A research report submitted to the Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Medicine in Anaesthesia Johannesburg, 2015 / Patients with chronic renal failure are considered to be at risk of perioperative pulmonary aspiration and consequently the recommendation is to perform a rapid sequence induction on such patients. Rapid sequence induction is not without its risks and may not be necessary. The aim of this study was to determine whether patients who are on a chronic haemodialysis program have sufficient residual gastric contents after an overnight fast, to place them at risk of pulmonary aspiration of gastric contents during anaesthesia. The presence and volume of gastric content was ascertained by ultrasound examination of the stomachs of twenty patients. Patients were asked to fast overnight and an ultrasound was scheduled for a morning on which the patient was due to come in for a dialysis session. The appearance of the stomach and the contents were graded by the radiologist and the diameters of the gastric antrum were then measured so that the cross sectional area could be calculated. Once the cross sectional area was known the gastric volume was calculated using a validated equation. The risk of perioperative pulmonary aspiration was then assessed according to the graded appearance as well as calculated gastric volumes. If the stomach was found to contain fluid a cut off value of 0.8ml/kg was used as a relative gastric volume that would place the patient at increased risk of perioperative pulmonary aspiration. Any patient with a gastric antrum found to be distended with fluid in both the supine and lateral positions or seen to contain solid contents was assessed as being at increased risk of perioperative pulmonary aspiration. Gastrointestinal symptoms were assessed and compared to residual gastric volumes. Urea and creatinine concentrations were also correlated to residual gastric volumes. In this study none of the patients with chronic renal failure on a chronic haemodialysis program were considered to be increased risk of perioperative pulmonary aspiration, after an overnight fast. Gastrointestinal symptoms were found in 60% of patients. There was no association between gastrointestinal symptoms and residual gastric volumes. There was no correlation between either urea or creatinine levels and residual gastric volumes.

No description available.

2 pp. / Persistent woody plants can sometimes conflict with gardening and landscape goals. In many cases, plant removal becomes necessary. This may be accomplished through manual stump removal or the use of herbicides. With some knowledge of the life history of the target plant, cut stumps can be safely and effectively treated with herbicides to prevent regrowth. Species lists, safety tips, examples, photos, and non-herbicide alternatives are provided to ensure optimum stump killing success.

Revised; Originally Published: 2006 / 2 pp.

Mirror image stimulation (MIS) is reported to elicit persistent social responses in monkeys, in contrast to most humans and great apes, who exhibit self-recognition. The abnormal features of a mirror image as a social stimulus have generally been ignored in monkey reports, whereas research with other animals has identified some important differences between MIS and other stimuli. Differential agitation during separations in peer-reared and mirror-reared infant stumptail monkeys suggests that even the limited opportunity for physical contact with a reflection renders it a sub- optimal attachment-eliciting stimulus. Mirror-rearing appeared to only slightly diminish responsiveness to pictures of conspecifics, compared to peer-rearing. Animals reared with no form of social stimulation exhibited less responsiveness to pictorial stimuli, and engaged in more abnormal and self-directed behaviours than mirror- or peer-reared animals, indicating that a mirror can at least partly compensate for the absence of a true social companion during rearing. The extent of abnormal behaviours in alone-reared stumptail monkeys appears to be considerably less than that reported in rhesus monkeys. The mirror was reacted to as a social partner by mirror-reared animals, and correlations between behaviours, and between measures of a single behaviour, were similar in mirror- and peer-reared groups. However, a live cagemate received 50% more social behaviour than did a reflection, with play behaviours producing group differences in rate, duration, bout length, and variability. MIS or a peer behind Perspex reduced separation agitation in pair-reared but not group-reared infants. In comparison to a peer behind Perspex, MIS received positive responses in mirror-reared and pair-reared animals, whereas group-reared animals reacted more ambivalently to the abnormal animal represented in the mirror. Those mirror-reared animals who received additional experience of a peer behind Perspex during rearing reduced responding to the mirror, whereas responsiveness in mirror-only-reared animals persisted. Peer-only-reared animals were also highly responsive to MIS, possibly due to novelty. Alone-reared subjects, when tested in a familiar setting, were the most responsive of all the subjects to MIS. None of the subjects exhibited self-recognition, even although some had approximately 3,500 hours of experience of a triple mirror image effect, and an additional six months group mirror experience. Some results were obtained with small numbers of subjects, so caution is required in interpretation.

Thesis (M.A.)--Ohio University, November, 2004. / Includes bibliographical references (p.87-88)

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1973. / Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (p. 41-47).

Thesis (M.A.)--Ohio University, November, 2004. / Title from PDF t.p. Includes bibliographical references (p.87-88)

Os tocos, remanescentes da colheita florestal, causam um impedimento físico às operações com máquinas para o preparo do solo para um próximo plantio, ou mesmo quando a área onde estava sendo cultivado o eucalipto vai ser usada para o plantio de uma nova cultura ou estabelecer pastagem para pecuária. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar e avaliar o desempenho de uma serra tubular para a extração de tocos de eucalipto remanescentes da colheita. Este implemento, montado em uma grua hidráulica acoplada a um trator agrícola, é constituído de um tubo metálico com borda serrilhada, com diâmetro de 65 cm e altura interna de 70 cm, realizando o corte do sistema radicular e a extração apenas do toco e raízes próximas. O processo de extração com serra tubular foi comparado à extração de tocos com uma escavadora hidráulica equipada com destocador. Para a comparação entre o desempenho da serra tubular com a escavadora, foram realizadas extrações em quatro parcelas, com 108 tocos cada, sendo duas parcelas para cada sistema. Foram mensurados o tempo de extração para cada toco e o tempo de deslocamento das máquinas em cada parcela. O processo de extração pela serra tubular causou menos alterações na estrutura do solo, nas linhas e nas entrelinhas de plantio, se comparado ao uso da escavadora, porém o tempo de extração da serra foi superior em mais de 8 vezes ao tempo da escavadora. Foram realizadas extrações de tocos com DAB (diâmetros a altura da base) variando entre 12 e 31 cm, sendo que o tempo de extração não apresentou diferenças significativas entre os diferentes diâmetros para ambos os tratamentos. A serra tubular apresentou pouca mobilidade e pouca área de atuação em cada parada, contrariando as expectativas do projeto inicial. As análises econômicas mostraram custo operacional superior para a escavadora hidráulica, porém com maior produtividade comparado à serra tubular, resultando em menor custo de extração por unidade de toco. / The stumps, remained from forest harvesting, cause a physical impediment to operations with machinery for soil preparation to the next plantation, or even when the area that had eucalyptus plantation will be used to plant a new crop or establish pasture for livestock. This paper aim to study and evaluate the performance of a tubular saw for the extraction of Eucalyptus stumps remaining after the harvesting. This accessory mounted on a hydraulic crane, attached to a farm tractor, consists of a metal tube with a serrated edge, with a diameter of 65 cm. and internal height of 70 cm., making the cut root and extract only the stump and close roots. The extraction process with tubular saw was compared with an excavator equipped with a stump remover. The extractions were performed in two plots and two parcels with 108 stumps on each for both systems. It was measured the extraction time for each stump and moving time during the extractions. The extraction process by tubular saw caused less soil disturbance on its structure on planting lines and between the planting lines, compared with the excavator use, but the extraction time with the tubular saw was more than five times compared to the excavators extraction. The extractions were performed on stumps with different DAB (diameter at base height), ranging between 12 to 31 cm, and the extraction time showed no significant differences between the different diameters for both treatments. The tubular saw had little mobility and low operating area at each stop, contrary to the expectations of the initial Project. Economic analyzes showed higher operational cost for the hydraulic excavator, but higher productivity compared to tubular saw on a farm tractor, resulting in lower extraction cost per stump.

Os tocos, remanescentes da colheita florestal, causam um impedimento físico às operações com máquinas para o preparo do solo para um próximo plantio, ou mesmo quando a área onde estava sendo cultivado o eucalipto vai ser usada para o plantio de uma nova cultura ou estabelecer pastagem para pecuária. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar e avaliar o desempenho de uma serra tubular para a extração de tocos de eucalipto remanescentes da colheita. Este implemento, montado em uma grua hidráulica acoplada a um trator agrícola, é constituído de um tubo metálico com borda serrilhada, com diâmetro de 65 cm e altura interna de 70 cm, realizando o corte do sistema radicular e a extração apenas do toco e raízes próximas. O processo de extração com serra tubular foi comparado à extração de tocos com uma escavadora hidráulica equipada com destocador. Para a comparação entre o desempenho da serra tubular com a escavadora, foram realizadas extrações em quatro parcelas, com 108 tocos cada, sendo duas parcelas para cada sistema. Foram mensurados o tempo de extração para cada toco e o tempo de deslocamento das máquinas em cada parcela. O processo de extração pela serra tubular causou menos alterações na estrutura do solo, nas linhas e nas entrelinhas de plantio, se comparado ao uso da escavadora, porém o tempo de extração da serra foi superior em mais de 8 vezes ao tempo da escavadora. Foram realizadas extrações de tocos com DAB (diâmetros a altura da base) variando entre 12 e 31 cm, sendo que o tempo de extração não apresentou diferenças significativas entre os diferentes diâmetros para ambos os tratamentos. A serra tubular apresentou pouca mobilidade e pouca área de atuação em cada parada, contrariando as expectativas do projeto inicial. As análises econômicas mostraram custo operacional superior para a escavadora hidráulica, porém com maior produtividade comparado à serra tubular, resultando em menor custo de extração por unidade de toco. / The stumps, remained from forest harvesting, cause a physical impediment to operations with machinery for soil preparation to the next plantation, or even when the area that had eucalyptus plantation will be used to plant a new crop or establish pasture for livestock. This paper aim to study and evaluate the performance of a tubular saw for the extraction of Eucalyptus stumps remaining after the harvesting. This accessory mounted on a hydraulic crane, attached to a farm tractor, consists of a metal tube with a serrated edge, with a diameter of 65 cm. and internal height of 70 cm., making the cut root and extract only the stump and close roots. The extraction process with tubular saw was compared with an excavator equipped with a stump remover. The extractions were performed in two plots and two parcels with 108 stumps on each for both systems. It was measured the extraction time for each stump and moving time during the extractions. The extraction process by tubular saw caused less soil disturbance on its structure on planting lines and between the planting lines, compared with the excavator use, but the extraction time with the tubular saw was more than five times compared to the excavators extraction. The extractions were performed on stumps with different DAB (diameter at base height), ranging between 12 to 31 cm, and the extraction time showed no significant differences between the different diameters for both treatments. The tubular saw had little mobility and low operating area at each stop, contrary to the expectations of the initial Project. Economic analyzes showed higher operational cost for the hydraulic excavator, but higher productivity compared to tubular saw on a farm tractor, resulting in lower extraction cost per stump.