International Telemetering Conference Proceedings / October 22-25, 2001 / Riviera Hotel and Convention Center, Las Vegas, Nevada / Boeing Commercial Airplanes has used many methods in the past to measure the structural loads on the wings of its airplanes. The most recent approach is to use arrays of MEMS pressure sensors on the top and bottom surfaces of the wings. By knowing the difference in pressure between the top and bottom of the wings the structural loads on the wings can be calculated. It was decided that in order to build an array of 1100 sensors it would be necessary to condition the sensors and convert the analog output to a digital form at the site of the pressure measurement. This process was taken one step further by converting the output of the A/D converter into engineering units within the sensor module as well. The array is built using a flex circuit card in one foot sections that can be interconnected to form an array of up to 125 sensors. There is a sensor location every two inches on the flex circuit but not all locations are populated. This paper will describe not only the pressure belt but the lessons learned during the development and the implications that these lessons have for smart transducers in general.

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Um dos aspectos fundamentais do projeto estrutural de plataformas flutuantes para produção de petróleo no mar é a determinação dos carregamentos externos globais provenientes da ação das ondas sobre a estrutura da plataforma. A presente dissertação de mestrado apresenta uma proposta de procedimento destinado à determinação experimental, em tanque de provas, dos carregamentos estruturais globais atuantes em uma plataforma de exploração e produção de petróleo do tipo semi-submersível. O procedimento proposto envolve as seguintes etapas: especificação do tipo de esforço que se pretende medir; definição das condições de ensaio; definição da escala dos modelos; escolha do processo construtivo dos modelos; especificação do processo de medida dos esforços; definição dos equipamentos e instrumentos de medida experimental; especificação da matriz de ensaios; definição dos procedimentos de análise de resultados. Como exemplo de aplicação, o procedimento proposto foi empregado na avaliação dos esforços de Momento Fletor no Convés e Força de Separação nos Flutuadores de uma Plataforma Semi-submersível padrão, empregada para validação de resultados em tanques de prova. Os resultados obtidos foram comparados com os da literatura, mostrando uma boa aderência qualitativa e quantitativa. / One of the fundamental aspects in the structural design of floating platforms for oil production in the sea is the determination of the global structural loads induced by the wave-platform structure interaction. This master degree thesis proposes a procedure destined to the experimental determination, in a wave tank, of the global structural loads acting in an exploration and production semi-submersible oil platform. The proposed procedure involve the following stages: Specifying the kind of stress to be measured; definition of the test conditions; model scale definition; choosing the model building process; stress measurement process specification; definition of resources and instrumentation for experimental measurement; test matrix specification; results analysis procedure definition. As an application example, the proposed procedure was used in the bending moment stress evaluation on deck and split force on the pontoons of a standard semi-submersible oil platform, used for the results evaluation in wave tanks. The results obtained were compared with the literature, showing a good qualitative and quantitative adhesion.

Um dos aspectos fundamentais do projeto estrutural de plataformas flutuantes para produção de petróleo no mar é a determinação dos carregamentos externos globais provenientes da ação das ondas sobre a estrutura da plataforma. A presente dissertação de mestrado apresenta uma proposta de procedimento destinado à determinação experimental, em tanque de provas, dos carregamentos estruturais globais atuantes em uma plataforma de exploração e produção de petróleo do tipo semi-submersível. O procedimento proposto envolve as seguintes etapas: especificação do tipo de esforço que se pretende medir; definição das condições de ensaio; definição da escala dos modelos; escolha do processo construtivo dos modelos; especificação do processo de medida dos esforços; definição dos equipamentos e instrumentos de medida experimental; especificação da matriz de ensaios; definição dos procedimentos de análise de resultados. Como exemplo de aplicação, o procedimento proposto foi empregado na avaliação dos esforços de Momento Fletor no Convés e Força de Separação nos Flutuadores de uma Plataforma Semi-submersível padrão, empregada para validação de resultados em tanques de prova. Os resultados obtidos foram comparados com os da literatura, mostrando uma boa aderência qualitativa e quantitativa. / One of the fundamental aspects in the structural design of floating platforms for oil production in the sea is the determination of the global structural loads induced by the wave-platform structure interaction. This master degree thesis proposes a procedure destined to the experimental determination, in a wave tank, of the global structural loads acting in an exploration and production semi-submersible oil platform. The proposed procedure involve the following stages: Specifying the kind of stress to be measured; definition of the test conditions; model scale definition; choosing the model building process; stress measurement process specification; definition of resources and instrumentation for experimental measurement; test matrix specification; results analysis procedure definition. As an application example, the proposed procedure was used in the bending moment stress evaluation on deck and split force on the pontoons of a standard semi-submersible oil platform, used for the results evaluation in wave tanks. The results obtained were compared with the literature, showing a good qualitative and quantitative adhesion.

Les études, menées en collaboration entre la société VALEOL et le laboratoire IMS, proposent des solutions pour optimiser la production et le fonctionnement d'une éolienne. Il s’agit de travailler sur les lois de commande du système ou des sous-systèmes en utilisant la commande CRONE, répondant à un besoin de robustesse. Chaque étude met en avant des aspects de modélisation, d’identification et de synthèse de lois de commande avant mises en application au travers de simulations ou d’essais sur modèles réduits et taille réelle.Le chapitre 1 donne une vision d’ensemble des problématiques traitées dans ce manuscrit, à l’aide d’états de l’art et de remise dans le contexte économique et industriel de 2013.Le chapitre 2 introduit la commande CRONE pour la synthèse de régulateurs robustes. Cette méthodologie est utilisée pour réaliser l’asservissement de la vitesse de rotation d’une éolienne à vitesse variable, présentant une architecture innovante avec un variateur de vitesse mécanique et génératrice synchrone.Le chapitre 3 établit la comparaison de trois nouveaux critères d’optimisation pour la méthodologie CRONE. Le but est de réduire sa complexité et de faciliter sa manipulation par tout utilisateur. Les résultats sur les différents critères sont obtenus par simulations sur un exemple académique, puis sur un modèle d’éolienne de type MADA.Le chapitre 4 porte sur la réduction des charges structurelles transmises par le vent à l’éolienne. Il est question d’une amélioration du contrôle de l’angle de pitch par action indépendante sur chaque pale en fonction de la position du rotor ou encore des perturbations liées au ventLe chapitre 5 est consacré à la conception d’un système d’antigivrage et dégivrage d’une pale dans le cadre d’un projet Aquitain. Après modélisation et identification du procédé, la commande CRONE est utilisée pour réguler la température d’une peinture polymère chauffante sous alimentation électrique disposée sur les pales. L’étude est complétée par la mise en place d’un observateur pour la détection de présence de givre. / The research studies, in collaboration with VALEOL and IMS laboratory, propose several solutions to optimize the production and the efficiency of a wind turbine. The general theme of the work is based on control laws of the system or subsystems using the CRONE robust design. Each part highlights aspects of modeling, system identification and design before simulations or tests of scale and full size models. Chapter 1 provides an overview of the issues discussed in this manuscript, using states of the art and precisions on the industrial and economic context of 2013.Chapter 2 introduces the CRONE command for robust design. It is used to achieve the control of the rotation speed of a variable speed wind turbine, with an innovative architecture - mechanical variable speed solution and synchronous generator.Chapter 3 makes a comparison of three new optimization criteria for CRONE design. The aim is to reduce the methodology complexity and to facilitate handling by any user. The results are obtained through simulations on an academic example, then with a DFIG wind turbine model. Chapter 4 focuses on the reduction of structural loads transmitted by the wind on the turbine. It is about better control of the pitch angle by individual pitch control, depending on the rotor position or wind disturbances.Chapter 5 deals with the design of an anti-icing/de-icing system for blades. After the modeling and identification steps, the CRONE design is used to control the temperature of a heating coating disposed on the blades. An observer is finally designed to detect the presence of ice.