Orientador: Rafael Zadorosny / Banca: Agda Eunice de Souza Albas / Banca: Fabiano Colauto / Resumo: As rotas de síntese dos cupratos supercondutores buscam por melhorias em suas propriedades como a obtenção de fases únicas, grãos homogêneos e melhor conectados o que, consequentemente, interfere no aumento da capacidade de transporte de corrente elétrica. Neste trabalho foi estudada a síntese do óxido supercondutor do sistema Bi:Sr:Ca:Cu:O na fase 2212 (BSCCO-2212) que apresenta temperatura crítica em torno de 85 K. Para a síntese desse material, foi utilizada uma variação do método dos precursores poliméricos desenvolvido por Pechini e, em uma segunda rota, foi adicionada, a este método, uma etapa na qual se aplicou o método de hidrotermalização assistida por energia de micro-ondas. Neste último, o material é aquecido de dentro para fora e, devido à interação das micro-ondas com a solução, a temperatura do sistema aumenta rapidamente, influenciando diretamente na velocidade da síntese. Em contraste, no aquecimento convencional, o material é aquecido, primeiramente, na superfície e, só então, ocorre a transferência de calor para o interior do sistema. Os pós resultantes dos dois métodos de síntese ora descritos foram tratados termicamente e, então, prensados para se obter pastilhas. Na sequência, foram feitas caracterizações estruturais, elétricas e magnéticas no intuito de se estudar a influência de cada método sobre as propriedades dos materiais sintetizados. / Abstract: The synthesis routes of superconducting cuprates seek for the improvement of the proprieties of these materials such as the achievement of pure superconducting phases, homogeneity of the grains, better connectivity between the grains and the increase of the transport current. In this study we synthesized oxide superconductors of the Bi:Sr:Ca:Cu:O system focusing on the 2212 phase (BSCCO-2212) for which the Tc lies on around 85 K. For the productions of this material, it was used two synthesis routes. In one of them it was followed only the polymeric precursor method developed by Pechini and, in the second route, the Microwave-Assisted Hydrothermal method was associated with the Pechini one. For this method the heat of the material is from inside out, i.e., the temperature of the system is increased very fast and, consequently, the velocity of synthesis is increased. In conventional heat treatment the material is heated, firstly, at the surface and then the heat is transferred to the interior of the system. The powders of the materials, which were obtained from the described methods, were heat treated and thus, pressed. After that, structural, electrical and magnetic characterizations were carried out to study the influence of each synthesis method on the properties of the produced superconductors. / Mestre

Orientador: Dayse Iara dos Santos / Banca: Pablo Antonio Venegas Urenda / Banca: Nelcy Della Santina Mohallem / Resumo: Heteroestruturas que combinam camadas supercondutoras (SC) com ferromagnéticas (FM), e, em alguns casos, ainda com camadas isolantes (I) entre as primeiras, possuem propriedades que não são observadas para os filmes isolados devido a interação entre elas. Este trabalho busca contribuir para a elucidação das propriedades de super-redes do tipo SC/I/FM feitas por PLD (Pulsed Laser Deposition), utilizando o YBa2Cu3O7-δ (YBCO) como supercondutor, o La2/3Ca1/3MnO3 (LCMO) como ferromagneto e o PrBa2Cu3O6+δ (PBCO), o SrTiO3 (STO) e o CeO2 (CEO) como isolantes. A sequência utilizada foi (YBCO20nm/Idi/LCMO20nm)x20, e as espessuras do isolante PBCO foram de 0,5, 2, 4, 8 e 20nm, e de 2nm para o STO e para o CEO. Também foi analisada uma amostra com a inversão da ordem de deposição do supercondutor e ferromagneto. As análises de difração de raios X confirmaram o crescimento preferencial na direção 00ℓ e parâmetros de rede comparáveis com os valores encontrados na literatura para o YBCO. A microscopia eletrônica de varredura evidenciou poros na superfície do filme de LCMO e crescimento extra de cristais na superfície do filme de YBCO. As análises de AFM mostraram que a textura da superfície depende da espessura e da natureza do isolante assim como a distribuição de cargas observada por EFM. Medidas elétricas realizadas pelo método de Quatro Pontas comprovou temperatura crítica em torno de 90K, e somente para a amostra com 20nm de PBCO foi notado grande distinção do comportamento da resist... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Heterostructures that combine superconducting (SC) layers with ferromagnetic (FM) layers, and in, some cases, with insulating (I) layers between the first ones, have properties that are not observed in single layers due the interaction between them. This work aims to contribute for elucidation of properties of SC/I/FM superlattices made by PLD deposition, using YBa2Cu3O7-δ (YBCO) as superconductor, La2/3Ca1/3MnO3 (LCMO) as ferromagnetic and PrBa2Cu3O6+δ (PBCO), SrTiO3 (STO) and CeO2 (CEO) as insulator materials. The used sequence was (YBCO20nm/Idi/LCMO20nm)x20, and the thicknesses of the insulating PBCO were 0.5, 2, 4, 8 and 20nm, and 2nm for STO and CEO. It was also analyzed a sample with inverted deposition order of superconductor and ferromagnetic. The analysis of X-ray diffraction confirmed the preferential growth toward 00ℓ and network parameters comparable to the values found in the literature for the YBCO. The scanning electron microscopy showed pores on the surface of LCMO film and extra crystal growth on the surface of the YBCO film. The AFM analyzes showed that the surface texture depends on the thickness and nature of the insulation as well as the charge distribution observed by EFM. Electrical measurements made by Four Probe method proved critical temperature around 90K, and only for the sample with 20nm PBCO has been noted large distinction of the resistivity behavior over heating from 25K with the application of magnetic field of 0.8T, which may indicate a diff... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:55:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:06:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Neste trabalho foi estudada a estrutura cristalina do composto supercondutor cerâmico de alta temperatura crítica de fórmula nominal Hg0,82Re0,18Ba2Ca2Cu3O8 + e fórmula geral Hg,Re-1223, com diferentes teores de oxigênio, pela técnica de difração de raios X, empregando o método de Rietveld. As amostras estudadas apresentam diferentes teores de oxigênio pois, durante o processo de síntese, foram tratadas com misturas gasosas oxigênio/argônio nas proporções: 5:95, 10:90 e 15:85. Os resultados do refinamento estrutural das amostras demonstram que diferentes graus de oxigenação implicam em diferentes parâmetros de rede, posições e distâncias atômicas das fases presentes em cada amostra. Confirmou-se, nas amostras estudadas, a segregação de duas fases supercondutoras com a mesma estrutura cristalina, porém com parâmetros de rede ligeiramente diferentes, sendo que uma das fases não incorpora o cátion Re na sua composição. A fase principal, contendo Re, foi denominada Hg,Re-1223 e a fase segregada, que não contém Re foi denominada Hg-1223. Constatou-se que as fases supercondutoras Hg,Re-1223 e Hg-1223 apresentam diferentes tamanhos de cristalito e que, dentre as amostras estudadas, a que foi tratada sob fluxo de gás composto de 10% oxigênio e 90% argônio possui a maior porcentagem de fases supercondutoras e também a maior proporção da fase Hg,Re-1223. Através do uso da técnica de espalhamento anômalo de raios X, usando radiação síncrotron, confirmou-se a segregação de duas fases supercondutoras com teores diferentes de rênio. A partir dos resultados obtidos foi possível concluir que o tratamento da fase precursora sob fluxo de O2/Ar na proporção 10/90 é o que apresenta melhores resultados de síntese deste composto supercondutor. / Dissertação (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

The use of spin polarised neutron scattering as an experimental probe for magnetic phenomena within solid state physics has been demonstrated in two separate studies of superconductors. With the use of three-dimensional polarisation analysis, the magnetic response within a thermal energy window -30meV < Iiw < +30meV has been measured for both insulating and superconducting compositions of the high T c material YBa2Cu306+x. The observed magnetic scattering from the superconducting composition (x=0.9S, T c-90K) at T =300K shows conclusively that there is negligible magnetic scattering in the normal state below 30meV. What little scattering is observed corresponds to a paramagnetic cross-section of (0.048±0.008)barns or to -3.2% of the Cu atoms carrying a spin 1/2. Similar polarised neutron measurements performed on insulating YBa2Cu306.11, above and below TN, reveal a small but finite level of scattering corresponding to -18% of the Cu atoms carrying a spin 1/2 in the paramagnetic state. The observed increase in paramagnetic scattering above T N corresponds to just 20% of that expected due to the thermal disordering of the observed ordered magnetic moment at 300K. These measurements are consistent with a magnetic excitation spectrum driven by quantum rather than thermal fluctuations for which the notion of separate magnetic and charge degrees of freedom (and therefore also the concept of local moments) may not be valid. In addition, measurements conducted on single crystal YBa2Cu307 in its normal state revealed no indication of magnetic enhancement in the vicinity of the (It, It) point up to 30meV. This is in disagreement with theoretical predictions of an enhanced magnetic scattering in this region for spin fluctuation energies of order 10 to 20meV. The second study demonstrates the feasibility of spin polarised neutron scattering as a novel tool for the investigation of the flux line lattice in type 11 superconductors. Measurements conducted in the mixed state of niobium (T =4.SK, B=O.22T) constitute the first experimental observation of lattice distortions due to the presence of flux line vortices. The experimentally determined magnitude of the lattice distortion yields a value approximately three orders of magnitude greater than that expected due to the volume anomaly between the coexisting normal and superconducting regions. An alternative mechanism is suggested on the basis of electron redistribution between the normal and superconducting regions in which electrons are trapped by the flux lines. As a result of this process, a response in the form of a lattice distortion is induced in order to maintain charge neutrality.

The excitement which followed the discovery of high-temperature superconductors in 1986 was short-lived, as it became clear that their current carrying capacity (the critical current density Jc) was limited by grain boundaries (GBs). In order to reduce their detrimental effects coated conductors have been developed, in which a superconducting thin film is deposited on a polycrystalline, textured substrate. Within certain temperature and magnetic field ranges, however, GBs still limit the overall Jc. This fact motivated the present thesis, for which the electrical properties of different types of coated conductors, and in particular their GBs, were investigated. Several GBs and a single grain were isolated in a tape produced by metal-organic deposition (MOD), using a novel approach based on electron backscatter diffraction and a focused ion beam microscope. Measurements of their critical current densities for fields swept in the film plane showed the expected decrease with increasing misorientation angle at low fields. At higher fields an angle dependent crossover was found, from a GB to grain limited Jc. In order to confirm this result and put it into broader perspective, the dependence of Jc on the width of polycrystalline tracks was studied, and then explained in terms of the behaviour of the single GBs. Investigations using low-temperature scanning laser microscopy rounded out the picture, which also showed GB dissipation at certain angles and grain limitation at others. In measurements on samples produced by metal-organic chemical vapour deposition (MOCVD) characteristic differences compared to the MOD film were found. While both conductors exhibited high values of Jc, the variation with in-plane angle was significantly stronger for the MOCVD conductor, which can be explained by its sharper texture. In a track patterned perpendicular to the tape direction the phenomenon of vicinal channelling was observed, which previously was known only from films on single crystal substrates. Finally, an isolated boundary showed very high values of Jc, consistent with its low misorientation. In order to better understand how the substrate influences the superconducting properties, measurements were carried out on otherwise identical samples grown on different substrates. A tape with grains elongated along its rolling direction showed particularly good properties at all examined field orientations. This extends the previously reported result that high aspect ratios are beneficial at fields applied perpendicular to the tape plane.

In this dissertation, the problem of calculating and measuring AC losses in superconducting coils is addressed, with a particular focus on the transport AC loss of coils for electric machines. In order to model the superconducting coil's electromagnetic properties and calculate the AC loss, an existing two dimensional (2D) finite element model that implements a set of equations known as the H formulation, which directly solves the magnetic field components in 2D, is extended to model a superconducting coil, where the cross-section of the coil is modelled as a 2D stack of superconducting coated conductors. The model is also modified to allow the nclusion of a magnetic substrate, which is present in some commercially available HTS wire. The analysis raises a number of interesting points regarding the use of superconductors with magnetic substrates. In particular, the presence of a magnetic substrate affects the penetration of the magnetic flux front within the coil and increases the magnetic flux density within the penetrated region, both of which can increase the AC loss significantly. In order to investigate these findings further, a comprehensive analysis on stacks of tapes with weak and strong magnetic substrates is carried out, using a symmetric model that requires only one quarter of the cross-section to be modelled. In order to validate the modelling results, an extensive experimental setup is designed and built to measure the transport AC loss of a superconducting coil using an electrical method based on inductive compensation by means of a variable mutual inductance. Measurements are carried out on the superconducting racetrack coil and it is found that the experimental results agree with the modelling results for low current, but some phase drift occurs for higher current, which affects the accuracy of the measurement. In order to overcome this problem, a number of improvements are made to the initial setup to improve the lock-in amplifier's phase setting and other aspects of the measurement technique. New measurements are carried out on a single, circular pancake coil and the discrepancies between the experimental and modelling results are described in terms of the assumptions made in the model and aspects of the coil that cannot be modelled. Using the original measured properties of the superconducting tape, there is an order of magnitude difference between the experiment and model. The properties of the superconductor can degrade during the winding and cooling processes, and a critical current measurement of the coil showed that the tape critical current reduced from nearly 300 A, down to around 100 A. Applying this finding to the model, the experimental and modelling results show good agreement, and the difference in the slope of the AC loss curve can be described in terms of the B-dependent critical current dependency Jc(B) used in the model. Finally, methods used to mitigate AC loss in superconducting wires and coils are summarised, and the use of weak and strong magnetic materials as a flux diverter is investigated as a technique to reduce AC loss in superconducting coils. This technique can achieve a significant reduction in AC loss and does not require modification to the conductor itself, which can be detrimental to the superconductor's properties.

Part I of this dissertation is concerned with the problem of the magnetic field dependence of the surface impedance of superconductors, with particular reference to tin. In chapter 1 the predictions of the simple theory for the behaviour of the surface impedance for different frequencies and fieid configurations are described and compared with the results of previous experiments. Chapter 2 deals with the experimental side of the present work, where a frequency of 170 Mc/s was used, and in chapter 3 the results obtained are discussed. In chapter 4 the attempts which have been made to account theoretically for the experimental observations are reviewed. Part II of the dissertation is concerned with another problem in superconductivity, namely the behaviour of superconducting systems partitioned by thin barriers of substances which in bulk are not superconducting. The theory of such systems is developed, the consequences investigated in some detail and the present experimental situation reviewed.

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(理学) / 甲第23452号 / 理博第4746号 / 新制||理||1680(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院理学研究科物理学・宇宙物理学専攻 / (主査)教授 松田 祐司, 教授 石田 憲二, 教授 柳瀬 陽一 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

Thesis: Ph. D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Physics, 1978 / Includes bibliographical references. / by Andre-Marie Tremblay. / Ph. D. / Ph. D. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Physics

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Nuclear Engineering, 1981. / MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND SCIENCE. / Includes bibliographies. / by Stanley R. Shanfield. / Ph.D.