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On December 30th 2000, the Cassini-Huygens spacecraft reached the perijove milestone in its continuing journey to the Saturnian system. During an extended six-month encounter, the Composite Infrared Spectrometer (CIRS) returned spectra of the Jovian atmosphere, rings and satellites from 10 to 1400 cm^-1 (1000 to 7 µm) at a programmable spectral resolution of 0.5 to 15 cm^-1. The improved spectral resolution of CIRS over previous infrared instrument-missions to Jupiter, the extended spectral range and higher signal-to-noise performance provide significant advantages over previous data-sets. Both optimal-estimation retrieval and radiance-differencing are used to investigate the global variation of upper-tropospheric temperature, ammonia, phosphine and cloud opacity between ± 60˚ latitude. The analysis methods are shown to successfully reproduce Jovian conditions with results consistent with previous investigations. The composition results in particular are well characterised and suggest an important role played by mixing and transport within the upper-troposphere. Interpretation and validation of the retrieved results is conducted via the construction of a simple dynamic model incorporating transport, diffusion and (photo)chemistry.

NMR chemical shifts have an extremely high information content on the behaviour of macromolecules, owing to their non-trivial dependence on myriads of structural and environmental factors. Although such complex dependence creates an initial barrier for their use for the characterisation of the structures of protein and nucleic acids, recent developments in prediction methodologies and their successful implementation in resolving the structures of these molecules have clearly demonstrated that such barrier can be crossed. Furthermore, the significance of chemical shifts as useful observables in their own right has been substantially increased since the development of the NMR techniques to study low populated 'excited' states of biomolecules. This work is aimed at increasing our understanding of the multiple factors that affect chemical shifts in proteins and nucleic acids, and at developing high-quality chemical shift predictors for atom types that so far have largely escaped the attention in chemical shift restrained molecular dynamics simulations. A general approach is developed to optimise the models for structure-based chemical shift prediction, which is then used to construct CH3Shift and ArShift chemical shift predictors for the nuclei of protein side-chain methyl and aromatic moieties. These results have the potential of making a significant impact in structural biology, in particular when taking into account the advent of recent techniques for specific isotope labelling of protein side-chain atoms, which make large biomolecules accessible to NMR techniques. Through their incorporation as restraints in molecular dynamics simulations, the chemical shifts predicted by the approach described in this work create the opportunity of studying the structure and dynamics of proteins in a wide range of native and non-native states in order to characterise the mechanisms underlying the function and dysfunction of these molecules.

<p dir="ltr">This dissertation addresses the significant challenge of enhancing the performance of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) in extremely low-temperature environments, which is critical for applications in defense and space exploration. By innovating both electrolyte formulations and electrode materials, this research extends the operational boundaries of LIBs to temperatures below -100 ℃. </p>

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Les ARN non-codants exercent des rôles essentiels au sein de nombreux processus biologiques, allant de la régulation de l’expression génique à l’activité enzymatique. Afin de remplir leurs fonctions cellulaires, ces ARN doivent adopter des structures tridimensionnelles spécifiques, et mieux comprendre ces structures et leur dynamique est crucial pour élucider leur mécanisme d’action et créer des ARN possédant de nouvelles fonctions. Afin de mieux comprendre la structure, la dynamique et l’ingénierie des ARN, notre laboratoire étudie le ribozyme VS de Neurospora, un petit ARN (~160 nucléotides) possédant une activité catalytique. Le ribozyme VS a été découvert il y a une trentaine d’années chez certains isolats naturels du champignon microscopique Neurospora. Ce ribozyme a fait l’objet d’études approfondies et est considéré comme étant un système modèle idéal pour étudier la structure et la fonction de l’ARN in vitro, en raison de sa taille relativement petite, de sa structure tridimensionnelle complexe et de son activité enzymatique facilement détectable. Comme plusieurs autres ribozymes de sa famille, le ribozyme VS catalyse des réactions de clivage et de ligation d’une liaison phosphodiester spécifique. Toutefois, il a la capacité unique de reconnaître et de cliver un substrat isolé, replié sous forme de tige-boucle, par l’entremise d’une interaction boucle-boucle extrêmement stable, une caractéristique intéressante d’un point de vue de l’ingénierie de l’ARN. Des structures cristallines récentes ont fourni de l’information importante à propos de l’état fermé du ribozyme, qui comprend un site actif pré-catalytique. Toutefois, des études récentes ont plutôt démontré que le ribozyme VS adopte un état ouvert en solution et il n’existe que très peu d’information structurale sur cet état et sur les mécanismes de transition menant à la forme fermée. Afin de caractériser la structure du ribozyme en solution, une stratégie modulaire de divide-and-conquer a été entreprise et des structures RMN à haute résolution de chacun des sous-domaines structuraux clés ont été déterminées. Cette thèse vise à caractériser la structure du ribozyme VS complet en solution et à explorer sa capacité à cliver une molécule d’intérêt différente de son substrat naturel. Dans un premier temps, une étude d’ingénierie a été entreprise afin de créer des variants du ribozyme VS capables de reconnaître une tige-boucle d’ARN dérivée de l’Élément de Réponse de Transactivation du virus d’immunodéficience humaine (VIH). Ainsi, des variants hautement actifs du ribozyme ont été identifiés par sélection in vitro et une étude complémentaire de dynamique moléculaire a démontré que l’interaction boucle-boucle agit à titre de charnière dynamique et facilite la formation de l’état fermé du ribozyme. L’approche structurale de divide-and-conquer a ensuite été complétée en combinant des études de RMN et de diffusion des rayons-X aux petits angles (SAXS). Ainsi, des structures à haute résolution du domaine catalytique minimal et d’un complexe formé entre un ribozyme VS plus étendu et un substrat non-clivable ont alors été obtenus. En comparant ces structures aux structures cristallines, nous avons découvert un réarrangement structural important associé à la formation du site actif. Dans l’ensemble, ces travaux offrent une meilleure compréhension de l’architecture globale du ribozyme VS et de son mécanisme d’action qui comprend un échange dynamique de multiples états conformationnels. Plus généralement, les leçons apprises ici permettront de mieux guider les expériences d’ingénierie du ribozyme VS et d’autres ARN fonctionnels. / Non-coding RNAs play essential roles in many biological processes, ranging from the regulation of gene expression to enzymatic activity. To perform their cellular functions, RNAs must adopt specific three-dimensional structures, and understanding how these structures fold is crucial to elucidate their mechanism of action. However, our fundamental understanding of the structure and dynamics of RNA at atomic resolution remains rather limited. To better understand the structure, dynamics and engineering of RNA, our laboratory is investigating the Neurospora VS ribozyme, a small RNA (~160 nucleotides) with catalytic activity. The VS ribozyme was originally found 30 years ago in natural isolates of Neurospora fungi. It has been thoroughly investigated as an ideal model system to study the structure and function of RNA in vitro, due to its small size, its complex three-dimensional structure and easily detectable activity. Like other small nucleolytic ribozymes, the VS ribozyme catalyzes the cleavage and ligation reactions of a specific phosphodiester bond. However, it has the unique ability to recognize and cleave an isolated hairpin substrate through the formation of a highly stable kissing-loop interaction, which is of great interest for RNA engineering purposes. Recent crystal structures have provided useful information on the closed state of the ribozyme, in which the active site is formed. However, the VS ribozyme is also known to adopt an open state in solution and there is still very little structural information regarding this state and how it is converted into the active closed state. In order to characterize the solution structure of the ribozyme and its dynamics, an NMR-based divide-and-conquer approach was previously undertaken in which high-resolution structures of each of the key structural subdomains were determined. The work presented in this thesis aims to characterize the structure of the complete VS ribozyme in solution and to explore its ability to cleave an RNA hairpin of interest, different from its natural substrate. First, an engineering study was undertaken to create VS ribozyme variants capable of recognizing an RNA stem-loop derived from the HIV-1 Trans-Activation Response Element RNA. Using in vitro selection, highly active ribozyme variants were identified, and their sequence analysis suggests that the improved activity observed in some variants depends on increased conformational sampling of the kissing-loop interaction. Complementary molecular dynamics studies indicate that the kissing-loop interaction acts as a dynamic hinge to facilitate the formation of the closed state of the ribozyme. Next, the divide-and-conquer approach for structural investigation of the VS ribozyme was completed by combining NMR and small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) data. High-resolution structures were determined for both a minimal catalytic domain and a complex between a more extended trans ribozyme and a non-cleavable substrate. By comparing these solution structures to the previously reported crystal structures, we uncovered an important structural rearrangement associated with the formation of the active site. Overall, this work provides a better understanding of the global architecture of the VS ribozyme and how it fulfills its function by dynamic exchange of many conformational states. More generally, the structural and dynamic knowledge generated from this work will help to guide future engineering studies of the VS ribozyme and other functional RNAs.

QC 20110926

Les protéines intrinsèquement désordonnées sont caractérisées par un manque de structure 3D stable et sont biologiquements actives dans cet état. La spectroscopie RMN est la méthode de choix pour leurs études à une résolution atomiques, car la cristallographie aux rayons X ne permet pas leur étude en raison de leur caractère hautement dynamique.Cependant, l'étude par spectroscopie RMN de ces protéines est difficiles à cause du grand nombre de recouvrement entre les signaux dans le spectre résultant de l'absence d'un réseau de liaison hydrogène qui pourrait stabiliser la structure et permettre d'obtenir une dispersion des signaux plus élevé. Un autre problème est la sensibilité expérimentale car souvent le temps de mesure est limité en raison de leur prédisposition à la dégradation protéolytique. Dans la première partie de cette thèse les protéines intrinsèquement désordonnées sont introduites. La deuxième partie porte sur la spectroscopie RMN des protéines intrinsèquement désordonnées, des expériences RMN de type BEST-TROSY sont présentées et sont montrées comme étant bien adapté pour l'étude de protéines intrinsèquement désordonnées, en particulier pour celle avec une grande étendue de structure résiduelle. Des expériences 3D BEST-TROSY sont présentées pour leur attribution, une version proline-éditée permet d'aider à l'identification de ce type d'acide aminé et enfin l'expérience HETex-BEST-TROSY qui permet une mesure rapide des taux de change de solvants. Dans la troisième partie de cette thèse ces expériences RMN sont appliquées pour l'étude de la région intrinsèquement désordonnés (domaines 2 et 3) de la protéine NS5A du virus de l'hépatite C (VHC). La structure secondaire résiduel présente dans le fragment de la protéine est analysée. La comparaison des données RMN sur trois constructions de la protéine de différentes longueurs ainsi que les données de SAXS permettent l'identification des interactions transitoires à longue portée entre les différentes régions de cette protéine. En outre, les modes de liaison de ce fragment de protéine à Bin1 domaine SH3 sont analysés. Enfin, les résultats préliminaires obtenus sur l'étude de la phosphorylation de NS5A du VHC par certaines kinases, qui ont été montrées comme biologiquement pertinents, sont présentés. / Intrinsically disordered proteins are characterized by a lack of a stable, 3D structure and fulfill their biological role as such. NMR spectroscopy is the method of choice for their atomic resolution studies, as X-ray crystallography is not amenable to them due to their highly dynamic character.However, NMR spectroscopic studies of these proteins are challenging, because of the high extent of signal overlap in the spectra, resulting from the absence of a hydrogen-bonding network that would lead to structuring and higher signal dispersion. A further problem is experimental sensitivity as often measurement time is limited due to their predisposition for proteolytic degradation. In the fist part of this thesis intrinsically disordered proteins are introduced. The second part focuses on NMR spectroscopy of IDPs, BEST-TROSY-type NMR methods are presented and are shown to be well suited for large IDPs, especially for those with high extent of residual structure. 3D BEST-TROSY experiments are presented for assignment, a proline-edited version for aiding amino acid-type identification, and the HETex-BEST-TROSY experiment that allows rapid measurement of solvent exchange rates. In the third part of this thesis NMR methods are applied for study of the entire intrinsically disordered region (domains 2 and 3) of NS5A protein of hepatitis C virus. The residual secondary structure in this protein fragment is analyzed. Comparison of NMR data on three protein constructs of different lengths together with SAXS data allows identification of transient long range interactions between different regions of this protein. Furthermore, the binding modes of this protein fragment to Bin1 SH3 domain are analyzed. Finally, the preliminary results obtained on investigation of phosphorylation of NS5A of HCV by certain kinases, reported to be biologically relevant, are presented

The municipal outlays have practically permanent and continuous growing trend. It is not only connected with the growth of prices of raw material and power, but also with the continuous growth of price level of work and services, that the municipalities have to cover. The size of the outlays is also influenced by the extent of tasks that are entrusted into the hands of the individual municipalities by the law. The analysis of classification by kind shows that current expenses comprise 65% of total expenses. The biggest share of those expenses takes non-investment transfer payments to allowance organizations and purchase of water, fuel, power, services and other services. The analysis of classification by branch shows that among the expenses of the municipalities with the biggest importance count three branches, which cover 88% of the total expenses of municipalities. The analysis of dynamics of municipal outlays was made between 2001 and 2005. From 2001 to 2004 expenses increased in all items of the municipal budget. The exception was year 2005 when the current expenses decreased significantly. It was caused by the change of new education law, which radically change the method of financing of primary education.