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The cryopreservation of cells and tissues requires the addition of a cryoprotectant in order to prevent cellular damage caused by ice. Unfortunately, common cryoprotectants such as DMSO and glycerol exhibit significant toxicity which makes their use unfeasible for many clinical procedures. Our laboratory is interested in the development of alternative, non-toxic cryoprotectants which possess ice recrystallization inhibition (IRI) activity. Potent IRI activity has recently been discovered in certain small molecules, but the structural features required for this process are unclear. Herein we report the development of a library of O-aryl glycosides in order to probe the importance of electron density and hydrophobic moieties for IRI activity. It was found that the degree of electron density at the anomeric oxygen does not correlate with IRI ability in para-substituted aryl glycosides, nor does changing the position of the aryl substituent impart a predictable effect on activity. However, the addition of hydrophobic alkyl or acyl chains was beneficial for IRI activity; generally, increasing chain length was found to correlate with increasing activity. In some instances, an optimal alkyl chain length was identified, after which continued lengthening results in a loss of potency. We conclude from this study that a certain extent of hydrophobic character is beneficial for the IRI activity of aryl glycosides, and that a balance between hydrophobicity and hydrophilicity is required for optimum IRI ability. It is hoped that these findings will aid future efforts towards the rational design of novel cryoprotectants.

The cryopreservation of cells and tissues requires the addition of a cryoprotectant in order to prevent cellular damage caused by ice. Unfortunately, common cryoprotectants such as DMSO and glycerol exhibit significant toxicity which makes their use unfeasible for many clinical procedures. Our laboratory is interested in the development of alternative, non-toxic cryoprotectants which possess ice recrystallization inhibition (IRI) activity. Potent IRI activity has recently been discovered in certain small molecules, but the structural features required for this process are unclear. Herein we report the development of a library of O-aryl glycosides in order to probe the importance of electron density and hydrophobic moieties for IRI activity. It was found that the degree of electron density at the anomeric oxygen does not correlate with IRI ability in para-substituted aryl glycosides, nor does changing the position of the aryl substituent impart a predictable effect on activity. However, the addition of hydrophobic alkyl or acyl chains was beneficial for IRI activity; generally, increasing chain length was found to correlate with increasing activity. In some instances, an optimal alkyl chain length was identified, after which continued lengthening results in a loss of potency. We conclude from this study that a certain extent of hydrophobic character is beneficial for the IRI activity of aryl glycosides, and that a balance between hydrophobicity and hydrophilicity is required for optimum IRI ability. It is hoped that these findings will aid future efforts towards the rational design of novel cryoprotectants.

Opioid analgesics have been a major contribution to pain therapy with opioids being used as an effective treatment for various recalcitrant pain conditions. The drug class has come under increased scrutiny due to the raising concerns about the public health crisis of opioid misuse and addiction, thereby increasing the need for alternative and safer analgesics. The exploration of alternative pharmacotherapy for pain management has led to an increasing paradigm shift towards the development of a single-drug-multiple-target approach that takes inspiration from numerous naturally occurring drugs. The mu-opioid receptor has been the primary target for the management of pain; however, the voltage-gated sodium channel Nav1.7 is gaining attention as a putative antinociceptive target based on human genetic evidence. The proposed research aims to develop multi-target directed ligands (MTDL) that modulates two key targets for pain perception, the MOR, and Nav1.7 to generate analgesics with reduced side effects and enhanced analgesia. This will be achieved by exploiting polypharmacology to develop hybrid analgesia in two ways: (i) performing structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies to design a single drug with two pharmacophores that specifically interacts with both the targets (ii) exploiting in silico techniques by performing structure-based virtual ligand screening (VLS) of a chemical library. In our work, we report that through SAR studies and molecular docking studies that the designed compounds having in combination the pharmacophore of PZM21 and aryl sulfonamide demonstrate significant interactions between the active compounds and both the MOR and Nav1.7 proteins. This study also reports the first ever bifunctional virtual ligand screening where a library consisting of over a million compounds was screened for bifunctional activity at the MOR and the Nav1.7 ion channel. We also report the development of a novel mechanism-specific membrane potential assay to that can be used to screen for subtype selective Nav1.7 inhibitors. The research performed in this thesis will serve as a platform to explore the possibility of MTDL as potential therapeutic solutions to diseases of complex etiologies such as chronic pain. It will also serve as a starting point to exploring bifunctional VLS as a way to screen large chemical libraries for MTDLs.

Ces travaux de thèse s'articulent autour de deux projets : les études structure-fonction de l'aminopeptidase A, d'une part, et celles du récepteur de l'apéline, d'autre part. I/ L'aminopeptidase A (APA, EC 3.4.11.7) est une aminopeptidase monozinc membranaire qui, dans le cerveau, produit l'angiotensine (Ang) III à partir de l'Ang II. L'Ang III est l'un des principaux peptides effecteurs du système rénine-angiotensine cérébral qui exerce un effet stimulateur tonique sur le contrôle central de la pression artérielle chez le rat hypertendu. Ainsi le blocage de l'APA par un inhibiteur spécifique et sélectif, l'EC33 ou sa prodrogue, le RB150, normalise la pression artérielle dans deux modèles expérimentaux d'hypertension artérielle (HTA). L'APA constitue une cible thérapeutique potentielle pour le traitement de l'HTA qui justifie le développement de nouveaux inhibiteurs de cette enzyme plus puissants et plus sélectifs que l'EC33 et avec un profil pharmacodynamique et pharmacocinétique amélioré par rapport au RB150. Pour cela, nous avons construit un modèle tridimensionnel (3D) de l'APA sur la base de la structure cristallographique de l'APA humaine récemment publiée. Nous avons ensuite validé ce modèle par des études structure-fonction par modélisation moléculaire et mutagénèse dirigée en démontrant l'implication, d'un résidu du sous-site S1 dans la spécificité de substrat acide de l'APA et de deux résidus formant le sous-site S2' interagissant avec le résidu P2' acide d'inhibiteurs tripeptidiques précédemment développés dans le laboratoire.II/ L'apéline est le ligand naturel du récepteur orphelin humain APJ (ApélineR), un récepteur à sept domaines transmembranaires couplé aux protéines G. L'apéline et son récepteur sont impliqués dans le maintien de l'équilibre hydrique et des fonctions cardiovasculaires. L'ApélineR constitue une cible thérapeutique potentielle dans le traitement de l'insuffisance cardiaque et des rétentions hydriques. Etant donné que la demi-vie de l'apéline dans la circulation sanguine est de l'ordre de la minute, l'objectif est de développer des analogues de l'apéline métaboliquement stables. Pour développer de tels composés, nous avons entrepris de comprendre comment l'apéline se lie à son récepteur et comment elle l'active. Dans ce but, nous avons construit un modèle 3D de l'ApélineR basé sur la structure cristallographique du récepteur aux chimiokines, CXCR4. Nous avons validé ce modèle par des études structure-fonction par modélisation moléculaire et mutagénèse dirigée. Nous avons identifié à la surface du récepteur, les résidus acides des boucles extracellulaires qui interagissent avec les résidus basiques de l'apéline. Nous avons ensuite développé des analogues de l'apéline-17 (K17F) métaboliquement stables par deux stratégies différentes. Premièrement, nous avons substitué chacun des résidus de l'apéline par son énantiomère de la série D ou par un acide aminé synthétique. Deuxièmement, nous avons ajouté une chaîne fluoroalkyle à l'extrémité N-terminale de l'apéline. Ces deux stratégies ont permis d'obtenir plusieurs composés dont les plus actifs sont le P92 et le LIT01-196 qui conservent des propriétés pharmacologiques identiques à celles de K17F et qui présentent une demi-vie plasmatique largement supérieure à celle du peptide endogène. Ces deux analogues se sont révélés particulièrement actifs in vivo avec une capacité à diminuer la pression artérielle et à réduire la sécrétion de vasopressine dans le sang conduisant à une augmentation de la diurèse aqueuse. Les modèles 3D validés de l'APA et de l'ApélineR seront utilisés pour des campagnes de criblage in silico de chimiothèques virtuelles afin de découvrir de nouveaux inhibiteurs de l'APA et des agonistes de l'ApélineR qui pourraient conduire à terme à de nouveaux candidats-médicaments. Ces composés pourraient être utiles pour le traitement de l'HTA et de l'insuffisance cardiaque. / The doctoral work was divided in two parts, one on the structure-function studies of aminopeptidase A, and the second one, on those of the apelin receptor. I/ Aminopeptidase A (APA) is a membrane bound monozinc aminopeptidase which generates, in the brain, angiotensin (Ang) III from Ang II. Ang III is one of the main effector peptides of the brain renin-angiotensin system, which exerts a tonic stimulatory action on the control of blood pressure in hypertensive rats. Thus, the blockade of brain APA by a specific and selective inhibitor, EC33 or its prodrug, RB150, normalizes blood pressure in two animal models of arterial hypertension (HTA). APA constitutes a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of HTA that justifies the development of more potent and selective APA inhibitors than EC33, with enhanced pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic profiles when compared to RB150. With this aim, we built a three dimensional (3D) model of APA based on the recently published crystal structure of human APA. We validated this model by structure-function studies combining molecular modeling and site-directed mutagenesis demonstrating the crucial role of one residue in the S1 subsite responsible for substrate specificity of APA for N-terminal acidic amino-acid residues and two other residues constituting the S2' subsite of APA involved in the binding of the P2' acidic residue of tripeptidic inhibitors, previously developed in the laboratory. II/ Apelin is the endogenous ligand of the human orphan receptor named APJ (ApelinR), a G protein-coupled receptor. Apelin and ApelinR are involved in the control of body fluid homeostasis and cardiovascular functions. ApelinR constitutes a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of heart failure and water retentions. Given that apelin half-life in the blood circulation is in the minute range, we aimed to develop potent metabolically stable apelin analogs.. In this context, it is necessary to understand how apelin binds to ApelinR and how it is activated. To do so, we build a 3D model of ApelinR based on the crystal structure of the chemokine receptor, CXCR4. We validated this model by structure-function studies by molecular modeling and site-directed mutagenesis. We showed that apelin interacts with the receptor through interactions between the basic residues of the peptide and the acidic residues of the ApelinR, located in the extracellular loops. ,We then developed metabolically stable apelin-17 (K17F) analogs following two different strategies. First, we substituted each residue of K17F by its D-isomer or a synthetic amino-acid. Secondly, we added a fluoroalkyl chain at the N-terminal part of K17F. These two strategies allowed to significantly improve plasma half-life of the modified peptides for several hours without modifying their pharmacological properties as compared to K17F. Two apelin metabolically stable analogs, P92 and LIT01-196, were found to have significantly higher in vivo activity than K17F with a strong capacity to decrease blood pressure and to inhibit vasopressin release in the blood stream inducing an increased aqueous diuresis. These new validated 3D models will be now used to perform in silico screening of virtual chemical libraries to discover new APA inhibitors and ApelinR agonists that could ultimately lead to new drug candidates. These compounds could be useful for the treatment of HTA and heart failure.