In this study four different aspects of primary successions on glacier forelands in South-Central Norway are investigated. First, general vegetation and environment trends, which have been observed by other scientists, were studied on two forelands. It is shown that the two selected forelands (one low- and one high-altitude foreland, Nigardsbreen and Storbreen, respectively) differ in the speed of vegetation cover change and in the overall species richness developed over the last 250 years since deglaciation. This is attributed to differences in the severity of the environment between the two forelands. Some support for an early peak in the number of species was found for the Nigardsbreen foreland, whereas the Storbreen foreland shows no significant trend in the development of species richness. Life-forms and soil-depth change on both forelands in the predicted manner. A novel approach for the use of Ellenberg indicator values for the estimation of pH-values from the existent vegetation shows highly significant correlations between predicted pH values and trends measured for similar terrain ages from a study by Messer (1988). Investigation at two different scales indicated that small-scale disturbances (< 100 m) may influence the mosaic of the environment, which affects the results of the chronosequence approach. By using a strict geometrical sampling design more variable conditions entered the analyses than with the stratified random sampling schemes adopted by others, such as Matthews (1979b). Some loss in the power of analysing the data occurred, but the results are still consistent with hypotheses about primary succession on glacier forelands. Second, new aspects of the temporal development and successional change of plant communities were investigated on the same two forelands. There is some evidence of succession from a pioneer community to the local climax community of the surrounding area for both forelands. There is also support for the correlation of timedependent environmental variables with the successional development of plant communities. A new application of Ellenberg indicator values in ordinations was assessed for its value in estimating average environmental conditions derived from the vegetation. As with the previous analyses, investigation of community development at two different scales supported the importance of sampling scale on the analysis of succession data. Third, spatially explicit analyses of distribution patterns of dominant woody species was developed as a means to investigate processes and formulate hypotheses about primary succession on glacier forelands. The data for this part of the study was collected on five glacier forelands, three low-altitude (Nigardsbreen, Austerdalsbreen and Bødalsbreen) and two high-altitude (Storbreen and Høgvaglbreen). Pattern descriptors including perimeter/area index, autocorrelation measures and fractal dimensions, support the hypothesis of differential colonisation of wind and animaldispersed species. Even more convincing is the result that low- and high-altitude forelands show significant differences in the patterns exhibited by wind and animals dispersed species. This result is thought to be related to the differences in environmental severity affecting the establishment of colonising species. Finally, logit modelling of the distributions of dominant woody species provides insights into the sampling effort needed to gather enough data for meaningful analyses. It also leads to the identification of important factors influencing the distribution of those species.

本論文係以「十一屆三中全會」後時序，依次檢驗中共總書記胡耀邦、趙紫陽、江澤民、胡錦濤等領導人之政治繼承中制度面與非制度面，希冀達到三項目的：第一，擺脫兩岸意識型態對峙格局，還原中共政治繼承之真實面貌；第二，宏觀地對中共政治繼承之原則與概念有所解釋，並進一步微觀對其政治繼承之具體措施進行說明。 本文分為五章，茲就主要內容分述如次 一、第一章概述本文研究動機、目的、方法、範圍等。第二章則探討胡耀邦與趙紫陽甄拔與罷黜之情形，期間鄧小平雖有意使政治繼承制度化，然當國內發生危及共黨政權與損及其權力，制度化推行已成次要。 二、第三章分別分析江澤民與胡錦濤接班模式，江澤民任內相繼推出人事制度化改革方案、制定人事法案、落實「幹部四化原則」等。胡錦濤人事佈局並無明顯拉拔親信跡象，係考量權力基礎尚未鞏固，然未來隨權力逐日穩固後，勢將加大人事掌控權。 三、第四章則探討政治繼承與制度化之關係，並比較領導人在拔擢中制度性與非制度性關聯性；正式途徑方面，第二、三、四代領導菁英，大都在地方起步若要進入權力核心則須擠入中央，以十五屆委員為例，黨領導機構係以民主推薦方式而成。非正式途徑方面，諸如來自同宗族、省份、學校等，倘建立良好關係，受庇者在仕途上就具有優勢。 四、第五章檢驗制度化在十六大執行情形；第六章結論則總結研究結果與發現，得出十一屆三中全會後，最高領導人仍有欽定繼承者之權力，人治色彩仍存，惟奉行幹部「四化」原則，並制定人事制度化規定，雖幹部晉升或調職不可避免地受到走後門、拉關係等非制度因素影響，然幹部任職年限或退休年齡已對人事變遷產生一定拘束力。 / This thesis examines PRC’s Political Succession on their institutization and un-institutization based on the Chronicle order of PRC Chairmen from Hu Yaobang to Hu Jintao. Hopefully, this paper can achieve three objectives: first, this paper will put aside the cross-straight ideological confrontation and present a reality of PRC’s political succession. Second, the article will explain the concept and principle of PRC’s political succession in broader sense. Also, I will further describe the concrete measures of succession in detail. This thesis is divided into five chapters as follows: 1.Chapter one briefly introduces the motive, objective, methodology and scope of this thesis. Chapter two explores the reasons why Deng Xiaoping chosed and abandoned Hu Yaobang and Zhao Ziyang. In Deng’s period, he intended to make succession institutionalized, however, when a crisis occurred and endangered regime’s stabilities, the implementation of institutionalization became second importance. 2.Chapter three assesses power succession from Jiang Zemin to Hu Jintao respectively. During Jiang in power, he executed the program of personnel institutionalization and promulgated the act of personnel. Hu Jintao doesn’t obviously choose his own men due to his unsolidified power basis. However, when his power is solidified he might enhance his grasp of personnel arrangement. 3.Chapter four explores the relationship between personnel’s institutionalization & non-institutionalization. In the aspect of formal approach, the second, third, fourth generation elites were mostly promoted from the local areas. If they intended to enter the core of power, political elites have to enter PRC’s Center Committee. At the same time, membership can only be made possible by the democratic recommendation and endorsement from party’s member. In the aspect of informal approach, those who have enjoyed certain connections, such as from the same families, province, and schools, might have better opportunities to get promoted. 4.The Chapter five examines the implenation of personnel institutionalization in the 16th CCP Congress. Chapter six concludes results and findings. I finalizes that the reshuffle of PRC’s paramount leaders still remained “strong personal influence”. In other words, PRC officials’ promotion or transfer cannot avoid the influence of personal connections. However, the limits of service tenure and the retiring age still play an important part to the PRC’s personnels’institutionalization.

<p>In recent years, family firms have been stressed as important contributors to economic wealth. An increased focus from both researchers and practitioners can therefore be seen in various forms such as research institutes and conferences. Furthermore, family firms are often treated as a group of similar kind while inherent differences are played down.</p><p>From a theoretical perspective, organisations look at the behaviour of others that face similar complex situations, such as succession. Information can be found in institutional carriers who connect groups of firms. By imitating what is perceived as successful practices, family firms face the risk of employing inefficient procedures in times of succession.</p><p>The purpose of this thesis was to investigate what kind of ideas Dagens Industri as institutional carrier communicates about succession in family firms. To fulfil the purpose, data was retrieved in the form of Dagens Industri articles concerning family businesses and succession. Interpretations were based on theoretical constructs on family firms as well as institutional theory.</p><p>From our findings, it was observed that family firms differ on the basis of industry presence and ownership structure. Furthermore, importance of time and communication was stressed in Dagens Industri.</p>

Master of Agribusiness / Department of Agricultural Economics / Terry Griffin / Rosburg Farms is a crop farm in Northwest Iowa that specializes in corn and soybean production. The oldest farm operator, Richard was looking ahead to retirement while the next generation, Brian has been working to identify an entry strategy into the operation as a beginning farmer. The purpose of this research was to identify and evaluate candidate alternatives that Brian could bring to Rosburg Farms and to understand if the operation was at a point where Brian was needed as full time labor. Three candidate scenarios including renting additional crop acreage, building a hog facility, and building a poultry layer house were evaluated via SWOT analyses. The SWOT analysis results indicated that renting additional crop acres was the best candidate alternative for the farming operation. To understand how adding the additional acreage to crop production affects the timeliness of the operation and to identify binding resources a whole-farm linear programming planning model was parameterized. Parameters included available labor, machinery, days suitable for field work, crop rotations and available acreage. Production enterprise budgets for corn and soybean production and a projected cash flow were developed to understand if this acreage expansion would be profitable for the multi-family farming operation. The results of the planning model indicated that the field work operations would be completed with the available labor, machinery, and days suitable for fieldwork. The production budgets and cash flow results indicated that Rosburg Farms would remain profitable once farm size was expanded with additional rented acreage. Considering Brian employed off the farm, it was not necessary for him to quit his job to farm full time at this point. Future analysis should be used to understand at what farm size are needed to justify Brian leaving his off-farm employment to farm full time. These results are applicable beyond the Rosburg farm and are of interest to beginning farmers, farms anticipating transition to next generation, and professional specializing in succession planning.

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

Small businesses are critically important to the current U.S. economy. This is especially true for Vermont. In 2010, small Vermont businesses represented 96.3% of all employers accounting for approximately 60% of the private sector workforce (SBA, 2013). Entrepreneurs are drawn to Vermont for the quality of life, progressive atmosphere, and its distinction for fostering companies with socially, ethically and environmentally driven missions. Succession is an important stage in a company's life-cycle. Thus, succession planning is a crucial activity for founders, owners or high-level managers, (here after referred to as leaders,) in which to participate. This study explores the current environment of the intersection of social responsibility and succession planning. In order to examine the confluence of social responsibility value retention and succession planning, each aspect of a leader's intentions needed to be understood. Thus, this study incorporates: a description and analysis of leader's social responsibility attitudes, intentions and behaviors; a description and analysis of leader's succession planning attitudes, intentions and behaviors; and an analysis of the commonalities and distinctions found in the combination of social responsibility and succession planning attitudes, intentions and behaviors. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with small business leaders from September through December, 2013. The interview sample was intentionally weighted towards business leaders who are known for being socially responsible, due to their expected ability to speak more knowledgeably about social responsibility and its implications for their business. Findings indicate there is a lack of consensus among leaders in defining social responsibility values/orientation. Most leaders interviewed are thinking about succession planning and how their value-orientation might fit into that process. Applying the Theory of Planned Behavior, this study attempted to identify how attitudes towards social responsibility would impact the leaders' intentions and ultimately their behavior in succession planning.

La loi du 23 juin 2006, entrée en vigueur le 1er janvier 2007, poursuit trois objectifs principaux, de simplification, de sécurisation du règlement des successions et de protection des héritiers. Elle comprend deux volets le premier sur les successions et le second sur les libéralités. Cette loi est une nécessaire adaptation aux nouvelles évolutions démographiques et sociologiques (allongement de la durée de la vie, augmentation du nombre des familles recomposées et présence d'enfants non communs) et permet d'augmenter la liberté de partage du disposant, notamment dans la transmission des entreprises, un véritable problème en france. Cette loi, objet de plusieurs décennies de réflexion, fournit de nombreux outils modernes, mais présente toutefois des lacunes, soit que le législateur ne semble pas être allé jusqu'au bout de sa réforme et que les outils sont incomplets, soit que ces derniers sont déjà concurrencés par d'autres outils existants. Ces lacunes devront être complétées pour que la loi du 23 juin 2006 reste, pour longtemps, une loi toujours moderne et bien adaptée aux transformations rapides de notre société. / The law of June 23rd, 2006, which entered into force on January 1st, 2007 has three main objectives, simplifying and securing inheritance agreement and protection of heirs. It consists of two components: successions and liberalities.This law is a necessary adaptation to the new demographic and sociological changes (increased life expectancy, increasing numbers of reconstituted families and step-children), increasing the freedom to share, which is, especially in the transmission of companies, a real issue in France.This law, the subject of several decades of thinking, provided many modern tools, but it does have some gaps, either because the legislator has not gone far enough with the reform and the tools are incomplete, or that they are already in competition with other existing tools. These deficiencies must be completed so that the law of June 23rd, 2006 remains for a long time, a law still modern and adapted to rapid changes in our society.

1 SUMMARY- FORCED HEIR AND DISINHERITANCE The subject of this thesis is the forced heir and disinheritance. The purpose of the thesis is to describe the current and future legal regulation while comparing them. Every testator is obliged to leave some part of the property to his or her forced heir. The forced heir is the testator's descendant and can be either minor or major. The only way for testator to avoid this obligation is to write a deed of disinheritance. There is a specified number of reasons of disinheritance; they are as follows: 1) the forced heir did not provide necessary assistance to the testator in disease, in old age or in a certain serious case 2) he did not show real interest in the testator 3) he was sentenced to imprisonment for at least one year 4) he led a dissolute life. The New Civil Code has replaced the third reason by following: the forced heir was sentenced for a criminal offense, which indicates his wicked nature, and adds one more reason of disinheritance, allowing to the testator to disinherit a wasteful forced heir. Both the current and future regulation of disinheritance are criticized for their generality and unclear definition of legal terms. The thesis is composed of 4 chapters. Chapter One is introductory and defines basic terminology used in the thesis: the forced heir...

The presented master thesis describes the changes of insects communities on carcases of small mammals in course of the decay. We focused both on aspects of (temporal) succession as well on season dependent differences in carrion insect community. The study was carried out during the seasons 2014 and 2015; in each of the years we used a different carrion type (2014: mice (Mus musculus) +/- 20g, 2015: brown rat (Rattus norvegicus) 400-500g). Because we wanted to record the actual successional stage, we used a "walk-through" type of traps instead of commonly used pitfall traps. The general succession pattern was similar in both seasons; however the succession course of brown rat carcasses was slightly delayed. The succession was strongly influenced by the first species colonizing the carrion and morover, most of the carcasses were dominated or monopolized by a single species (or species group). Only the carcasses of mice were buried by the burying beetles (Silphinae: Nicrophorus). Bow flies (Calliphoridae) have been identified as the most common members of carrion insect communities. The other important members were the flesh flies (Sarcophagidae), and beetle families Silphidae and Staphylinidae. The highest abundance of insect was observed in summer, lowest abundance either in spring or fall depending on the...

1 Abstract This thesis focuses on the regulation of intestate succession, particularly in relation to the Civil Code no. 89/2012. It is not limited only to this regulation, but also includes the historical development of inheritance law and intestate succession from the Roman period, through the Middle Ages and subsequently identifies also modern civil codes. The thesis is divided into four sections, each dealing with certain aspects of intestate succession and related institutes. The first part, which describes the historical development of the intestate succession, is divided into six chapters. The first chapter is devoted to Roman law legislation and in the second chapter a succession in the Middle Ages is described. Followed by a fairly detailed regulation of intestate succession according to the General Civil Code of 1811 and a brief reminder of the government's draft of Civil Code from 1937. The fifth chapter deals with the intestate succession under the Civil Code no. 141/1950 and finally in the sixth chapter there is a brief description of the intestate succession under the Civil Code no. 40/1964., as detailed adjustment is included in other parts of the thesis in the context of a comparison. The second part deals with the preconditions of inheritance succession under effective legislative. The...