This research contributes to the existing body of knowledge relating to crash compatibility (the minimisation of injury risk faced by all participants involved in a collision in traffic). The research focuses on the topic of structural interaction in collisions involving passenger vehicles, a phenomenon describing the efficiency of energy dissipation within existing deformation-zones of a passenger vehicle during a collision. A new definition for structural interaction was developed and several metrics to evaluate structural interaction and compatibility in car-to-car collisions were proposed, based on the commonly known Equivalent Energy Speed (EES) metric. The new EES metrics describe equivalent closing velocities for a given collision based on the energy dissipated within the front-ends (EESFF) and the entire structure (EESVV) of both vehicles involved in a head-on collision. These metrics form the basis of the new knowledge generated by this research. Additionally, a new method was developed to measure the amount of energy dissipated through structural deformation in a collision, based on accelerometer readings. This method was applied to several experimental and simulationbased car-to-car collisions and the validity of the method was proven. Based on the energy dissipation which occurred in the car-to-car collisions analysed, the degree of compatibility reached and the level of structural interaction which occurred in each collision was evaluated by applying the newly developed EESFF and EESVV metrics. Thie research also investigates the assessment of vehicles' structures in a standardized procedure with a view to improving structural interaction in the real-world. Several fixed barrier crash tests have been proposed in different configurations and with different assessment criteria. All assessments aim to evaluate the geometrical characteristics of the front-ends of passenger vehicles. A set of factors required from a compatilibility assessment focused on assessing vehicle geometry were identified. The proposed compatibility assessment procedures were evaluated based on their ability to predict the potential for structural interaction offered by passenger vehicles.

Este trabalho trata de uma avaliação do eventual benefício econômico que a consideração do chamado efeito arco pode proporcionar aos projetos de estruturas de suporte em concreto armado para edifícios de alvenaria estrutural. Após uma revisão bibliográfica e exposição teórica dos princípios do assunto, três edifícios reais são estudados, empregando-se o Método dos Elementos Finitos. Para cada exemplo, dois modelos de cálculo distintos são desenvolvidos: o tradicional, que ignora o efeito arco, e aquele que o considera. No caso dos modelos que consideram o efeito arco, as concentrações de tensões de compressão nas paredes, nas proximidades dos apoios, são verificadas quanto à segurança estrutural. Então, as vigas de suporte são dimensionadas de acordo com os dois modelos de cálculo, e os resultados obtidos são comparados do ponto de vista dos esforços solicitantes nas vigas, deslocamentos, armaduras dimensionadas e quantidades de materiais necessários. Finalmente, para ambas as soluções, para cada um dos três edifícios, as estruturas de suporte tem seus custos de construção avaliados e comparados, de forma a se evidenciar o benefício da consideração do efeito arco. / This work deals with the assessment of the potential economic benefit that the consideration of the so-called arch effect can provide to the design of support reinforced concrete structures for structural masonry buildings. After a literature review, some theoretical fundamentals on the studied subject are presented and three real building cases are studied using the Finite Elements Method. For each building case, two different numerical models are used: the regular one, without the arch effect, and the model that takes it into account. When the arch effect is considered, the regions subjected to compressive stress concentrations are checked in order to verify the structural safety. As for the support beams, the internal forces are obtained and the beams are dimensioned considering both the described numerical models. Then the obtained results are compared, focusing on internal forces, displacements and consumption of materials. Finally, for each studied case and for both numerical models used the construction costs are evaluated and compared in order to demonstrate the benefit of the arch effect consideration.

The objective of this research is to develop an efficient and accurate methodology to resolve flow non-linearity of fluid-structural interaction. To achieve this purpose, a numerical strategy to apply the detached-eddy simulation (DES) with a fully coupled fluid-structural interaction model is established for the first time. The following novel numerical algorithms are also created: a general sub-domain boundary mapping procedure for parallel computation to reduce wall clock simulation time, an efficient and low diffusion E-CUSP (LDE) scheme used as a Riemann solver to resolve discontinuities with minimal numerical dissipation, and an implicit high order accuracy weighted essentially non-oscillatory (WENO) scheme to capture shock waves. The Detached-Eddy Simulation is based on the model proposed by Spalart in 1997. Near solid walls within wall boundary layers, the Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations are solved. Outside of the wall boundary layers, the 3D filtered compressible Navier-Stokes equations are solved based on large eddy simulation(LES). The Spalart-Allmaras one equation turbulence model is solved to provide the Reynolds stresses in the RANS region and the subgrid scale stresses in the LES region. An improved 5th order finite differencing weighted essentially non-oscillatory (WENO) scheme with an optimized epsilon value is employed for the inviscid fluxes. The new LDE scheme used with the WENO scheme is able to capture crisp shock profiles and exact contact surfaces. A set of fully conservative 4th order finite central differencing schemes are used for the viscous terms. The 3D Navier-Stokes equations are discretized based on a conservative finite differencing scheme, which is implemented by shifting the solution points half grid interval in each direction on the computational domain. The solution points are hence located in the center of the grid cells in the computational domain (not physical domain). This makes it possible to use the same code structure as a 2nd order finite volume method. A finite differencing high order WENO scheme is used since a finite differencing WENO scheme is much more efficient than a finite volume WENO scheme. The unfactored line Gauss-Seidel relaxation iteration is employed for time marching. For the time accurate unsteady simulation, the temporal terms are discretized using the 2nd order accuracy backward differencing. A pseudo temporal term is introduced for the unsteady calculation following Jameson's method. Within each physical time step, the solution is iterated until converged based on pseudo time step. A general sub-domain boundary mapping procedure is developed for arbitrary topology multi-block structured grids with grid points matched on sub-domain boundaries. The interface of two adjacent blocks is uniquely defined according to each local mesh index system (MIS) which is specified independently. A pack/unpack procedure based on the definition of the interface is developed to exchange the data in a 1D array to minimize data communication. A secure send/receive procedure is employed to remove the possibility of blocked communication and achieve optimum parallel computation efficiency. Two terms, "Order" and "Orientation", are introduced as the logics defining the relationship of adjacent blocks. The domain partitioning treatment of the implicit matrices is to simply discard the corner matrices so that the implicit Gauss-Seidel iteration can be implemented within each subdomain. This general sub-domain boundary mapping procedure is demonstrated to have high scalability. Extensive numerical experiments are conducted to test the performance of the numerical algorithms. The LDE scheme is compared with the Roe scheme for their behavior with RANS simulation. Both the LDE and the Roe scheme can use high CFL numbers and achieve high convergence rates for the algebraic Baldwin-Lomax turbulence model. For the Spalart-Allmaras one equation turbulence model, the extra equation changes the Jacobian of the Roe scheme and weakens the diagonal dominance. It reduces the maximum CFL number permitted by the Roe scheme and hence decreases the convergence rate. The LDE scheme is only slightly affected by the extra equation and maintains high CFL number and convergence rate. The high stability and convergence rate using the Spalart-Allmaras one equation turbulence model is important since the DES uses the same transport equation for the turbulence stresses closure. The RANS simulation with the Spalart-Allmaras one equation turbulence model is the foundation for DES and is hence validated with other transonic flows including a 2D subsonic flat plate turbulent boundary layer, 2D transonic inlet-diffuser, 2D RAE2822 airfoil, 3D ONERA M6 wing, and a 3D transonic duct with shock boundary layer interaction. The predicted results agree very well with the experiments. The RANS code is then further used to study the slot size effect of a co-flow jet (CFJ) airfoil. The DES solver with fully coupled fluid-structural interaction methodology is validated with vortex induced vibration of a cylinder and a transonic forced pitching airfoil. For the cylinder, the laminar Navier-Stokes equations are solved due to the low Reynolds number. The 3D effects are observed in both stationary and oscillating cylinder simulation because of the flow separations behind the cylinder. For the transonic forced pitching airfoil DES computation, there is no flow separation in the flow field. The DES results agree well with the RANS results. These two cases indicate that the DES is more effective on predicting flow separation. The DES code is used to simulate the limited cycle oscillation of NLR7301 airfoil. For the cases computed in this research, the predicted LCO frequency, amplitudes, averaged lift and moment, all agree excellently with the experiment. The solutions appear to have bifurcation and are dependent on the initial perturbation. The developed methodology is able to capture the LCO with very small amplitudes measured in the experiment. This is attributed to the high order low diffusion schemes, fully coupled FSI model, and the turbulence model used. This research appears to be the first time that a numerical simulation of LCO matches the experiment. The DES code is also used to simulate the CFJ airfoil jet mixing at high angle of attack. In conclusion, the numerical strategy of the high order DES with fully coupled FSI model and parallel computing developed in this research is demonstrated to have high accuracy, robustness, and efficiency. Future work to further maturate the methodology is suggested.

Este trabalho trata de uma avaliação do eventual benefício econômico que a consideração do chamado efeito arco pode proporcionar aos projetos de estruturas de suporte em concreto armado para edifícios de alvenaria estrutural. Após uma revisão bibliográfica e exposição teórica dos princípios do assunto, três edifícios reais são estudados, empregando-se o Método dos Elementos Finitos. Para cada exemplo, dois modelos de cálculo distintos são desenvolvidos: o tradicional, que ignora o efeito arco, e aquele que o considera. No caso dos modelos que consideram o efeito arco, as concentrações de tensões de compressão nas paredes, nas proximidades dos apoios, são verificadas quanto à segurança estrutural. Então, as vigas de suporte são dimensionadas de acordo com os dois modelos de cálculo, e os resultados obtidos são comparados do ponto de vista dos esforços solicitantes nas vigas, deslocamentos, armaduras dimensionadas e quantidades de materiais necessários. Finalmente, para ambas as soluções, para cada um dos três edifícios, as estruturas de suporte tem seus custos de construção avaliados e comparados, de forma a se evidenciar o benefício da consideração do efeito arco. / This work deals with the assessment of the potential economic benefit that the consideration of the so-called arch effect can provide to the design of support reinforced concrete structures for structural masonry buildings. After a literature review, some theoretical fundamentals on the studied subject are presented and three real building cases are studied using the Finite Elements Method. For each building case, two different numerical models are used: the regular one, without the arch effect, and the model that takes it into account. When the arch effect is considered, the regions subjected to compressive stress concentrations are checked in order to verify the structural safety. As for the support beams, the internal forces are obtained and the beams are dimensioned considering both the described numerical models. Then the obtained results are compared, focusing on internal forces, displacements and consumption of materials. Finally, for each studied case and for both numerical models used the construction costs are evaluated and compared in order to demonstrate the benefit of the arch effect consideration.

Brush seals are contact seals which are efficient and reliable and can beused in any rotatory machinery. A theoretical model of a brush seal wassuggested and used for a simulation study. Comparison between the resultsof the experiment and simulation is used to verify the accuracy of model.Following the basic simulation steps, more simulation will be done to geta further analysis. The further analysis will be studied in bristles’ bucklingcharacteristics, deformation and stress. The buckling, stress anddeformation is related to the brush seal’s performance. This work givesthe different geometry of bristle’s effect to its buckling characteristics andthe study of stress and deformation caused by fluid flow across bristlesduring operation.

No description available.

Um edifício de alvenaria estrutural normalmente se apóia sobre uma estrutura de concreto armado. Devido à existência do efeito arco, a interação entre a alvenaria e a estrutura de concreto se dá de forma complexa. Usualmente essa interação é desconsiderada e as cargas das paredes de alvenaria são simplesmente colocadas na estrutura de concreto de maneira uniforme. Este trabalho propõe um procedimento numérico seguro e eficiente, baseado no método dos elementos finitos, para se considerar essa interação. Inicialmente são discutidos alguns conceitos básico sobre o efeito arco e estabelecida uma estratégia de cálculo baseada na modelagem de um pavimento de alvenaria sobre a estrutura de concreto armado. Em seguida é apresentado um programa para gerar dados e visualizar resultados, de forma que a construção dos modelos e a visualização dos resultados seja realizada com facilidade. Como aplicação, consideram-se os casos reais de edifícios completos de forma a se mostrar a possibilidade de utilização prática dos procedimentos propostos. / A structural masonry building is commonly supported by a reinforced concrete structure. That interaction is complex to evaluate due to the existence of the so-called \"arch effect\". In fact, usually this interaction is not considered and the loads are uniformly applied over the concrete structure. This work proposes a simple and efficient numerical procedure based on the finite element method in order to consider that interaction. First, basic concepts about arch effect and the adopted strategy for considering it are shown. After, a computational program for data generation and results visualization is presented. This program was developed for making easier to build the numerical models for the analysis. Finally, real cases of complete buildings are considered so that the practical use can be clearly established.

No description available.

Um edifício de alvenaria estrutural normalmente se apóia sobre uma estrutura de concreto armado. Devido à existência do efeito arco, a interação entre a alvenaria e a estrutura de concreto se dá de forma complexa. Usualmente essa interação é desconsiderada e as cargas das paredes de alvenaria são simplesmente colocadas na estrutura de concreto de maneira uniforme. Este trabalho propõe um procedimento numérico seguro e eficiente, baseado no método dos elementos finitos, para se considerar essa interação. Inicialmente são discutidos alguns conceitos básico sobre o efeito arco e estabelecida uma estratégia de cálculo baseada na modelagem de um pavimento de alvenaria sobre a estrutura de concreto armado. Em seguida é apresentado um programa para gerar dados e visualizar resultados, de forma que a construção dos modelos e a visualização dos resultados seja realizada com facilidade. Como aplicação, consideram-se os casos reais de edifícios completos de forma a se mostrar a possibilidade de utilização prática dos procedimentos propostos. / A structural masonry building is commonly supported by a reinforced concrete structure. That interaction is complex to evaluate due to the existence of the so-called \"arch effect\". In fact, usually this interaction is not considered and the loads are uniformly applied over the concrete structure. This work proposes a simple and efficient numerical procedure based on the finite element method in order to consider that interaction. First, basic concepts about arch effect and the adopted strategy for considering it are shown. After, a computational program for data generation and results visualization is presented. This program was developed for making easier to build the numerical models for the analysis. Finally, real cases of complete buildings are considered so that the practical use can be clearly established.

Neste trabalho, propõe-se um procedimento numérico seguro e viável, baseado no método dos elementos finitos, para avaliar a importância das ações horizontais na análise da interação entre a alvenaria estrutural e sua estrutura de apoio em concreto armado. Os modelos propostos englobam a consideração do efeito arco com atuação das cargas verticais e ações horizontais. É importante ressaltar que as cargas verticais, peso próprio das paredes e as ações das lajes, usualmente, são consideradas no dimensionamento da estrutura de concreto como uniformemente distribuídas e diretamente aplicadas sobre as vigas. Já as ações horizontais, vento e desaprumo, usualmente, não são consideradas. Além do desenvolvimento de um aplicativo que simplifica substancialmente a modelagem da interação, apresentam-se estudos de diferentes exemplos de edifícios de forma a deixar clara a possibilidade de utilização prática dos procedimentos propostos. Como observado nos exemplos estudados, os resultados obtidos por meio dos modelos propostos apresentaram diferenças preocupantes em relação ao modelo considerado usual. Dessa forma, ressalta-se, além da importância da consideração do efeito arco, a importância da consideração das ações horizontais no dimensionamento da estrutura em concreto armado que serve de apoio a edifícios em alvenaria estrutural. / This work deals with a safe and feasible numerical procedure based on finite element method that can be used to evaluate the importance of the horizontal actions when analyzing the interaction between a structural masonry building and a reinforced concrete support structure. The proposed models consider the arch effect with vertical and horizontal actions. It is important to notice that the vertical loads, dead and live loads from slabs and walls, are usually considered as uniformly distributed and directly applied on the support structure. Besides, the horizontal actions are usually not considered. The development of an automatic procedure that simplifies significantly the model of the interaction is shown and after this work presents several study cases of different buildings to emphasize the practical use of the proposed procedures. As observed in the studied examples, the results obtained through the proposed models present differences in relation to the model considered usual. In that way, it is pointed out, besides the importance of the consideration of the arch effect, the importance of the consideration of the horizontal actions in the design the reinforced concrete structure used as support to structural masonry buildings.