Drying rate during industrial coating application is important to understand because drying a coated paper requires energy. If an unnecessary high amount of energy is used to dry paper, a fast evaporation rate can be achieved which can result in defects of the coated surface.   In this bachelor’s thesis, temperature profile during industrial coating application was studied. An industrial pilot trial on a coating machine was implemented at UMV coatings at Säffle, Sweden. Two boards with grammages of 210 and 350 gsm were used, where cardboard 210 gsm was precoated on the backside with two different precoatings. Where the two precoating differed in latex content and type of Hydrocarb. Board 350 gsm was not precoated. Temperatures between 65 to 85 oC were achieved in the drying section, depending on which substrate that was used.  Laboratory tests were also performed to investigate the relationship between surface temperature and dry content of a substrate during drying. As the temperature and time increased, did also the surface temperature and dryness of the samples. It was assumed that the temperature readings from the pilot coater could be correlated to the dry content of coating color.    The results from the study showed that by decreasing the dry content in a coating, a higher surface temperature was obtained during industrial- and laboratory drying due to the increase in heat transfer rate. Results showed also that when fraction of clay in a coating was decreased, a higher evaporation rate and higher surface temperature was obtained during drying.

Humans have extensively altered terrestrial surfaces through land-use and land-cover change. This change has resulted in increased food, fiber, fuel, and wood that is provisioned by ecosystems to support the human population. Unfortunately, the change has also altered climate through carbon emissions and changes in the surface energy balance. Consequently, maximizing both the provisioning and climate regulation services provided by terrestrial ecosystems is a grand challenge facing a growing global population living in a changing climate. The planting of pine forests for timber and carbon storage and switchgrass fields for bioenergy are two land-cover types that can potentially be used for climate mitigation. Importantly, both are highly productive systems representing contrasts in albedo (grass are brighter than pines) and vegetation height (pines are taller than the grass) along with unknown differences in carbon and water balance that influence local to global climate. Here I use eddy-covariance data to investigate how a transition from a perennial bioenergy crop (switchgrass) to a planted pine plantation alters the local surface temperature, global carbon dioxide concentrations, and global energy balance. First, I found that switchgrass and pine ecosystems have very similar local surface temperatures, especially during the grass growing season. After the switchgrass is harvested, surface temperature in the pine forest is much lower than switchgrass because no vegetation is present to facilitate the evaporation of water. The surface temperature in a bare-ground system (a recent clear-cut) was also high relative to the pine and pre-harvest switchgrass ecosystems. This illustrates the importance of maintaining vegetation cover to reduce local surface temperature. Second, I found that the 30-year mean change in global energy balance (i.e., radiative forcing) from planting a pine ecosystem rather than a switchgrass field was positive (pine warms climate) when considering changes in albedo and carbon measured using eddy-covariance systems. When including harvested carbon, pine and switchgrass can have similar global radiative forcing if all harvested pine carbon is stored, but harvested switchgrass carbon is burned. However, no scenarios I explored resulted in a strong negative radiative forcing by the pine ecosystem relative to the switchgrass field. These results show that afforestation or reforestation in the eastern United States may not result in any climate benefit over planting a switchgrass field. However, the presence of vegetation in both ecosystem types offers a clear benefit by cooling local surface temperatures. / Doctor of Philosophy / Humans are changing the Earth's climate by using oil and gas as fuel that emits greenhouse gases, mainly carbon dioxide, into the atmosphere. Planting trees to reestablish forests is a natural solution for climate change because forests absorb carbon dioxide from the air, but reforestation also changes the Earth's climate in other ways. For example, forests are generally darker than crops and grasses and absorb more sunlight, which traps energy in the atmosphere that can warm global temperature. These non-carbon effects can potentially offset the climate benefit from absorbed carbon dioxide. An alternative natural climate solution is to replace oil and gas with fuels derived from plants, known as bioenergy. Here I compared the local and global climate influence of a tree plantation (loblolly pine) to a bioenergy crop (switchgrass). I found that the local temperature of pine and switchgrass were similar in the summer when the grass was growing, and both were cooler than bare-ground, which was unable to evaporate and transpire water to the atmosphere. Over 30 years, I found that pine and switchgrass absorb similar amounts of carbon. The pine forest absorbs more carbon than switchgrass when it is fully grown but releases carbon during the first five years of growth. As a switchgrass field is brighter than a pine forest, planting a pine forest instead of a switchgrass field warms the Earth's climate. However, assuming no carbon from the harvested trees is released to the atmosphere, the pine and switchgrass have the same influence on global climate. My findings show that a pine plantation and a bioenergy crop can have similar climate benefits when carbon is stored in forests.

Effective gages to measure skin friction and heat transfer have been established over decades. One of the most important criteria in designing such a gage is the physical size of the gage to minimise the interference of the flow, as well as the mass of these devices. The combined measurement of skin friction and heat flux using one single gage on the other hand, present unique opportunities and with it, unique technical problems. The objective of this study is therefore to develop a cost-effective single gage that can be used to measure both skin friction and heat flux. The method proposed in this study is to install a coaxial thermocouple into an existing skin friction gage to measure the unsteady temperature on the surface of the gage. By using the temperature history and a computer program the heat flux through the surface can be obtained through an iterative guessing method. To ensure that the heat flux through the gage is similar to the heat flux through the rest of the surface, the gage is manufactured of a material very similar to the rest of the surface. Walker developed a computer program capable of predicting the heat flux through a surface from the measured surface temperature history. The program is based on an inverse approach to calculate the heat flux through the surface. The biggest advantages of this method are its stability and the small amount of noise induced into the system. The drawback of the method is that it is limited to semi-infinite objects. For surfaces with a finite thickness, a second thermocouple was installed into the system some distance below the first thermocouple. By modifying the computer program these two unsteady temperatures can be used to predict the heat flux through a surface of finite thickness. As part of this study, the effect of noise induced by the Cook-Felderman technique, found in the literature were investigated in detail and it was concluded that the method proposed in this study is superior to this Cook-Felderman method. Heat flux measurements compared well with measurements recorded with heat flux gages. In all cases evaluated the difference was less than 20%. It can therefore be concluded that heat flux gages on their own can measure surface heat flux very accurately. These gages are however too large to install in a skin-friction gage. The method introduced in this study is noisier than the heat flux gages on their own, but the size which is very important, is magnitudes smaller when using a coaxial thermocouple, to measure the surface temperature history. / Master of Science

This thesis focuses on creating an application software for monitoring and analyzing changes in body surface temperature before and after exercise test by the means of contactless thermography. Initial, theoretical part of this thesis talks about principles and possible scenarios, in which one could employ infrared thermography followed by physiology of the exercise load and concludes with an observation of the changes in body surface temperature while focusing on the actions that take place during the exercise test. Practical part of the thesis comprises of the exercise test and building of the application software for the analysis of the acquired thermographic visual output. The application software offers 2 kinds of analyses: general and under-load, while it aims to provide evaluation in both cases based on user-selected areas of interest. Last chapter of this thesis includes final output with commentary and eventual usage of the under-load experiment and application software in practical use.

Esse trabalho tem como objetivo compreender as relações entre a Land Surface Temperature (LST), Normalized Difference Vegetation Índex (NDVI) e os padrões do uso da terra do município de São Paulo no período de 1985 a 2010. Analisou-se 15 bairros, nos quais foram extraídas 45 amostras aleatórias de diferentes padrões de uso da terra; subdivididas em baixo padrão, médio padrão e médio alto padrão. Com o aporte de geotecnologia, foi feita a extração dos dados das imagens de satélite Landsat 5 (TM) e das Ortofotos do ano de 2010. O comportamento das amostras variou de acordo como os diferentes perfis dos grupos analisados. O grupo de baixo padrão foi o que apresentou as maiores amplitudes térmicas, ausência de arborização urbana atreladas a um baixo padrão construtivo. O grupo de médio padrão é caracterizado pela predominância de área verticalizada e apresenta uma arborização urbana escassa em meio a uma malha urbana consolidada. O grupo de médio alto padrão foi o que mais apresentou arborização urbana, distribuída de forma homogênea na maioria das amostras, portanto foi o grupo que teve baixas amplitudes térmicas e o índice de Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) com pouca variação. Os testes mostraram fortes correlações negativas entre as amostras de Land Surface Temperature (LST) e o índice de Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), sendo -0,58 em 1985, -0,43 em 2004 e -0,82 em 2010. Os diferentes padrões de uso da terra, relacionados à temperatura de superfície, e o índice de vegetação, aliado à preocupação com o planejamento ambiental, deve resultar na melhoria da qualidade de vida da população. Esta pesquisa faz parte do Projeto Temático processo FAPESP 08/58161 -1, \"Assessment of Impacts and Vulnerability to Climate Change in Brazil and strategies for Adaptation options\", Component 5: Vulnerability of the metropolitan region of São Paulo to climate Change. / This study aims to understand the relationship between Land Surface Temperature (LST), Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and the patterns of land use in the municipality of São Paulo, from 1985 to 2010. A totoal of 45 random samples were extracted from the 15 districts used in this study, with different patterns of land use which were subdivided into three different clases: low-end, middle and middle-high. Geospatial approaches allowed the extraction of satellite image data from Landsat 5 data (TM) and from Orthophotos from 2010. The behavior of the samples varied accordingly to the different group profiles. The low-end group presented the highest thermal amplitudes and more significant absence of urban vegetation linked, both to low urbanization and construction standards. The average standard group is characterized by the predominance of vertical buildings and lacks urban trees amidst a consolidated urban landscape. The average-high standard group displayed the highest concentration of green urban areas, distributed homogeneously in most samples, so this group presented low variations both in temperature amplitude and in the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI). The correlation tests showed strong negative correlations between samples of Land Surface Temperature (LST) and the NDVI samples, of -0.58 in 1985, -0.43 in 2004 and -0.82 in 2010. Understanding the relations between the different patterns of land use, surface temperature and the NDVI (with due concern for environmental planning) is an important step in the identification and rehabilitation of enviromentally. This research is part of the Thematic Project FAPESP 08/58161 -1 process, \"Assessment of Impacts and Vulnerability to Climate Change in Brazil and strategies for Adaptation options\", Component 5: Vulnerability of the metropolitan region of São Paulo to climate Change.

Esse trabalho tem como objetivo compreender as relações entre a Land Surface Temperature (LST), Normalized Difference Vegetation Índex (NDVI) e os padrões do uso da terra do município de São Paulo no período de 1985 a 2010. Analisou-se 15 bairros, nos quais foram extraídas 45 amostras aleatórias de diferentes padrões de uso da terra; subdivididas em baixo padrão, médio padrão e médio alto padrão. Com o aporte de geotecnologia, foi feita a extração dos dados das imagens de satélite Landsat 5 (TM) e das Ortofotos do ano de 2010. O comportamento das amostras variou de acordo como os diferentes perfis dos grupos analisados. O grupo de baixo padrão foi o que apresentou as maiores amplitudes térmicas, ausência de arborização urbana atreladas a um baixo padrão construtivo. O grupo de médio padrão é caracterizado pela predominância de área verticalizada e apresenta uma arborização urbana escassa em meio a uma malha urbana consolidada. O grupo de médio alto padrão foi o que mais apresentou arborização urbana, distribuída de forma homogênea na maioria das amostras, portanto foi o grupo que teve baixas amplitudes térmicas e o índice de Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) com pouca variação. Os testes mostraram fortes correlações negativas entre as amostras de Land Surface Temperature (LST) e o índice de Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), sendo -0,58 em 1985, -0,43 em 2004 e -0,82 em 2010. Os diferentes padrões de uso da terra, relacionados à temperatura de superfície, e o índice de vegetação, aliado à preocupação com o planejamento ambiental, deve resultar na melhoria da qualidade de vida da população. Esta pesquisa faz parte do Projeto Temático processo FAPESP 08/58161 -1, \"Assessment of Impacts and Vulnerability to Climate Change in Brazil and strategies for Adaptation options\", Component 5: Vulnerability of the metropolitan region of São Paulo to climate Change. / This study aims to understand the relationship between Land Surface Temperature (LST), Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and the patterns of land use in the municipality of São Paulo, from 1985 to 2010. A totoal of 45 random samples were extracted from the 15 districts used in this study, with different patterns of land use which were subdivided into three different clases: low-end, middle and middle-high. Geospatial approaches allowed the extraction of satellite image data from Landsat 5 data (TM) and from Orthophotos from 2010. The behavior of the samples varied accordingly to the different group profiles. The low-end group presented the highest thermal amplitudes and more significant absence of urban vegetation linked, both to low urbanization and construction standards. The average standard group is characterized by the predominance of vertical buildings and lacks urban trees amidst a consolidated urban landscape. The average-high standard group displayed the highest concentration of green urban areas, distributed homogeneously in most samples, so this group presented low variations both in temperature amplitude and in the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI). The correlation tests showed strong negative correlations between samples of Land Surface Temperature (LST) and the NDVI samples, of -0.58 in 1985, -0.43 in 2004 and -0.82 in 2010. Understanding the relations between the different patterns of land use, surface temperature and the NDVI (with due concern for environmental planning) is an important step in the identification and rehabilitation of enviromentally. This research is part of the Thematic Project FAPESP 08/58161 -1 process, \"Assessment of Impacts and Vulnerability to Climate Change in Brazil and strategies for Adaptation options\", Component 5: Vulnerability of the metropolitan region of São Paulo to climate Change.

A comprehensive theory explaining the relationship between periodic variations in the Earths orbital parameters and the response of the climate system remains elusive. One of the key challenges is that of the Mid-Pleistocene Transition (MPT), during which the dominant mode of glacial/interglacial climatic variability shifted without any corresponding change in the mode of orbital forcing. Subtropical climate on orbital time-scales is sensitive to variability in both the low-latitude ocean/atmosphere circulation regime and the global carbon-cycle (through its effect on atmospheric greenhouse gas levels), both of which may have played a role in the shift in mode of global climate response to orbital forcing during the MPT. This thesis presents a series of multi-proxy (foraminiferal stable isotope and trace-metal) paleoceanographic reconstructions from the subtropical southwest Pacific, as seen in marine sediment core MD06-3018, from 2470m water depth and 23ºS in the New Caledonia Trough, southern Coral Sea. The core age-model, based upon magnetic stratigraphy and orbital tuning, yields a mean sedimentation rate at the site of 20mm/ka and a core-bottom age of 1600ka. The MD06-3018 reconstruction of New Caledonia Trough deep water chemistry, based on benthic 13C measurements, shows that the spatial chemistry gradient within the Southern Ocean between deep waters entering the Tasman Sea and the open Pacific was greater during glacial (relative to interglacial) stages over at least the past 1100ka. This gradient was, however, generally reduced on the >100kyr time-scale across the MPT, consistent with it being a period of reduced deep water ventilation in both hemispheres. The MD06-3018 Mg/Ca-derived reconstruction of subtropical southwest Pacific Sea Surface Temperature (SST) shows glacial/interglacial variability of 2-3ºC but no significant trends on the >100kyr time-scale over the duration of the record. An estimate of the uncertainty associated with the SST reconstruction demonstrates that no significant changes in reconstructed southern Coral Sea mean-annual SST can be identified between interglacial stages across the MPT. It is, therefore, unlikely that regional climatic change constituted the main cause for the observed middle Pleistocene expansion of coral reef systems. The >100kyr time-scale stability of southern Coral Sea SST means that the position of the southern boundary of the Pacific warm pool has also been stable over at least the past 1500ka. Comparison with other low-latitude Pacific reconstructions shows that the early Pleistocene warm pool was consequently more hemispherically asymmetric than its present configuration, with the latter being established by ~1000ka and implying significant changes in meridional atmospheric heat and moisture fluxes prior to the MPT. On orbital time-scales, the SST reconstruction shows a clear shift from dominant 40kyr to 100kyr modes of variability over the MPT, although significant 40kyr structure is also retained into the middle/late Pleistocene. In contrast, reconstructed hydrological cycle variability (based on coupled 18O-Mg/Ca measurements) shows only limited coherence with the obliquity cycle and a stronger relationship with the precession cycle. The decoupling of the reconstructed subtropical SST and hydrological cycle responses places constraints on the extent of orbitally paced fluctuations in the low-latitude ocean/atmosphere system. Instead, comparison of the MD06-3018 SST reconstruction with others from across the lowlatitude Pacific supports a dominant role for greenhouse gas forcing in low-latitude western Pacific glacial/interglacial SST variability across the Pleistocene. The subtropical multi-proxy climate reconstructions presented here show that the timing and sense of long-term (>100kyr time-scale) changes in the low-latitude ocean/atmosphere circulation regime are consistent with that system having been important in the expansion of northern hemisphere ice-volume during the early part of the MPT. However, the subtropical reconstructions also suggest that neither the low-latitude ocean/atmosphere circulation system nor the global carbon-cycle underwent a fundamental change in mode of response to orbital forcing during the transition. Instead, the origin of the 100kyr glacial/interglacial mode was most likely related to thresholds in the dynamics of the expanding northern hemisphere icesheets, leading in turn to the existence of significant inter-hemispheric asymmetry in the orbital time-scale climate response over the middle/late Pleistocene. Summary for Non-Specialists. Over the past five million years of its history, the Earths climate has undergone a series of regular, or nearly regular, fluctuations between warmer and colder states. These fluctuations take tens to hundreds of thousands of years to occur and are known as the ‘glacial/interglacial cycles’ on account of the associated changes in ice-sheet extent in the high-latitudes. The origin of these cycles is widely held to be the regular variations in form of the Earths orbit around the sun. In spite of decades of research, however, no complete ‘orbital theory of climate’ exists, mainly because the patterns of past climate variability, as reconstructed using ‘proxies’ for variables such as surface temperature, is much more complex than that of the orbital variations themselves. It follows that processes within the Earth system, especially those associated with large ice-sheets, the carbon-cycle and the ocean circulation system, act to substantially modify the climate response to the orbital variations. Over the past ten years, new observations from both ice-cores and low-latitude marine sediment cores have suggested that the dominant system(s) involved in setting the Earths response to the orbital variations may potentially be the carboncycle and/or the low-latitude ocean/atmosphere circulation regime rather than highlatitude ice-sheet dynamics, as was generally supposed previously. If this new view is correct, it has profound implications for the general sensitivity of the climate to the carbon-cycle on a range of time-scales - making its evaluation a scientific objective of considerable current importance. This thesis presents a series of reconstructions of aspects of climate and carbon-cycle variability for the subtropical southwest Pacific, as based on proxy measurements in a marine sediment core than spans the past 1,600,000 years at around 5000 year resolution. The key focus is on an interval called the ‘Mid- Pleistocene Transition’, during which time the mode of glacial/interglacial variability changed, indicating a fundamental change in one or more aspects of the response to the orbital forcing. The study site is well placed to investigate variability in both the carbon-cycle and low-latitude ocean circulation over the climatic transition as it lies between the Southern Ocean, a key source of carbon-cycle variability and the equatorial Pacific, where the modern El-Niño system arises. By characterizing variability in these systems, the potential role played by both systems in causing the change in mode of glacial/interglacial variability can be evaluated. The key findings of the thesis are that; firstly, changes in the long-term state of the low-latitude ocean circulation system may well have been important for the expansion of northern hemisphere ice-sheets during the early part of the Mid- Pleistocene Transition. Secondly, it provides further support for a close connection between variability in the carbon-cycle and low-latitude climate on orbital timescales but suggests that there is no clear evidence for either system undergoing a fundamental change in sensitivity to the orbital forcing during the transition.

Approved for public release, distribution is unlimited / An analysis of in-situ aircraft observations collected in the parent cloud of a waterspout is presented. Previous waterspout studies were confined mainly to photometric and model simulated data, no in-situ observations were made internal to the parent cloud. On 27 June 2002 the Cooperative Institute for Remotely Piloted Aircraft Studies (CIRPAS) UV-18A Twin Otter aircraft collected observations in a cloud that had developed in a cloud line, located approximately 15km south of Key West, and that formed a waterspout. This study attempts to analyze the waterspout formation process using these data and through a series of scale interactions, from the synoptic scale down to the individual cloud scale. Based upon the analyzed data a hypothetical formation process is developed. The background synoptic scale flow is shown to establish the necessary ambient shear as a key factor in the waterspout formation. The orientation of mesoscale convergent boundaries and thermodynamic processes, internal to the cloud, proved to be an essential factor in developing the vertical motion patterns necessary for formation of an organized circulation in the shear region and to provide the tipping and stretching of the resultant vortex necessary to account for the waterspout formation. This is consistent with conclusions derived from previous studies. / Captain, United States Air Force

The thesis deals with the tree energetic balance closely related to the phenomenon of plant transpiration. Living systems have a unique ability to equilibrate gradients in the nature. Storing energy of the incoming solar radiation into a latent heat of water evaporation is an example of such tree feature. It dissipates energy and simultaneously recycles nutrients and water in the ecosystem. There are few possible ways of energy balance detection shown in this work. The thermal imagining can be used as a method for an indirect indication of transpiration - transpiring plants have lower leaf surface temperature. An alternative method for determining the rate of transpiration is a direct measurement of transpiration on leaves or transpiration flow in a tree trunk. However, extrapolation of the above mentioned methods to entire stands can encounter some difficulties. The first part of the thesis presents a description of a physical background of energetic processes and the ways in which plants operate with water, the biotic pump theory is being discussed. The practical part begins with experiments on single leaves. These experiments are carried out to test the usability of the methods for the following experiments, which are performed on the entire living trees. They are focused on the relationship of the...

Observations of terrestrial exoplanets provide a unique statistical set that may improve our knowl- edge of their formation, structure as well as internal and orbital evolution. Close-in extrasolar planets are subjected to strong stellar tides, resulting in an extensive dissipation of mechanical energy (tidal heating), long-term orbital evolution and evolution of the rotational frequency. For the exoplanets on eccentric orbits, the traditional tidal theories predict locking into pseudo-synchronous spin states, for which the rotational frequency is slightly higher than the orbital frequency. Such predictions are, how- ever, in contradiction with the observations of moons in the Solar system, and are a consequence of simplified rheological assumptions. Here, we focus on a numerical approach to the tidal evolution of planetary orbit and rotation in a single-planet system, assuming a Maxwell viscoelastic rheology. We find equillibrium spin states, including the spin-orbit resonances, and discuss their connection with the minima of tidal heating. Locking into a spin-orbit resonance results in an irregular insolation pattern and an unequal surface temperature distribution, affecting the internal dynamics of the planet. The second part of the thesis therefore deals with the evaluation of the surface temperature and...