Due to the many crystallographic and spectroscopic anomalies found in investigations of amides, polyamides, and imides, succinimide suggested itself as an interesting compound for spectral investigations. The spectrum of solid succinimide ( KBr pellet ) was recorded in the range 4000 - 250 cm⁻¹, whereas the spectra of vapour, single crystal, and solutions of succinimide in a variety of solvents and at varying concentrations, were obtained in the region 4000 - 250 cm⁻¹. For the recording of vapour spectra, and for the growth of thin sections of single crystals, special apparatus and techniques were devised and are described in detail. N - d - succinimide, N - h - succinimide - d₄, N - d succinimide - d₄, and various related compounds were also investigated. The absorption bands of succinimide have been assigned by comparison with spectra of related compounds and by studying association phenomena and isotope substitution effects. An PG matrix treatment has been undertaken and agreement between calculated and observed frequencies is good when only a minimum number of interaction constants are employed. The anomalous behaviour of succinimide in the Amide II and Amide III regions has been explained by the assumption of a dimer, as has the 3080 cm⁻¹ band. Solution studies indicate that the dimer exist even in moderately concentrated solution. / Science, Faculty of / Chemistry, Department of / Graduate

1. We have explored a formal [3+2] strategy that is synthetically useful for constructing 3,4-disubstituted succinimides with ethyl bromoacetate derivatives or methyl glyoxylate in one step. 2. We reported a new approach to (E)-£]-aryl-£\,£]-unsaturated amides. Instead of using aldehydes, phosphorus, silicon containing compounds and metal catalysts for the synthesis of double bonds, £\-sulfonyl acetamide and various benzyl bromides were used as starting materials

La découverte des activités cytotoxiques impressionnantes des subérosanes, des sesquiterpènes d’origine marine isolées dès 1996 de la gorgone Subergorgia suberosa, ainsi que leurs structures tricycliques complexes possédant jusqu’à cinq centre stéréogènes contigus dont un centre quaternaire central, ont fait de ces molécules des cibles de choix tant pour les acteurs de la chimie médicinale que pour ceux travaillant dans le domaine de la synthèse totale. Enfin, une molécule d’origine synthétique « simplifiée » de cette famille, la nor-subérosénone, a également montré des activités cytotoxiques remarquables. Les quantités disponibles de ces produits d’intérêt pharmacologique étant infimes dans le milieu marin, notre équipe s’est intéressée précédemment à la synthèse et à l’évaluation biologique de plusieurs représentants de cette famille de produits naturels et de leurs antipodes permettant de décrire leurs configurations absolues ainsi qu’aux nor-subérosénone et nor-subérosanone d’origine synthétique. L’étape clef de ces synthèses faisant appel à une réaction de Michael asymétrique utilisant un inducteur chiral stœchiométrique peu onéreux et disponible sous ses deux formes antipodales a permis d’obtenir pour la première fois, en version énantiosélective, plusieurs représentants de cette famille de façon concise. Nous décrivons dans ce manuscrit comment nous sommes passés d’une telle réaction de Michael « stœchiométrique » à un processus organocatalysé asymétrique impliquant un système catalytique qui après développement s’est montré efficace et peu coûteux permettant de réduire encore le nombre d’étapes de ces synthèses et d'accroitre l'économie d'atomes, vers une chimie plus respectueuse de l’environnement. Les améliorations apportées aux synthèses précédemment réalisées au sein de notre équipe, et notamment à une cyclisation originale catalysée au triflate d’argent, ont permis de réaliser les synthèses par la voie « stœchiométrique » de nor-subérosanes avec une grande efficacité. La (+)-nor-subérosénone a été obtenue en vingt étapes et 19.29% de rendement global (vs dix-neuf étapes et 4.65% de rendement global précédemment) et la (±)-nor-subérosanone en dix-neuf étapes et 25.06% de rendement global (vs dix-huit étapes et 8.85% de rendement global précédemment). Le succès de la voie organocatalysée a enfin permis de synthétiser la (+)-nor-subérosénone en dix-huit étapes et 19.76% de rendement global (vs dix-neuf étapes et 4.65% de rendement global). Nous avons enfin ouvert la voie à la synthèse potentielle d’épimères des subérosanes via une mise au point de l’addition organocatalysée de Michael de cétone cycliques alpha-méthylées sur les maleimides. Divers maléimides se sont avérés être des électrophiles appropriés dans ce processus, délivrant principalement les adduits attendus portant la stéréodiade centre quaternaire-centre tertiaire adjacents avec des rendements modérés à excellents (39 à 94%) et des énantiosélectivités bonnes à excellentes (75 à 99% ee) dans des conditions réactionnelles faisant intervenir l’activation par les micro-ondes. Des conditions réactionnelles ont été optimisées pour réduire au maximum les diastéréomères et les régioisomères correspondants ainsi que les produits secondaires d’aza-Michael. Ce travail s’inscrit dans le domaine plus vaste et très compétitif de la formation organocatalysée énantiosélective, en une seule étape, d’enchaînement de centre stéréogènes carbonés quaternaire et tertiaire. / The discovery of the impressive cytotoxic activities of the subterranean, sesquiterpenes of marine origin isolated in 1996 from the gorgon Subergorgia suberosa, as well as their complex tricyclic structures with up to five contiguous stereogenic centers including a central quaternary center, made these molecules choice targets for both those involved in medicinal chemistry and those working in the field of total synthesis. Finally, a molecule of "simplified" synthetic origin of this family, nor-suzerenone, has also shown remarkable cytotoxic activities. As the quantities available for these products of pharmacological interest are minimal in the marine environment, our team was interested previously in the synthesis and the biological evaluation of several representatives of this family of natural products and their antipodes allowing to describe their absolute configurations as well as nor-suzerenone and nor-suerosanone of synthetic origin. The key step in these syntheses, using an asymmetric Michael reaction using a low-cost stoichiometric chiral inducer available in its two antipodal forms, made it possible to obtain for the first time, in enantioselective version, several representatives of this family in a way that concisely. We describe in this manuscript how we went from such a "stoichiometric" Michael reaction to an asymmetric organocatalytic process involving a catalytic system that after development proved effective and inexpensive enough to further reduce the number of stages of these syntheses and to increase the economy of atoms, towards a chemistry more respectful of the environment. The improvements made to syntheses previously carried out within our team, and in particular to an original cyclization catalyzed with silver triflate, made it possible to synthesize by the "stoichiometric" way of nor-subterraneans with a great efficiency. (+) - nor-suzerenone was obtained in twenty steps and 19.29% overall yield (vs nineteen stages and 4.65% overall yield previously) and the (±) -nor-suerosanone in nineteen stages and 25.06 % overall return (vs eighteen steps and 8.85% overall return previously). The success of the organocatalyzed route eventually allowed to synthesize (+)-nor-suberosenone in eighteen stages and 19.76% overall yield (vs nineteen stages and 4.65% overall yield). Finally, we have opened the way for the potential synthesis of epimers of suberosanes via a development of organocatalyzed Michael addition reaction of alpha-methylated cyclic ketones to maleimides. Various maleimides have been shown to be suitable electrophiles in this process, mainly delivering the expected adducts carrying the adjacent tertiary center-tertiary center stereodiade in moderate to excellent yields (39 to 94%) and good to excellent enantioselectivities (75 to 99% ee) under reaction conditions involving activation by microwaves. Reaction conditions were optimized to minimize corresponding diastereomers and regioisomers as well as aza-Michael by-products. This work is part of the larger and highly competitive field of one-step enantioselective organocatalyst formation of quaternary and tertiary carbon-based stereogenic centers.

The thesis has been divided in two chapters: Chapter I describes the preparation of primary-amine monocarbamates from enantiopure trans-cyclohexane-1,2-diamines and their use as chiral organocatalysts in the enantioselective Michael addition reaction of aldehydes and ketones to maleimides, to synthesize enantiomerically enriched substituted succinimides. In the conjugate addition reaction of aldehydes to maleimides in conventional volatile organic solvents, it has been found that these organocatalysts are able to generate both enantiomers of the corresponding succinimide using only one enantiomeric form of the catalyst, just by changing the polarity of the solvent. Theoretical calculations justify the mechanism through which this inversion of enantioinduction occurred. In addition, these organocatalysts were used in the enantioselective Michael addition reaction of aldehydes to maleimides, using Deep Eutectic Solvents (DES) as recyclable and environmentally sustainable reaction medium, yielding the corresponding succinimides with excellent yields and high enantioselectivities (up to 94%). The succinimides can be extracted from the DES, which retains the chiral organocatalyst, allowing to reuse both solvent and catalyst. Moreover, the conjugate addition of ketones to maleimides using conventional solvents, allows obtaining the corresponding succinimides with excellent yields but with moderate enantioselectivities (up to 66%). Chapter II shows the results obtained in the enantioselective Michael addition reaction of aldehydes and ketones to nitroalkenes, using the former trans-cyclohexane-1,2-diamine-derived aminocarbamates as chiral organocatalysts, obtaining enantioenriched γ-nitrocarbonyl compounds. In the conjugate addition of isobutyraldehyde to nitroalkenes, the corresponding γ-nitroaldehydes were obtained with enantioselectivities up to 84%. In addition, the enantioselective conjugate addition reaction of ketones to nitroalkenes allowed to obtain interesting γ-nitroketones with high enantioselectivities (up to 96%). Theoretical calculations justify the mechanism involved during this enantioselective process.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Uppsala : Univ., 2002. / Härtill 5 uppsatser.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / This work presents the synthesis of 41 succinimides, 24 pyrrolidinones and 8 tetrazoles, all presenting unprecedented chemical structure, except for the succinimide 3-ethoxy-1-methylpyrrolidine-2,5-dione. These compounds were synthesized by cyclization reactions of β-cyanocarboxylic acids of general formula HO2CCH(R1)CH(OR)CN, where R/R1 = Et/H (9), -(CH2)2- (10), -(CH2)3- (11), Et/Me (12), i-Pr/H (13), s-Bu/H (14), i-Pr/Me (15), s-Bu/Me (16), with amine derivatives or sodium azide. Initially NR2-substituted 3-ethoxypyrrolidine-2,5-diones were obtained from the cyclization of 3-ethoxy-3-cyanopropanoic acid 9 with a series of amine derivatives of general formula NH2R2, where R2 = -CH2-2-Py (17a), -CH2-3-Py (17b), -CH2-4-Py (17c), -CH2C6H5 (17d), -(CH2)2C6H5 (17e), -(CH2)2NMe2 (17f), -(CH2)2NEt2 (17g), Me (17h), Et (17i), Pr (17j), i-Pr (17k), allyl (17l), -(CH2)2OH (17m), -(CH2)3OH (17n), - CH2CH(OH)Me (17o), -CH(CH2OH)Et (17p), -CH(CH2OH)i-Pr (17q), -CH(CH2OH)i-Bu (17r), -CH(CH2OH)s-Bu (17s), -CH(CH2OH)Bn (17t), -CH2CO2H (17u) e - CH2CONH2 (17v). When the cyclization reaction were carried out with diamines of structure NH2(CH2)nNH2, where n = 1, 2 ou 3, the corresponding 1,1 -(alkyldiyl)bis(3- ethoxypyrrolidine-2,5-diones) were obtained. In addition, the reaction of 2-cyanotetrahydrofuran-3-carboxylic acid 10 with amines 17a-p, furnished a series of NR2- substituted 2,3,3a,6a-tetrahydrofuro[2,3-c]-5H-pyrrol-4,6-diones in good yields. In sequence, 4-ethoxy-5-hydroxypyrrolidin-2-ones and 6-hydroxy-3,3a,6,6atetrahydro- 2H-furo[2,3-c]-5H-pyrrol-4-ones were synthesized by regioselective reduction of 3-ethoxypyrrolidine-2,5-diones and 2,3,3a,6a-tetrahydrofuro[2,3-c]-5Hpyrrol- 4,6-diones, previously obtained, by reaction of acids 9 and 10 with selected nucleophiles 17a-l. The reduction reactions were performed using sodium borohydride as reducing agent and, in general, the hydroxylated products were obtained with high diastereoselectivity. Finally, [2 + 3] cycloaddition reaction between β-cyanocarboxylic acids 9-16 with sodium azide, catalyzed by zinc chloride, were carried out furnishing a series of 5-substituted 1-H tetrazoles, where R/R1 = Et/H, -(CH2)2-, -(CH2)3-, Et/Me, i-Pr/H, s- Bu/H, i-Pr/Me, s-Bu/Me. / Este trabalho apresenta a síntese de 41 succinimidas, 24 pirrolidinonas e 8 tetrazóis, todos apresentando estrutura química inédita, com exceção da succinimida 3-etóxi-1-metilpirrolidina-2,5-diona. Os compostos mensionados foram sintetizados a partir de reações de ciclização dos ácidos β-cianocarboxílicos de fórmula geral HO2CCH(R1)CH(OR)CN, onde R/R1 = Et/H (9), -(CH2)2- (10), -(CH2)3- (11), Et/Me (12), i-Pr/H (13), s-Bu/H (14), i-Pr/Me (15), s-Bu/Me (16), com derivados amínicos ou azida de sódio. Inicialmente 3-etoxipirrolidina-2,5-dionas NR2-substituídas foram obtidas a partir da ciclização do ácido 3-etóxi-3-cianopropanóico 9 com uma série de derivados amínicos de fórmula NH2R2, sendo R2 = -CH2-2-Py (17a), -CH2-3-Py (17b), -CH2-4-Py (17c), -CH2C6H5 (17d), -(CH2)2C6H5 (17e), -(CH2)2NMe2 (17f), -(CH2)2NEt2 (17g), Me (17h), Et (17i), Pr (17j), i-Pr (17k), alil (17l), -(CH2)2OH (17m), -(CH2)3OH (17n), -CH2CH(OH)Me (17o), -CH(CH2OH)Et (17p), -CH(CH2OH)i-Pr (17q), - CH(CH2OH)i-Bu (17r), -CH(CH2OH)s-Bu (17s), -CH(CH2OH)Bn (17t), -CH2CO2H (17u) e -CH2CONH2 (17v). Quando empregadas nas reações de ciclização diaminas de estrutura NH2(CH2)nNH2, onde n = 1, 2 ou 3, foram obtidas as respectivas 1,1 - (alquildiil)bis(3-etoxipirrolidina-2,5-dionas). Em adição, 2,3,3a,6a-tetraidrofuro[2,3-c]-5H-pirrol-4,6-dionas NR2-substituídas foram obtidas quando empregado o ácido 2-cianotetraidrofuran-3-óico 10 nas reações de ciclização com os derivados amínicos 17a-p. Em sequência, 4-etóxi-5-hidroxipirrolidin-2-onas e 6-hidróxi-3,3a,6,6atetraidro- 2H-furo[2,3-c]-5H-pirrol-4-onas foram sintetizadas através da redução regiosseletiva das respectivas succinimidas 3-etoxipirrolidina-2,5-dionas e 2,3,3a,6atetraidrofuro[ 2,3-c]-5H-pirrol-4,6-dionas anteriormente obtidas pela reação dos ácidos 9 ou 10 com os nucleófilos selecionados 17a-l. As reações de redução foram realizadas utilizando boroidreto de sódio como agente redutor e, em geral, os produtos hidroxilados foram obtidos com alta diastereosseletividade. Finalmente foi realizada reação de cicloadição [2+3] da série de ácidos β- cianocarboxílicos 9-16 com azida de sódio e catálise de cloreto de zinco. As reações forneceram como produtos uma série de tetrazóis 1H-5-substituídos, onde R/R1 = Et/H, -(CH2)2-, -(CH2)3-, Et/Me, i-Pr/H, s-Bu/H, i-Pr/Me, s-Bu/Me.

<p>Sukcinimidi su jedinjenja koja pokazuju vi&scaron;estruke farmakolo&scaron;ke efekte uključujući i antiproliferativnu aktivnost, zahvaljujući prisustvu farmakofore sa dva hidrofobna regiona i dva regiona bogata elektronima. Savremeni dizajn lekova ima za cilj da se modifikacijama u strukturi (promena vrste, položaja i orijentacije supstituenata) i in silico računarskim metodama predvide i optimizuju farmakokinetske osobine i bezbednosni profil kandidata za lek. U ranoj fazi razvoja lekova se koriste postojeće baze podataka o molekulskim, farmakokinetskim i toksikolo&scaron;kim parametrima već ispitanih jedinjenja i pomoću matematičkih modela i algoritama predviđaju se osobine novih molekula, elimini&scaron;u se neodgovarajući kandidati i postiže se u&scaron;teda u vremenu i materijalnim sredstvima. Da se ispitaju fizičko-hemijske karakteristike 11 novosintetisanih metil-etil-N-aril-sukcinimida na osnovu strukture, primenom različitih softverskih paketa; da se na osnovu strukture odrede farmakokinetski i toksikolo&scaron;ki parametri, primenom različitih softverskih paketa; da se ispita retenciono pona&scaron;anje, odnosno odrede retencione konstante za svako jedinjenje primenom visokoefikasne hromatografije na tankom sloju (HP-TLC) i ispita mogućnost primene retencionih konstanti kao mere lipofilnosti ispitivanih jedinjenja; da se ispita antiproliferativna aktivnost na odabranim kulturama ćelija karcinoma i na zdravim ćelijama fibroblasta pluća; da se analizom molekulskog dokinga ustanovi vezivanje za estrogene receptore. Ispitano je retenciono pona&scaron;anje 11 novosintetisanih derivata sukcinimida primenom visokoefikasne hromatografije na tankom sloju (HP-TLC) obrnute faze uz primenu dvokomponentne sme&scaron;e vode i organskog rastvarača (metanola, acetonitrila ili acetona), sa odgovarajućim zapreminskim udelom organskog rastvarača kao mobilne faze. Iz razvijenih hromatograma su izračunate retencione konstante RM0 i S. Logaritam podeonog koeficijenta (logP) određen je in silico, kori&scaron;ćenjem različitih računarskih programa. In silico su određene fizičko-hemijske karakteristike, farmakokinetski parametri, toksikolo&scaron;ki parametri, akvatična toksičnosti i afinitet vezivanja za estrogene receptore. Izračunate su vrednosti afiniteta za 4 vrste receptora (G-protein spregnuti receptori, jonski kanali, inhibitori kinaza, nuklearni receptori). Antiproliferativna aktivnost ispitivanih derivata sukcinimida određena je primenom kolorimetrijskog testa sa tetrazolijum solima (MTT testa) na komercijalnim kulturama ćelija (MRC-5, A549, HeLa, MDA-MB-231, MCF-7, HT-29) i izračunate su IC50 vrednosti. Urađena je i doking analiza sukcinimida prema ERA (estrogen receptor alfa) i ERB (estrogen receptor beta) i dobijene su vrednosti energije formiranja kompleksa sa posmatranim receptorima (MolDock Score). Statistički najznačajnije linearne korelacije dobijene su između eksperimentalno određenih hromatografskih parametara (RM0 i S) i in silico parametara lipofilnosti MlogP i ClogP. Ispitivanjem uticaja promene RM0 i S na farmakokinetske karakteristike dobijeni su rezultati koji pokazuju paraboličnu zavisnost konstante apsorpcije (Ka) i procenta vezivanja za proteine plazme (PPB) od posmatranih retencionih konstanti, dok je zavisnost sa volumenom distribucije (Vd) i sposobno&scaron;ću prolaska kroz krvno-moždanu barijeru (logBBB) bila linearnog tipa. Toksičnost ispitivanih jedinjenja, procenjena na osnovu in silico dobijenih LD50 vrednosti, nije bila vi&scaron;a od toksičnosti već registrovanih lekova sa strukturom sukcinimida, i dala je parabolične zavisnosti u odnosu na RM0 i S vrednosti. Eksperimentalno nijedno od ispitivanih jedinjenja nije pokazalo aktivnost u odnosu na zdrave fibroblaste pluća. Najznačajniju antiproliferativnu aktivnost (najniže IC50) su pokazala jedinjenja 6 i 7 u odnosu na ćelije linije MCF-7 i jedinjenje 11 u odnosu na A549 ćelijsku liniju. Doking analiza je pokazala niže energije formiranja kompleksa sa ERA, u odnosu na ERB. Eksperimentalno određeni parametri RM0 i S se mogu koristiti kao alternativne i pouzdane mere lipofilnosti analiziranih sukcinimida. Ispitivana jedinjenja pokazuju povoljne fizičko-hemijske karakteristike, predviđene in silico metodama i povoljne farmakokinetske karakteristike: male vrednosti konstante apsorpcije, umeren volumen distribucije, povoljan afinitet vezivanja za proteine plazme, favorizovan prolazak kroz krvno-moždanu barijeru za lipofilnija jedinjenja. Procenjuje se da sva ispitivana jedinjenja, izuzev derivata sa &ndash;CN supstituentom, imaju zahtevani nizak stepen toksičnosti. Po antiproliferativnoj aktivnosti u odnosu na ćelije ER-zavisnog karcinoma dojke (MCF-7) izdvajaju se jedinjenja sa metil i nitro supstituentom u para položaju. Na osnovu malih energija formiranja kompleksa sa ERA, koji su eksprimirani na ćelijama MCF-7 linije, pretpostavlja se da bi mehanizam njihovog delovanja delimično mogao biti obja&scaron;njen uticajem na ERA, ali su potrebna dodatna istraživanja na tom polju.</p> / <p>Succinimides have exhibited various pharmaceutical effects including antiproliferative activity due to an important structural fragment (a pharmacophore) presented in form of two hydrophobic regions and two electron-rich centers. Current development of new drugs involves modifications in structure (type, position and orientation of substituents) and usage of in silico computational programs to predict and optimize pharmacokinetic and safety profile of drug candidates. In early phase of drug development, databases regarding the molecular, pharmacokinetic and toxicological parameters of already tested compounds are used, mathematical models and algorithms are applied for predicting the properties of new molecules and inadequate candidates are eliminated saving time and resources. Determination of physico-chemical properties of the analyzed methyl-ethyl-N-phenilsuccinimide derivatives by software packages; virtual pharmacokinetic and toxicology screening; investigation of retention behavior of the compounds by the reversed-phase HPTLC analysis and calculation of retention constants and their correlation with lipophilicity; in vitro evaluation of antiproliferative activity toward five carcinoma cell lines and normal fetal lung cell line; molecular behavior study on target estrogen receptors by molecular docking and correlation of antiproliferative activity toward ER+ breast carcinoma cell lines and in silico estrogen receptor affinity binding. Retention behavior of 11 newly synthesized succinimide derivatives was determined by reversed phase high performance thin layer chromatography (RP HPTLC) with the application of two-component mixtures water - organic solvent (methanol, acetonitrile or acetone) with adequate volume fractions of the organic modifier. After chromatographic development RM0 and S parameters were calculated. The logarithm of partition coefficient, logP for the analyzed compounds were calculated by different softwares. Physico-chemical properties, pharmacokinetic and toxicological parameters, aquatic toxicity and relative affinity to estrogen receptors were predicted in silico. The affinity toward 4 types of receptors (G-proteine coupled receptors, ion channels, kinase inhibitors, nuclear receptors) were calculated as well. Standard MTT assay was applied to evaluate cytotoxic activities of the analyzed succinimides after cells were exposed. Antiproliferative activity were investigated toward commercial MRC-5, A549, HeLa, MDA-MB-231, MCF-7, HT-29 cell lines and IC50 values were calculated for each compound. MolDock Score that represents energy of binding to estrogen alfa and estrogen beta receptors was determined by molecular docking. Statistically significant linear correlations were determined between the chromatographic retention constants (RM0 and S) and calculated logP, and the best two were obtained in correlation of retention constants with MlogP and ClogP. The examination of RM0 and S influence on pharmacokinetics indicated parabolic dependence of the absorption constant (Ka) and plasma protein binding predictor (PPB) from the observed constants while the volume of distribution (Vd) and the ability to cross the brain blood barrier (logBBB) had linear association with the retention parameters. The toxicity of the analysed compounds evaluated in silico as LD50 on rodents was lower in comparison with the drugs with succinimide structure that are on the market and had parabolic correlation with the RM0 and S values. The experiments indicated that none of the compounds examined had cytotoxic activity toward the healthy lung fibroblast cells. The results of the in vitro assay shown that none of the investigated compounds demonstrated antiproliferative activity toward fetal lung cells. The most potent antiproliferative agents were compounds 6 and 7 toward MCF-7 cell line, and compound 11 toward A549 cell line. Molecular docking shown lower energy for binding to ERA in comparison to ERB.</p>