele ondersteuningsoeke, was 'n beduidende voorspeller van depressiewe simptomatologie. Die deelnemers se angs- en depressievlakke onderskeidelik, was albei beduidende voorspellers van uitbranding ten opsigte van al drie die subskale van die MBI. Die streshanteringstrategieë wat emosionele uitputting beduidend voorspel het, was 'n kombinasie van losmakingsgedrag, emosionele ontlading, 'n gebrek aan humor en die gebruik van aktiewe streshanteringsmetodes. Depersonalisasie is beduidend voorspel deur die gesamentlike voorkoms van losmakingsgedrag, 'n gebrek aan positiewe herformulering, emosionele ontlading, 'n gebrek aan geloofsbeoefening, self-afleiding, die afwesigheid van emosionele ondersteuningsoeke en die afwesigheid van ontkenning. Die gesamentlike voorkoms van 'n gebrek aan positiewe herformulering, self-afleiding, 'n gebrek aan humor, selfblamering, 'n gebrek aan beplanning, instrumentele ondersteuningsoeke en losmakingsgedrag, was beduidende voorspellers van verminderde persoonlike bekwaamheid. Wat die biografiese veranderlikes betref, is die volgende resultate vir die totale steekproef verkry: Ouderdom was 'n beduidende voorspeller van emosionele uitputting en depersonalisasie, maar nie van verminderde persoonlike bekwaamheid nie. Manlike sielkundiges het beduidend meer emosionele uitputting en depersonalisasie ervaar as hulle vroulike kollegas, maar geen beduidende verskil tussen die geslagte is ten opsigte van verminderde persoonlike bekwaamheid bevind nie. Die aantal ure wat per week aan psigoterapeutiese werk met pasiënte/kliënte bestee is, was 'n beduidende positiewe voorspeller van emosionele uitputting, depersonalisasie en gevoelens van persoonlike bekwaamheid. Die aantal jare wat sielkundiges reeds gepraktiseer het, was slegs 'n beduidende voorspeller van emosionele uitputting, maar nie van depersonalisasie en gevoelens van verminderde persoonlike bekwaamheid nie. Sielkundiges wat 'n psigodinamiese terapeutiese benadering toegepas het, het beduidend meer emosionele uitputting ervaar as diegene wat 'n kombinasie van kognitiewe gedragsterapie en persoonsgesentreerde terapie gebruik het. In vergelyking met 'n narratiewe benadering, het die toepassing van 'n sisteembenadering tot beduidend minder gevoelens van persoonlike bekwaamheid by sielkundiges gelei. Geen beduidende verskille ten opsigte van sielkundiges wat getroud, geskei of nooit getroud was, is ten opsigte van enige van die drie MBI-subskaaltellings gevind nie. Die ervaring van probleme met die vereffening van rekeninge deur mediese fondse was 'n beduidende voorspeller van uitbranding ten opsigte van al drie die MBI-subskale. Die ervaring van probleme met oninbare skulde was egter 'n beduidende voorspeller van 'n afname in depersonalisasie, maar nie van emosionele uitputting of verminderde persoonlike bekwaamheid nie.

published_or_final_version / Gerontology / Master / Master of Social Sciences

published_or_final_version / Social Work / Master / Master of Social Work

published_or_final_version / Mental Health / Master / Master of Social Sciences

published_or_final_version / Mental Health / Master / Master of Social Sciences

The purpose of this study is to investigate the stress experienced by teenage mothers attending school and the need for multi-faced and strength-based stress management programs. Trends of teenage pregnancy in developing and developed countries are looked at. Causes and consequences of teenage motherhood stress are also explored. One of the consequences of teenage motherhood is stress. There are programs aimed at alleviating stress of teenage motherhood. Some of these programs are evaluated. The findings of this study indicate that there is a need for multi-faced and strength-based interventions for teenage mothers. After the literature study, an empirical research was conducted to explore challenges faced by teenage mothers. Data was collected by means of semi-structured interviews with ten teenage mothers attending school and ten educators teaching teenage mothers. Collected data was analysed using the thematic data analysis approach. The major findings of the study include opinions that teenage mothers do not get assistance from school, home and in the community; teenage mothers are not ready for motherhood; they experience a feeling of vulnerability and poor performance at school. There is a need for educators to be trained in handling teenage mothers, as well as the need for multi-faceted and strength-based interventions. However, it was evident through empirical research that some teenage mothers cope with their lives through talking to caring parents, spending quality time with their children, having a vision, keeping themselves busy and accepting that having a child while attending school is a challenge. Lastly, conclusions from the literature study and empirical research are presented in chapter five. Recommendations for practice, the contribution of the study, limitations of the study and recommendations for further study are also detailed. Motivation for designing and implementing intervention programs is also outlined. / Thesis (MEd (Learner Support))--North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2013