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En physique des particules, les grands accélérateurs permettent de sonder la matière en produisant des collisions de faisceaux à haute énergie. Dans un accélérateur circulaire, l'énergie maximale de collision dépend directement de l'intensité du champ magnétique dipolaire servant à guider les particules le long de leur orbite. Dans le large collisionneur de hadrons installé au CERN, l'énergie de collision maximale est de 14 TeV dans le centre de masse. Réaliser des collisions à plus haute énergies nécessitera alors l'utilisation de matériaux supraconducteurs à haute température critique (HTS). Dans cette perspective, les propriétés électromécaniques des différents conducteurs HTS sont caractérisées et paramétrées à 4.2 K sous des inductions allant jusqu'à 12 T. Dans les aimants supraconducteurs d'accélérateur, le câble doit être à fort ampérage et à haute densité de courant (15 kA-400 A/mm2). Il consistera en plusieurs conducteurs HTS connectés en parallèle. La caractérisation et la modélisation des performances de tels câbles dans leurs futures conditions opérationnelles sont exposées dans cette thèse. / Particle colliders are the main tool for investigating and understanding the fundamental laws of physics. The CERN Large Hadron Collider (LHC), is a circular accelerator which steers and collides two counter-rotating protons beams. It has four collision points where detectors are placed to analyze the products emerging from the collisions. In a synchrotron machine a magnetic flux density is used to guide and focus particles around the orbit. The maximum energy that a circular machine with a given geometry can achieve is limited by the maximum strength of the dipole magnetic flux density. There is therefore an interest in the particle physics community in searching for dipole magnets with higher strength. The LHC has a beam trajectory radius of 4.3 km and a collision center-of-mass energy of 14 TeV. The accelerator employs 1232 large superconducting Nb-Ti dipole magnets operated at a flux density of up to 8.3 T in a bath of superfluid helium at 1.9 K. Energies higher than that achieved with the LHC require magnets made from superconductors with higher upper critical flux density. Nb3Sn is an option for magnets operated up to about 14 T. The level of energies of the type being discussed for a potential energy upgrade of the LHC machine - 33 TeV- would require the use of high temperature superconductors (HTS). Three technical HTS are available today: YBCO, Bi-2212 and Bi-2223. At low temperature YBCO conductors present both irreversible flux density and current density in excess of those measured in Bi-2212 and Bi-2223 conductors. In addition, YBCO can be used as reacted conductor, which makes its use for applications simpler than Bi-2212, which requires heat treatment at high temperature and in oxygen atmosphere after cabling and winding. The level of currents required for application to accelerator magnets, which is above 10 kA at the nominal operating temperature and flux density, excludes the use of single strands. The high current and high current density required can be achieved with cables having several strands connected in parallel. The main objective of my work has been the study of HTS cables for high current/high current density applications, starting from the analysis and selection of suitable conductors, through the characterization of their intrinsic (e.g. critical surface, strain sensitivity and irreversible strain) and extrinsic (e.g. cabling degradation) properties, with the final objective of validating 10 kA-range cables based on HTS material for high flux density magnets. The performance of YBCO and Bi-2223 tapes at 4 K under parallel and perpendicular flux density is measured using purpose built samples holders. A complete review of the strain sensitivity of HTS materials is presented, and the measured critical current retention of HTS tapes under torsion is discussed. Expressions that describe the critical current density of HTS conductors as a function of flux density strength, flux density orientation, temperature and strain are introduced. Analytical models that provide the allowable twist and bending radius of YBCO tapes as a function of strain are elaborated and compared with measurements. The accurate expressions are then used to compute the margins of the winding pack of a 19 T dipole made with a YBCO cable. Roebel cables made of YBCO high current strands are characterized at 4.2 K and in flux densities of up to 9.6 These are the first measurements ever performed at 4.2 K and with high currents. The Roebel cables reached critical currents of up to 12 kA with engineering current density in excess of 1.1 kA/mm2 at 7.5 T. These measurements demonstrate the potential of Roebel cables for high flux density magnets. During measurements two out of four Roebel cables were irreversibly damaged. The mechanism of failures is detailed and explained. Finally the performance and current distribution of HTS cables is computed and compared with measurements

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学位授与大学：京都大学 ; 取得学位: 博士(工学) ; 学位授与年月日: 2007-09-25 ; 学位の種類: 新制・課程博士 ; 学位記番号: 工博第2864号 ; 請求記号: 新制/工/1421 ; 整理番号: 25549 / Kyoto University (京都大学) / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第13393号 / 工博第2864号 / 新制||工||1421(附属図書館) / 25549 / UT51-2007-Q794 / 京都大学大学院工学研究科電気工学専攻 / (主査)教授 引原 隆士, 教授 小林 哲生, 准教授 中村 武恒 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当

Au cours des dernières décennies, le phénomène de quench a été une des problématiques les plus importantes abordées dans les conceptions d’aimants supraconducteurs. En effet, la transition de quench d’un aimant de son état supraconducteur à son état normal induit une grande quantité de l’énergie par effet Joule. Cet apport de chaleur va ensuite augmenter rapidement la température du conducteur ainsi que la pression du liquide de refroidissement à l’hélium. Le dépassement d’un certain seuil sur ces deux paramètres peut engendrer une détérioration irréversible à l’aimant et au système de refroidissement cryogénique. Afin de mettre en évidence les comportements de quench des bobines supraconductrices à champ toroïdal (TF) du Tokamak JT-60SA, nous avons réalisé des études expérimentales et numériques sur les phénomènes thermohydrauliques résultant du quench d’un aimant supraconducteur fabriqué en câble-en-conduit conducteur (CICC) et refroidi par l’écoulement forcé à l’hélium supercritique. Dans ce cadre, toutes les 18 TF bobines de JT-60SA ont été testées dans une configuration à une seule bobine dans leurs conditions de fonctionnement nominales de courant et de température (25,7 kA et 5 K). Une augmentation progressive de la température a été appliquée à l'entrée de l'hélium jusqu'à la température de quench, suivie d'une décharge rapide du courant dès que le quench est détecté pour protéger l'aimant. Les analyses expérimentales de ces tests ont d'abord permis d'identifier plusieurs phases dynamiques très différentes pendant toute la propagation de quench. Ensuite, les phénomènes physiques parcourant chacune de ces phases ont été étudiés et les plus prédominants ont été mis en évidence tels que les charges thermiques externes, les performances magnétiques des brins, les transferts thermiques conducto-convectifs entre conducteurs et hélium ou encore l'expulsion d'hélium et le reverse flow. Sur la base de ces analyses expérimentales, un modèle numérique d’une seule galette a été développé dans le code THEA afin d'analyser un phénomène physique à la fois sans construire un modèle global trop complexe de l'ensemble de l'aimant. Ce modèle d’une seule galette a été validé sur les données d'expériences de quench et a été appliqué avec succès pour faire d'autres analyses plus détaillées des phénomènes physiques ainsi que des phases dynamiques identifiées pendant la propagation de quench des TF bobines. Ce modèle numérique a même permis d'identifier certains phénomènes prépondérants qui n'ont pas pu être étudiés dans l'analyse expérimentale, tels que l'impact des instabilités des conditions de test sur la dynamique de quench. Les très bons résultats de ce modèle et sa cohérence avec les analyses physiques expérimentales en font une étape très intéressante vers la modélisation complète de toute la TF bobine de JT-60SA et l'étude de son comportement de quench dans une vraie machine Tokamak et non en conditions d'essais. / During the last decades, the quench phenomenon has been one of the most important issues addressed in the superconducting magnets designs. Indeed, the quench transition of a magnet from its superconducting state to its normal state induces a large deposition of the Joule effect energy leading to an abrupt temperature increase in the conductor as well as a large pressure rise in the helium coolant. Any excess of these two parameters can cause an irreversible damage either to the magnet or to the cryogenic system. In order to achieve a better understanding of the quench behavior of the TF coils in the superconducting Tokamak JT-60SA, we carried out both experimental and numerical studies of the thermohydraulic phenomena taking place during the quench of a superconducting magnet manufactured with Cable-In-Conduit Conductor and cooled in forced flow with supercritical helium. In this framework, all the 18 JT-60SA TF coils were tested in a single coil configuration at their nominal operating conditions of current and temperature (25.7kA and 5K). A progressive temperature increase has been applied to the helium inlet up to the quench temperature, followed by a current fast discharge as soon as the quench is detected to protect the magnet. The experimental analyses of these tests allowed first to identify several very different dynamic phases in the overall quench propagation time. Then, the physical phenomena driving each one of these phases have been studied and the most predominant ones have been highlighted such as the external heat loads, the strands magnetic performances, the conductive and convective heat transfers between conductors and helium or even the helium expulsion and reverse flow. Based on these experimental analyses, a single pancake numerical model has been developed in the THEA code in order to analyze one physical phenomenon at a time without building a too complex global model of the entire magnet. This single pancake model has been validated on the quench experiments data and has been successfully applied to make further more detailed analyses of the physical phenomena as well as the dynamic phases identified during the TF coils quench propagation. This numerical model even allowed identifying some driving physical phenomena that could not be studied in the experimental analysis, such as the impact of the testing conditions instabilities on the quench dynamics. The very good results of this model and its coherence with physical experimental analyses makes it a very interesting step towards the full modelling of the entire JT-60SA TF coil and the study of its quench behavior in real Tokamak and not test facility conditions.

付記する学位プログラム名: 京都大学卓越大学院プログラム「先端光・電子デバイス創成学」 / 京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第23903号 / 工博第4990号 / 新制||工||1779(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院工学研究科電気工学専攻 / (主査)教授 雨宮 尚之, 准教授 掛谷 一弘, 講師 美舩 健, 教授 松尾 哲司 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DFAM

Les travaux de cette thèse portent sur un insert dipolaire de supraconducteur à haute TC (SHT) en utilisant un câble multi-rubans torsadé pour un accélérateur des particules dans le cadre du projet EuCARD2 au CERN. L’insert dipolaire SHT est la seule possibilité aujourd'hui pour aller au-dessus de 16 T pour le futur accélérateur des particules à haute énergie. Deux spécifications de cet insert SHT sont les grands courants de fonctionnement (> 10 kA) et les champs de fond élevés (> 13 T) conduisant à des conditions de fonctionnement sévères. Pour répondre à ces attentes, un premier insert SHT de multi-rubans torsadé/ type de bloc est proposé sur la base des approches analytiques, numériques et expérimentales. Les travaux sont principalement classés dans le design d’insert dipolaire et le design de câble multi-rubans torsadé. Cette thèse se terminée avec la meilleure solution pour l’insert SHT de multi-rubans torsadé/ type de bloc en utilisant le câble partiellement isolé. / This Ph.D. deals with a high Tc superconducting (HTS) dipole insert using a twisted stacked cable for a particle accelerator in the framework of EuCARD2 project in CERN. The HTS dipole insert is the only possibility today to go above 16 T for the future high-energy particle accelerator. Two specifications of these HTS insert are large operating currents (> 10 kA) and high background fields (> 13 T) leading to severe operating conditions. To meet these expectations, a first Twisted Stacked/ Block-type HTS insert is proposed based on analytical, numerical and experimental approaches. The works are mainly classified into dipole insert design and twisted stacked cable design. This Ph.D. ends with the best solution for Twisted Stacked/ Block-type HTS insert using partially-insulated cable.

This thesis presents a novel study on Second Generation High Temperature Superconductors, which covers their electromagnetic characteristics and AC loss analysis. Lorentz Force Electrical Impedance Tomography (LFEIT) is one of the most promising hybrid diagnostic scanners with burgeoning potential for biological imaging, particularly in the detection of cancer and internal haemorrhages. The author tried a novel combination of superconducting magnets together with the LFEIT system. The reason is that superconducting magnets can generate a magnetic field with high intensity and homogeneity, which could significantly enhance the electrical signal induced from a sample, thus improving the Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR). The author developed four magnet designs for the LEFIT system using the Finite Element Method (FEM) package, COMSOL Multiphysics, and found that a Superconducting Halbach Array magnet can achieve all the requirements (magnetic field properties, geometry, portability, etc.) for the LFEIT system. The optimization study of the superconducting Halbach Array magnet has been carried out on the FEM platform of COMSOL Multiphysics, with 2D models using H-formulation based on B-dependent critical current density and bulk approximation. Optimization focused on the location of the coils, as well as the geometry and number of coils on the premise of maintaining the total amount of superconducting material used in the design. The optimization results showed that the Halbach Array configuration based superconducting magnet is able to generate a magnetic field with an intensity of over 1 Tesla and improved homogeneity. In order to efficiently predict the optimization performance, mathematical formulas were developed for these optimization parameters to determine the intensity and homogeneity of the magnetic field. The mathematical model for the LFEIT system was built based on the theory of the magneto-acousto-electric effect. Then the basic imaging of the electrical signal was developed using Matlab. The magnetic field properties of the magnet design were imported into the LFEIT model. The LFEIT model simulated two samples located in three different magnetic fields with varying magnetic strength and homogeneity. Even if there are no actual alternating currents involved in the DC superconducting magnets mentioned above, they have power dissipation during normal operation (e.g. magnet ramping) and under different background fields. This problem generally goes under the category of “AC loss”. Therefore, the AC loss characteristics of HTS tapes and coils are still fundamentally important for HTS magnet designs, even if they are normally operating in DC conditions. This thesis starts with the AC loss study of HTS tapes. The investigation and comparison of AC losses on Surround Copper Stabilizer (SCS) Tape and Stabilizer-free (SF) Tape have been carried out, which includes AC loss measurement using the electrical method, as well as the real geometry and multi-layer HTS tape simulation using the 2D H formulation by COMSOL Multiphysics. Hysteresis AC losses in the superconducting layer, and eddy current AC losses in the copper stabilizer, silver overlayer and substrate were concerned in this investigation. The measured AC losses were compared to the AC losses from the simulation, using 3 cases of different AC frequency: 10 Hz, 100 Hz, and 1000 Hz. The frequency dependence of AC losses from Stabilizer free Tape and Copper Stabilizer Tape were compared and analysed. A comprehensive AC loss study of a circular HTS coil has been fulfilled. The AC losses from a circular double pancake coil were measured using the electrical method. A 2D axisymmetric H-formulation model using FEM package COMSOL has been established, which was able to make consistency with the real circular coil used in the experiment. To model a circular HTS coil, a 2D axisymmetric model provided better accuracy than a general 2D model, and was also more efficient than a 3D model. Three scenarios were analysed: (1) AC transport current and DC magnetic field, (2) DC transport current and AC magnetic field, (3) AC transport current and AC magnetic field. The angular dependence analysis on the coil under the magnetic field with the different orientation angle  was carried out for all three scenarios. For scenario (3), the effect of the relative phase difference ∆ between the AC current and the AC field on the total AC loss of the coil was investigated. To summarise, a current/field/angle/phase dependent AC loss (I, B, , ∆) study of circular HTS coil has been carried out, which could potentially benefit the future design and research of HTS AC systems. The AC losses of horizontally parallel HTS tapes have been investigated. The AC losses of the middle and end tape of three parallel tapes have been measured using the electrical method, and compared to those of an individual isolated tape. The effect of the interaction between tapes on AC losses has been analysed, and compared with finite element method (FEM) simulations using the 2D H formulation implemented in COMSOL Multiphysics. The electromagnetic induction around the three parallel tapes was monitored using COMSOL simulation. The electromagnetic induction and AC losses generated by a conventional three turn coil were simulated as well, and then compared to the case of three parallel tapes with the same AC transport current. The analysis demonstrated that HTS parallel tapes could be potentially used in wireless power transfer systems, which could have lower total AC losses than conventional HTS coils. By using FEM simulations, cases of increasing number of parallel tapes was considered, and the normalised ratio between the total average AC losses per tape and the AC losses of an individual single tape have been calculated for different gap distances. A new parameter is proposed, Ns, a turning point the for number of tapes, to divide Stage 1 and Stage 2 for the AC loss study of horizontally parallel tapes. For Stage 1, N < Ns, the total average losses per tape increased with the increasing number of tapes. For Stage 2, N > Ns, the total average losses per tape started to decrease with the increasing number of tapes. The analysis demonstrates that horizontally parallel HTS tapes could be potentially used in superconducting devices like HTS transformers, which could retain or even reduce the total average AC losses per tape with large numbers of parallel tapes.

La raréfaction de l'hélium utilisé pour le refroidissement des aimants supraconducteurs pousse les fabricants d'aimants supraconducteurs à se tourner vers d'autres types de supraconducteurs performants qui peuvent être employés et refroidis par conduction solide; C'est le cas du MgB₂ . Découvert en 2001, sa température critique (39 K), sa production en série sous différentes formes (rubans, câbles, films etc…) sur de grandes longueurs permettent d'envisager une utilisation à un prix compétitif dans les aimants en remplacement des supraconducteurs basses températures historiques que sont le NbTi et le Nb₃Sn.Cependant, les conducteurs en MgB₂doivent encore être améliorés notamment leur tenue mécanique par rapport aux conducteurs en NbTi et leurs performances réelles à hauts champs doivent encore être démontrées dans les applications concrètes.Cette thèse a pour but le dimensionnement et la fabrication d'un prototype d'aimant MgB₂ refroidi par conduction solide générant un champ au centre de 2 T dans un champ de fond de 3 T. Trois longueurs de conducteur ont du être soudées par deux jonctions résistives au centre du bobinage complexifiant la fabrication du prototype. La thèse s'articule autour de trois axes structurant. Tout d'abord, des caractérisations des performances supraconductrices et mécaniques de différents conducteurs en MgB₂ permettent de sélectionner le conducteur utilisé pour le bobinage du prototype. Ensuite, le dimensionnement du prototype est présenté : calculs mécaniques, thermiques, magnétiques et thermalisation de l'aimant sans oublier la protection. Après la phase de dimensionnement, les étapes nécessaires à la fabrication du prototype (bobinage,imprégnation, mise en place de l'instrumentation et des systèmes de thermalisations) sont détaillées. Afin de valider les étapes précédentes et les performances du prototype, la thèse se termine par une présentation et une analyse des résultats des tests effectués sur le prototype. / Helium shortage is an issue for superconducting magnets and drives superconducting magnet designer to find other types of effective superconductors that could be used in conduction-cooled magnets.MgB₂ is a promising superconducting material and could fill the demand. MgB₂ was discovered in2001, its critical temperature (39 K) as well as its mass production of a variety of shapes (ribbons, films, cables, wires…) over long length makes MgB₂ a competitive substitute to historical low temperature superconductors such as NbTi and Nb₃Sn in magnets. Although promising, MgB₂ conductors still need mechanical improvement compared to NbTi's and their performance in practical applications has yet to be demonstrated especially for low bending radius magnets. This thesis aims to design and builda MgB₂ conduction-cooled prototype generating a 2 T on the axis on its own in a 3 T background field. Three lengths of conductors were fused by two resistive junctions at the very heart of the winding challenging the design and the fabrication because of the thermal issues. The thesis focuses on three main topics. First, superconducting and mechanical performances of several MgB₂ conductors candidates for the prototype are analyzed and discussed. The design calculation (magnetic, mechanical,thermalization of the prototype and protection) and all the fabrication process (winding, instrumentation, thermal apparatus and impregnation) are presented. In order to validate the fabrication steps and the performances of the prototype, the protoype is tested and the results discussed in the last chapter.