by Pui-nin Lee. / Thesis submitted in: August 1997. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1998. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 141-148). / Abstract also in Chinese. / List of Abbreviations --- p.I / List of Tables --- p.II / List of Figures --- p.III / Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Sugar cane --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Mushroom: Pleurotus pulmonarius --- p.5 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- Fruiting bodies --- p.5 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- Life cycle of the mushroom --- p.6 / Chapter 1.2.3 --- Cultivation --- p.7 / Chapter 1.2.4 --- Nutrition --- p.8 / Chapter 1.2.5 --- Cardiovascular and Renal effects --- p.9 / Chapter 1.2.6 --- Dietary fiber --- p.10 / Chapter 1.2.6.1 --- Physical properties of dietary fiber --- p.10 / Chapter 1.2.6.2 --- Physiological actions --- p.11 / Chapter 1.3 --- Food colorants --- p.13 / Chapter 1.4 --- Quality of food products --- p.14 / Chapter 1.4.1 --- Toxicity studies --- p.15 / Chapter 1.4.2 --- Stability --- p.16 / Chapter 1.4.3 --- Sensory evaluation --- p.18 / Chapter 1.5 --- Secondary metabolism --- p.20 / Chapter 1.6 --- Monascus --- p.24 / Chapter 1.6.1 --- Monascus products --- p.25 / Chapter 1.6.2 --- Monascus products as a functional food --- p.27 / Chapter 1.6.3 --- Monascus pigments --- p.27 / Chapter 1.6.4 --- Factors affect Monascus pigment production --- p.31 / Chapter 1.7 --- Purposes of study --- p.37 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- Materials and Methods --- p.38 / Chapter 2.1 --- Micro-organisms --- p.38 / Chapter 2.2 --- Maintenance of culture --- p.38 / Chapter 2.3 --- Waste Culture medium for production of pigments --- p.38 / Chapter 2.4 --- Chemical analysis of sugar cane residue broth (SCRB) --- p.39 / Chapter 2.5 --- Preparation of inoculum --- p.40 / Chapter 2.6 --- Batch culture for pigment production --- p.41 / Chapter 2.7 --- Fermentor culture for pigment production --- p.44 / Chapter 2.8 --- Cultivation of oyster mushroom --- p.46 / Chapter 2.9 --- Purification and characterization of Monascus pigments --- p.49 / Chapter 2.9.1 --- Extracellular pigments --- p.49 / Chapter 2.9.2 --- Intracellular pigments --- p.50 / Chapter 2.10 --- Toxicity test --- p.56 / Chapter 2.11 --- Sensory evaluation --- p.61 / Chapter 2.12 --- Statistical analysis --- p.62 / Chapter Chapter 3 --- Results --- p.62 / Chapter 3.1 --- Extracellular pigment of screening test --- p.63 / Chapter 3.2 --- Batch culture for pigment production by Monascus purpureus --- p.69 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Consumption of glucose --- p.69 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Consumption of sucrose --- p.59 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Biomass production --- p.69 / Chapter 3.2.4 --- Residual protein content --- p.73 / Chapter 3.2.5 --- pH value of the fermented medium --- p.73 / Chapter 3.2.6 --- Production of crude extracellular pigments --- p.73 / Chapter 3.2.7 --- Production of crude intracellualr pigments --- p.75 / Chapter 3.2.8 --- Total crude pigment yield --- p.75 / Chapter 3.3 --- Fermentor --- p.77 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- "Pigmentation of control group, treatment A and B" --- p.77 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Nutrition of the biomass from control group and treatment B of fermentor products --- p.80 / Chapter 3.4 --- Production of oyster mushroom --- p.80 / Chapter 3.4.1 --- Biological efficiency of mushroom --- p.80 / Chapter 3.4.2 --- Amino acid profile and total amino acid content of the fruitbidies --- p.87 / Chapter 3.4.3 --- Total dietary fiber content --- p.87 / Chapter 3.4.4 --- "The contents of carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen" --- p.91 / Chapter 3.4.5 --- Sensory evaluation of the mushroom --- p.91 / Chapter 3.5 --- Toxicity --- p.91 / Chapter 3.5.1 --- Acute toxicity --- p.91 / Chapter 3.5.1.1 --- Body weight --- p.95 / Chapter 3.5.1.2 --- Food consumption --- p.95 / Chapter 3.5.2 --- Subacute toxicity --- p.99 / Chapter 3.5.2.1 --- Food consumption --- p.99 / Chapter 3.5.2.2 --- Body weight --- p.99 / Chapter 3.5.2.3 --- The organ weight to body weight ratios --- p.99 / Chapter 3.5.2.4 --- The glutamate-pyruvate transaminase (GPT) and glutamate- oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT) level in blood serum --- p.103 / Chapter 3.6 --- Analysis of Monascus pigments from fermentor system by HPLC and spectrophotometry --- p.108 / Chapter 3.6.1 --- Extracellular pigment from control group --- p.108 / Chapter 3.6.2 --- Extracellular pigment from the group supplemented with 1 % MSG --- p.108 / Chapter 3.6.3 --- Intracellular pigment --- p.111 / Chapter 3.6.3.1 --- Standard of intracellular pigments (conventional pigments) --- p.111 / Chapter 3.6.4 --- Intracellular pigments extracted from SCRB group --- p.111 / Chapter 3.6.5 --- Intracellular pigment extracted from SCRB with 1 % MSG --- p.115 / Chapter 3.7 --- Qualitative and quantitative of the extracellular and intracellular pigments --- p.118 / Chapter 3.8 --- Detection of citrinin by HPLC --- p.123 / Chapter Chapter 4 --- Discussion --- p.128 / Chapter 4.1 --- Screening test --- p.128 / Chapter 4.1.1 --- Batch culture system --- p.128 / Chapter 4.2 --- Toxicity test of crude extracellular pigment --- p.129 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Acute toxicity --- p.129 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Subacute toxicity test --- p.130 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- Organ to body weight ratios and cytotoxicity --- p.131 / Chapter 4.3 --- The two new water soluble pigment --- p.132 / Chapter 4.4 --- Extraction and purification of Monascus pigments from fermentor system --- p.133 / Chapter 4.4.1 --- Qualitative and quantitative of the intracellular and extracellular pigments --- p.133 / Chapter 4.5 --- Nephrotoxic-citrinin --- p.134 / Chapter 4.6 --- Oyster mushroom cultivation --- p.135 / Chapter 4.6.1 --- Fruiting yield (biological efficiency) --- p.136 / Chapter 4.6.2 --- Amino acid content --- p.136 / Chapter 4.6.3 --- Total dietary fiber content --- p.137 / Conclusion --- p.139 / References --- p.141 / Appendix

The sugarcane industry in Brazil produce large amounts of organic wastes including vinasse and filter cake which have been applied to agricultural soil in appreciable amounts over the past two decades. This study examines the chemical characteristics of vinasse and filter cake and their interaction with soil particles. The total concentration of heavy metals found in these residues were relatively small and considered environmentally safe for land application. About 22-100% of the total concentration of Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn in vinasse are in water soluble forms compared to only 0.3-17% in filter cake. Elevated amounts of sulfate, chloride and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) were found in the <0.22-[mu]m fraction of vinasse. Filter cake samples had high amounts of phosphate and neutral pH. Most of the 13C NMR spectra of the DOC fraction of vinasse comprised of O-alkyl and carboxyl carbons. The presence of carbohydrates and COOH/COO- was suggested by the FTIR as well. Both 13C NMR and FTIR spectra of this fraction were generally similar to the spectra of the FA fraction of soil and sewage sludge. In the POC fraction, O-alkyl and alkyl carbon were the major contributors to the 13C NMR spectra. The total nitrogen content in this fraction ranged from 21-58 g kg-1 and was about three to seven times as much as in the DOC fraction. Adsorption isotherms of DOC from vinasse on different horizons of an Ultisol indicated that DOC adsorption increased with depth. Adsorption isotherms of DOC on pure kaolinite, synthetic goethite and hematite showed that the maximum adsorption capacity of the Fe-oxyhydroxides was as much as about five times the maximum adsorption capacity of kaolinite. Concentrations of Cu, Mn, and Zn in 4M HNO3 and AAAc-EDTA extracts were higher in the "sacrificed areas" compared to the other sites. Levels of Pb were unchanged. Enrichment of most of these metals was evident up to the maximum depth of 60 cm. Sugarcane cultivation tended to reduce total carbon at the 0-20 cm depth while application of vinasse did not influence the organic matter content of these soils.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:28:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-07-25Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:37:24Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 corradi_mm_me_jabo.pdf: 593472 bytes, checksum: f69679ca1822ee66a8a2af0a2f003511 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / O manejo apropriado do solo e resíduos vegetais das culturas na agricultura podem resultar em diminuições significativas da emissão de CO2 do solo e, consequentemente, pode ajudar a mitigar o efeito estufa. Dois experimentos de campo foram conduzidos em áreas de produção de cana-de-açúcar no sudeste do Brasil, a fim de distinguir a contribuição do solo e dos resíduos de cana de açúcar, em relação à perda de CO2. No primeiro experimento de campo, que foi conduzido por um período de 50 dias, foi investigado o efeito da presença ou não dos resíduos de cana-de-açúcar sobre as emissões de CO2. As emissões totais foram tão elevadas quanto 553,62 g CO2 m-2, e tão baixa quanto 384,69 g CO2 m-2 nas parcelas sem cobertura e com cobertura vegetal, com uma densidade equivalente a 3 t ha-1, respectivamente. Os resultados demonstram uma redução significativa das emissões de CO2, indicando a conservação do carbono do solo após a aplicação de resíduos de cana-de-açúcar na superfície. No segundo experimento, estudou-se a influência do preparo sobre as emissões de CO2, em parcelas com e sem resíduos da cultura. Para estimar a perda de carbono do solo induzida pelo preparo, as emissões após o preparo das parcelas, sem cobertura vegetal, foram comparadas àquelas das parcelas sem preparo. Os resultados indicam que a retirada dos resíduos de cana-de-açúcar completamente da superfície do solo, nas áreas colhidas mecanicamente, podem resultar em emissões adicionais tão altas quanto aquelas induzidas pelo preparo do solo / Appropriate management of soil and crop residues in agriculture can result in significant reductions in CO2 emissions from soil and thus may help mitigate the greenhouse effect. Two experiments were conducted in sugarcane areas in southeast Brazil, in order to distinguish the contribution of soil and sugarcane crop residue, in relation to CO2 loss. In the first experiment, that was conducted for a period of 50 days, was investigated the effect from sugarcane residues on CO2 emissions. Total emissions were as high as 553.62 g CO2 m-2, and as low as 384.69 g CO2 m-2 in non-covered and covered plot with an equivalent density of 3 t ha-1, respectively. These results show a significant reduction in CO2 emissions, indicating conservation of soil carbon after the application of sugarcane residues on the soil surface. In the second experiment, was studied the influence of tillage on CO2 emissions in plots with and without crop residues. To estimate the loss of soil carbon induced by tillage, the emissions after the tillage of the plots, without crop residues, were compared with those of plots without tillage. The results indicate that remove all the sugarcane residues from the soil surface, in areas harvested mechanically may result in additional emission as high as those induced by soil tillage

Orientador: Newton La Scala Júnior / Banca: Carlos Eduardo Pellegrino Cerri / Banca: Marcílio Vieira Martins Filho / Resumo: O manejo apropriado do solo e resíduos vegetais das culturas na agricultura podem resultar em diminuições significativas da emissão de CO2 do solo e, consequentemente, pode ajudar a mitigar o efeito estufa. Dois experimentos de campo foram conduzidos em áreas de produção de cana-de-açúcar no sudeste do Brasil, a fim de distinguir a contribuição do solo e dos resíduos de cana de açúcar, em relação à perda de CO2. No primeiro experimento de campo, que foi conduzido por um período de 50 dias, foi investigado o efeito da presença ou não dos resíduos de cana-de-açúcar sobre as emissões de CO2. As emissões totais foram tão elevadas quanto 553,62 g CO2 m-2, e tão baixa quanto 384,69 g CO2 m-2 nas parcelas sem cobertura e com cobertura vegetal, com uma densidade equivalente a 3 t ha-1, respectivamente. Os resultados demonstram uma redução significativa das emissões de CO2, indicando a conservação do carbono do solo após a aplicação de resíduos de cana-de-açúcar na superfície. No segundo experimento, estudou-se a influência do preparo sobre as emissões de CO2, em parcelas com e sem resíduos da cultura. Para estimar a perda de carbono do solo induzida pelo preparo, as emissões após o preparo das parcelas, sem cobertura vegetal, foram comparadas àquelas das parcelas sem preparo. Os resultados indicam que a retirada dos resíduos de cana-de-açúcar completamente da superfície do solo, nas áreas colhidas mecanicamente, podem resultar em emissões adicionais tão altas quanto aquelas induzidas pelo preparo do solo / Abstract: Appropriate management of soil and crop residues in agriculture can result in significant reductions in CO2 emissions from soil and thus may help mitigate the greenhouse effect. Two experiments were conducted in sugarcane areas in southeast Brazil, in order to distinguish the contribution of soil and sugarcane crop residue, in relation to CO2 loss. In the first experiment, that was conducted for a period of 50 days, was investigated the effect from sugarcane residues on CO2 emissions. Total emissions were as high as 553.62 g CO2 m-2, and as low as 384.69 g CO2 m-2 in non-covered and covered plot with an equivalent density of 3 t ha-1, respectively. These results show a significant reduction in CO2 emissions, indicating conservation of soil carbon after the application of sugarcane residues on the soil surface. In the second experiment, was studied the influence of tillage on CO2 emissions in plots with and without crop residues. To estimate the loss of soil carbon induced by tillage, the emissions after the tillage of the plots, without crop residues, were compared with those of plots without tillage. The results indicate that remove all the sugarcane residues from the soil surface, in areas harvested mechanically may result in additional emission as high as those induced by soil tillage / Mestre