The lithiation of 3-sulfolene followed by subsequent treatment with an alkyl halide electrophile has been previously established as a method to produce 2-substituted-3-sulfolenes. Tandem reactivity with bis-alkyl halides has been observed to afford relatively simple bicyclic products. We hypothesized that it may be possible to access more complex bicyclic systems through use of bis-vinyl ketones as the electrophilic component. Herein, we present the outcome and mechanistic insights for the reaction between a variety of 3-sulfolene and substituted-3-sulfolene anions with bis-vinyl ketones to afford a variety of stereochemically complex fused, bridged and spiro bicyclic archetypes. The potential of these bicyclic-sulfone frameworks to act as molecular scaffolds for the generation of conformationally-restricted enzyme inhibitors is explored. Potent monocyclic small molecules that inhibit influenza’s neuraminidase enzyme have been developed as commercially successful antivirals. Similarly potent inhibitors against prokaryotic or eukaryotic neuraminidases have yet to be described. Selective inhibitors of these latter neuraminidase isozymes may provide useful treatments for bacterial infections (such as cholera and pneumonia) as well as a variety of cancers and metabolic disorders. A conformationally-restricted scaffold may prove ideal for designing selective (and potent) inhibitors against these underexplored enzymes. As a proof of principle, one of our rigid bicyclic-sulfone archetypes is elaborated to a drug-like scaffold that is shown to inhibit viral, bacterial and human neuraminidase enzymes. / Graduate / mgbrant@uvic.ca

Thesis (M.Sc.). / Written for the Dept. of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health. Title from title page of PDF (viewed 2008/07/30). Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 1996. / Typescript. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 84-86). Also available on the Internet.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 1996. / Typescript. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 84-86). Also available on the Internet.

No description available.

No description available.

Les accumulateurs LiNi0.4Mn1.6O4 (LNMO)/Li4Ti5O12 (LTO), permettent d’atteindre théoriquement les densités de puissance et d’énergie fournissant une autonomie suffisante aux véhicules électriques. Cependant, deux problèmes majeurs liés à LNMO limitent leurs performances : l’oxydation prononcée des électrolytes à base de carbonates d’alkyles et la dissolution d’ions de métaux de transition (Mn2+, Ni2+). Les formulations à base de carbonate d’éthylène (EC) ont une aptitude à former des films polymères couvrant la matière active. Les cyclages galvanostatiques, faisant suite ou non à un stockage, confirment la supériorité de ces électrolytes, conduisant à des pertes de capacité réduites de l’électrode LNMO. D’autre part, les sulfones sont des composés prometteurs pour une utilisation dans les batteries LNMO/LTO. L’emploi de cellules symétriques et asymétriques démontre que les sulfones sont non-réactives vis-à-vis des interfaces LNMO/électrolyte et LTO/électrolyte. Cependant, cette non-réactivité ne permet pas le dépôt de films polymères qui auraient permis de stopper la dissolution d’ions Mn2+ et Ni2+ à partir de l’électrode positive. Ceci résulte en des performances dégradées à 30°C des accumulateurs par rapport à ceux employant EC dans les électrolytes. / LiNi0.4Mn1.6O4 (LNMO)/Li4Ti5O12 (LTO) accumulators should theoretically achieve the power and energy densities that provide sufficient autonomy to electric vehicles. However, two major issues related to the use of LNMO limit their performances: the pronounced oxidation of the alkylcarbonate-based electrolytes and the transition metal ion (Mn2+, Ni2+) dissolution. The ethylene carbonate (EC)-based formulations get an ability to form polymer-covering films onto the active material. The galvanostatic cycling tests, after storage or not, confirm the superiority of these electrolytes, leading to reduced capacity losses of the LNMO electrode. Furthermore, sulfones are promising compounds to be applied to LNMO/LTO batteries. The use of symmetric and asymmetric cells demonstrates that sulfones are non-reactive towards the LNMO/electrolyte and LTO/electrolyte interfaces. However, this non-reactivity does not allow the deposition of polymer films, which would have enabled to stop the Mn2+ and Ni2+ dissolution from the positive electrode. This results in degraded performances of batteries at 30°C compared to those using EC in electrolytes.

This thesis describes a procedure used to synthesize a-(p-Aminophenylsulfonyl)-p-methylacetophenone, a-(p-aminophenylsulfonyl)-p-bromoacetophenone, and a-(p-aminophenylsulfonyl)-p-methoxyacetophenone for study as possible new anti-tubercular agents.

S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine (AdoHcy) hydrolase effects hydrolytic cleavage of AdoHcy to produce both adenosine and L-homocysteine and is a feedback inhibitor of S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM). Nucleoside analogues bearing an alkenyl or fluoroalkenyl chain between sulfur and C5′ utilizing Negishi coupling reactions were synthesized. Palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling between the 5′-deoxy-5′-(iodomethylene) nucleosides and alkylzinc bromides gives analogues with the alkenyl unit. Palladium-catalyzed selective monoalkylation of 5′-(bromofluoromethylene)-5′-deoxy-adenosine with alkylzinc bromide afford adenosylhomocysteine analogues with a 6′-(fluoro)vinyl motif. The vinylic adenine nucleosides produced time-dependent inactivation of the S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine hydrolases. Stannydesulfonylation reaction is a critical step in the synthesis of E-fluorovinyl cytidine (Tezacitabine) a ribonucleoside reductase inhibitor with a potent anticancer activity. The synthesis involves the removal of the sulfonyl group by a radical-mediated stannyldesulfonylation reaction using tributyltin hydride. In order to eliminate the toxicity of tin, I developed a radical-mediated germyldesulonylation utilizing less toxic germane hydrides. Treatment of the protected (E)-5'-deoxy-5'-[(p-toluenesulfonyl)-methylene]uridine and adenosine derivatives with tributyl- or triphenylgermane hydride effected radical-mediated germyldesulfonylations to give 5'-(tributyl- or triphenylgermyl)methylene-5'-deoxynucleoside derivatives as single (E)-isomers. Analogous treatment of 2'-deoxy-2'-[(phenylsulfonyl)methylene]uridine with Ph3GeH afforded the corresponding vinyl triphenylgermane product. Stereoselective halodegermylation of the (E)-5'-(tributylgermyl)-methylene-5'-deoxy nucleosides with NIS or NBS provided the Wittig-type (E)-5'-deoxy-5'-(halomethylene) nucleosides quantitatively. Radical-mediated thiodesulfonylation of the readily available vinyl and (α-fluoro) vinyl sulfones with aryl thiols in organic or aqueous medium to provide a bench and environmentally friendly protocol to access (α-fluoro)vinyl sulfides were developed. Methylation of the vinyl or (α-fluoro)vinyl phenyl sulfide gave access to the corresponding vinyl or (α-fluoro)vinyl sulfonium salts. These sulfonium ions were tested as possible methyl group donors during reactions with thiols, phenols or amino groups which are commonly present in natural amino acids.

A presente tese apresenta uma nova síntese de vários vinil sulfóxidos, importantes dienófilos e aceptores de Michael, a partir de matéria prima facilmente disponível - álcoois ou haletos benzílicos. Dois passos novos nesta síntese, a sulfenilação de benzil i-propil sulfonas e o rearranjo de Ramberg-Bäcklund de α-metiltio sulfonas correspondentes resultantes da sulfenilação, são investigados. Os vinil sulfetos, obtidos neste último passo, podem ser também sintetizados por outros métodos. Uma grande variedade dos mesmos foi recolhida da literatura e agrupada em diversas classes, considerando as reações envolvidas. A falta de um \"review\" deste tipo na literatura toma a nossa revisão bibliográfica de grande utilidade. A síntese por nós desenvolvida pode ser apresentada pelo esquema abaixo indicado: (Veja esquema no arquivo PDF) Este esquema mostra que além das duas principais reações por nós já mencionadas, sulfenilação e rearranjo de Ramberg-Bäcklund, podem ser também destacadas diversas reações de oxidação de sulfetos que diferem no emprego de reagentes oxidantes e de condições experimentais. O esquema indica também que as tentativas de obtenção de vinil sulfóxidos pela oxidação prévia de sulfonas α-sulfeniladas aos sulfóxidos correspondentes e rearranjo de Ramberg-Bäcklund destes últimos, foram infrutíferas. Um número considerável de compostos novos foram por nós sintetizados, entre eles cinco benzil i-propil sulfonas, nove sulfonas sulfeniladas, quatro vinil sulfetos, três vinil sulfóxidos e cinco α-sulfinil sulfonas, além de quatro sulfetos intermediários. Além da parte sintética, a presente tese apresenta também uma discussão sobre as estabilidades e reatividades relativas de intermediários envolvidos nas duas reações investigadas: os α-sulfonil e α- metiltio α-sulfonil carbânions, destacando a influência do grupo metiltio. / This thesis presents a new synthesis of some vinyl sulfoxides, important dienophiles and Michael acceptors, starting from the easily available materials, benzylic alcohols or halides. Two new reaction steps of this synthesis, sulfenylation of benzyl i-propyl sulfones leading to the corresponding α-methylthio sulfones and Ramberg-Bäcklund rearrangement of the latter to give vinyl sulfides, are investigated. A great number of methods of synthesis of vinyl sulfides, described in the literature, were collected and selected according to the type of reaction which they envolve. It is noteworthy that such literature review could not be found in the literature. The scheme below shows the reaction steps of our synthesis of vinyl sulfides. (See scheme in file) It may be seen in the scheme that, beside the already mentioned two main reactions, sulfenylation and Ramberg-Bäcklund rearrangements, several oxidations of sulfides were also performed, which differ in oxidating reagents and experimental conditions. The scheme also indicates that the efforts to obtain the vinyl sulfoxides by previous oxidation of the α-sulfenylated sulfones to the corresponding sulfoxides and Ramberg-Bäcklund rearrangement of the latter, were unsuccessful. A considerable number of new compounds were synthesized, betwen them five benzyl i-propyl sulfones, nine α-sulfenylated sulfones, four vinyl sulfides, three vinyl sulfoxides, five sulfinyl sulfones, and four intermediate sulfides. The thesis presents also a discussion on the relative stability and reactivity of the reaction intermediates - α-sulfonyl and α-methylthio, α-sulfonyl carbanions, enhancing the influence of α-methylthio group.