No description available.

Dissertasi--Universitas Hasanuddin. / "Dalil-dalil": 6 p. inserted. Bibliography: p. 183-185.

Dissertasi--Universitas Hasanuddin. / "Dalil-dalil": 6 p. inserted. Bibliography: p. 183-185.

Soputan volcano is one of the few basaltic volcanoes among 127 active volcanoes in Indonesia. It is part of the Sempu-Soputan volcanic complex located south of Tondano Caldera, North Sulawesi and commonly produces both explosive eruptions with VEI 2-3 and effusive lava dome and flow eruptions. Over the last two decades, Soputan had thirteen eruptions, the most recent in 2016. Most eruptions started explosively, followed by dome growth and in some cases pyroclastic flows. Our study focuses on understanding the magmatic system of Soputan and what processes are responsible for its highly explosive eruptions, which are typically uncommon for a basaltic magma composition. Our study includes tephra samples predating the 1911 eruptions, lava flow samples from the 2015 eruption, and ash from a 2015 fallout deposit. Our whole rock major and trace element composition are virtually identical to lava flow and select pyroclastic deposit compositions of Kushendratno et al. (2012) for the 1911-1912 and 1991-2007 eruptions. Bulk rocks contain 49 to 51 wt.% SiO2, whereas 2015 ash samples are slightly more silicic with 53 wt.% SiO2, consistent with segregation of groundmass from phenocrysts in the eruption cloud. Mantle normalized incompatible trace elements indicate strongly depleted HFSE (High Field Strength Elements) and REE (Rare Earth Elements) signatures but with spikes at Pb and Sr and mild enrichment of Rb and Ba. In comparison of data of this study with what was reported by Kushendratno et al. (2012), Fo68-79 olivine-hosted melt inclusions range from basaltic (48-52 wt.% SiO2) to basaltic andesite (54-55 wt.%) as compared to 54 - 65 wt.% SiO2 glass in Fo68-74 olivines. The compositional range of melt inclusions is consistent with 50% fractionation of multiple minerals including observed phenocrysts of olivine, plagioclase, pyroxene and oxides. Compositional trends with an inflection point likely reflect a change in the crystallizing assemblage, where early crystallization includes clinopyroxene and plagioclase, while later crystallization is dominated by plagioclase. New volatile concentration data from melt inclusions (S max. 0.35 wt.%, Cl max. 0.17%, H2O max. 5.2 wt.% from FTIR analyses) are higher than previously reported from younger samples (S max. ~0.07 wt.%, Cl max. 0.2%, H2O max. ~1 wt.%). H2O is relatively constant (~1-4 wt.%) for individual tephra samples (data by FTIR and water by difference method). Our inclusion data suggest that more volatile-rich magmas exist at depth and this is consistent with a model whereby recharge of deep, volatile-rich magmas into a more degassed and crystal-rich magma initiates a new, highly explosive eruption.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 1997. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves [222]-241).

published_or_final_version / Earth Sciences / Master / Master of Philosophy

There is a lack of research on the relationships between rural areas and the urban hierarchy in Indonesia. Because of this, policies for urban and rural development are undertaken in isolation from one another, without incorporating the implications of rural-urban linkages for rural development. This study contributes to our understanding of rural-urban linkages in Indonesia by examining four villages in the Province of North Sulawesi. Because of the importance of the Indonesian government's transmigration program for rural development in North Sulawesi, specific emphasis is placed on the comparison between the experiences of transmigrant villages and indigenous non-migrant villages in their relationships to the urban hierarchy. The main case study covers four villages (two transmigrant, two indigenous) in Dumoga Subdistrict of North Sulawesi. The linkages between these villages and the various levels of the urban hierarchy are articulated through the following key sets of variables: economic ties, population movement, services delivery, physical infrastructure, technology and political administration. The variables associated with administration interact strongly with the other sets of variables, as government policies (an aspect of administration) have impacts on all other forms of rural-urban interaction. In the comparison between indigenous (Mongondownese) villages and those of transmigrants (Javanese and Balinese), it was found that the transmigrants were better off in terms of almost every social and economic indicator. Although the success of the transmigrants may be attributed in large part to the application of their skills at wet rice farming in the new environment of North Sulawesi, they have also been strongly supported in their endeavors by central government programs which provide them with land, tools, irrigation infrastructure and other benefits. This study also examined in detail the mechanics of policy setting as it pertains to rural villages. It was found that although a system has been put in place by the Indonesian government to promote lower level inputs into the planning process, the continuing strong centralization of the administrative system results in a filtering process as policy suggestions work their way up from lower levels (village, subdistrict, district) to higher levels (provincial, national). Despite efforts at administrative decentralization, policy setting and implementation for rural and urban development remain highly centralized. The concept of the urban hierarchy which was utilized in this study is that which is defined by the Indonesia administrative system, consisting of the provincial capital (medium size city), the district capital (small town) and the subdistrict capital (rural center). It was found that without its administrative functions, the lowest level on this hierarchy (the rural center) would have very few functional linkages to the rural areas, as most of the other sets of linkages bypass the rural centers. The rural-urban linkages of transmigrant villages differed greatly from those of indigenous villages with transmigrants having stronger connections to higher points on the urban hierarchy. Considering the income differences between migrants and non-migrants, the longterm implication of this final point is that we can expect a gradual reduction in the functions of lower level centers if rural development is successful and incomes increase.

There is a lack of research on the relationships between rural areas and the urban hierarchy in Indonesia. Because of this, policies for urban and rural development are undertaken in isolation from one another, without incorporating the implications of rural-urban linkages for rural development. This study contributes to our understanding of rural-urban linkages in Indonesia by examining four villages in the Province of North Sulawesi. Because of the importance of the Indonesian government's transmigration program for rural development in North Sulawesi, specific emphasis is placed on the comparison between the experiences of transmigrant villages and indigenous non-migrant villages in their relationships to the urban hierarchy. The main case study covers four villages (two transmigrant, two indigenous) in Dumoga Subdistrict of North Sulawesi. The linkages between these villages and the various levels of the urban hierarchy are articulated through the following key sets of variables: economic ties, population movement, services delivery, physical infrastructure, technology and political administration. The variables associated with administration interact strongly with the other sets of variables, as government policies (an aspect of administration) have impacts on all other forms of rural-urban interaction. In the comparison between indigenous (Mongondownese) villages and those of transmigrants (Javanese and Balinese), it was found that the transmigrants were better off in terms of almost every social and economic indicator. Although the success of the transmigrants may be attributed in large part to the application of their skills at wet rice farming in the new environment of North Sulawesi, they have also been strongly supported in their endeavors by central government programs which provide them with land, tools, irrigation infrastructure and other benefits. This study also examined in detail the mechanics of policy setting as it pertains to rural villages. It was found that although a system has been put in place by the Indonesian government to promote lower level inputs into the planning process, the continuing strong centralization of the administrative system results in a filtering process as policy suggestions work their way up from lower levels (village, subdistrict, district) to higher levels (provincial, national). Despite efforts at administrative decentralization, policy setting and implementation for rural and urban development remain highly centralized. The concept of the urban hierarchy which was utilized in this study is that which is defined by the Indonesia administrative system, consisting of the provincial capital (medium size city), the district capital (small town) and the subdistrict capital (rural center). It was found that without its administrative functions, the lowest level on this hierarchy (the rural center) would have very few functional linkages to the rural areas, as most of the other sets of linkages bypass the rural centers. The rural-urban linkages of transmigrant villages differed greatly from those of indigenous villages with transmigrants having stronger connections to higher points on the urban hierarchy. Considering the income differences between migrants and non-migrants, the longterm implication of this final point is that we can expect a gradual reduction in the functions of lower level centers if rural development is successful and incomes increase. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of / Graduate

This research was conducted within the context of smallholder livestock production and government attempts to improve this through a transfer of technology approach. Participatory action research (PAR) was used to enable action for change to emerge, while the research provided understanding and a basis for this action. Tombolo village in South Sulawesi, Indonesia was the location for this research, which first identified the problems and needs of the farmers, and then participatively developed strategies to meet these needs. Fodder security throughout the year was found to be the major constraint to cattle production. Forage technology was introduced, including fodder tree legumes and grasses, resulting in improved livestock production and many associated livelihood benefits. The introduction of these new technologies was adapted by stakeholders to local issues and needs. The extension services had previously aimed to improve livestock production through breeding and veterinary health measures, and had assumed that sufficient fodder was available for livestock. The formation of a learning group of farmers, who used group discussion to set their own agenda, was employed to identify this shortcoming, and how to sustainably overcome it. Participants were able to apply their experience and enhance their cognitive skills to find new meanings and knowledge to plan and take actions to improve their practice and situation. This thesis documents the process of change required to move from a “Transfer of Technology” approach to a “learning approach”. The research has shown that there is considerable potential for the application of PAR to rural community development in Indonesia. More specifically in Tombolo village PAR enabled farmers and extension staff to be empowered by becoming active participants in the research process and take action to improve their own practice. It helped them to analyse the situation to make the technology more appropriate, while also learning how to change the extension methods used towards one in which all stakeholders became partners in developing their situation / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1981. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 501-524).