Modelling of human motion is used in a wide range of applications. An important aspect of accurate representation of human movement is the ability to customize models to account for individual differences. The following work proposes a methodology using Hill-based candidate functions in the Fast Orthogonal Search (FOS) method to predict translational force at the wrist from flexion and extension torque at the elbow. Within this force estimation framework, it is possible to implicitly estimate subject-specific physiological parameters of Hill-based models of upper arm muscles. Surface EMG data from three muscles of the upper arm (biceps brachii, brachioradialis and triceps brachii) were recorded from 10 subjects as they performed isometric contractions at varying elbow joint angles. Estimated muscle activation level and joint kinematic data (joint angle and angular velocity) were utilized as inputs to the FOS model. The resulting wrist force estimations were found to be more accurate for models utilizing Hill-based candidate functions, than models utilizing candidate functions that were not physiologically relevant. Subject-specific estimates of optimal joint angle were determined via frequency analysis of the selected FOS candidate functions. Subject-specific optimal joint angle estimates demonstrated low variability and fell within the range of angles presented in the literature. / Thesis (Master, Electrical & Computer Engineering) -- Queen's University, 2008-10-30 01:32:01.606

Local twitch responses (LTRs) can be elicited by snapping palpation of myofascial trigger points (TrP) or TrP injections. Objective: To characterize the LTR elicited by TrP injection and snapping palpation on surface electromyography (sEMG) in subjects with myofascial pain in 14 female subjects. Methods: Surface EMG electrodes were placed around the TrP and a control site on the trapezius muscle. Then the following protocol was carried out: tension and contraction of the ipsilateral trapezius muscle, baseline resting activity (five minutes), snapping palpation of the TrP and the control sites, TrP injection, and final resting activity (five minutes). The following data were recorded: pain ratings, areas of referred pain, presence of LTR, and sEMG recordings. Results: During the TrP injection, the investigator found LTRs in only 36% of the subjects, while 64% of the subjects reported that they felt the LTR, and the sEMG recorded only one LTR in one subject. Despite the low percentage of LTRs elicited clinically (36%), a large number of subjects (71%) reported more than 50% immediate reduction in pain intensity after the TrP injection. Conclusion: The sEMG is unable to register the LTR elicited by snapping palpation and TrP injection.

Orientador: Sheila Canevese Rahal / Resumo: RESUMO O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar os sinais eletromiográficos do músculo bíceps femoral de três raças de cães hígidos, ao caminhar e ao trote. Foram utilizados 31 animais, distribuídos em três grupos: Grupo 1 – 10 cães da raça Beagle; Grupo 2 – 10 cães da raça Boiadeiro Australiano; Grupo 3 – 11 cães da raça Labrador. Foram determinados os parâmetros têmporo-espaciais e porcentagem de pressão para ambos os membros torácicos e pélvicos, no caminhar e ao trote, ao mesmo tempo em que foi analisado o músculo bíceps femoral, direito e esquerdo, por meio do sistema eletromiográfico de superfície. Pela análise estatística não foram observadas diferenças entre os membros, direito e esquerdo, tanto para os valores têmporo-espaciais como porcentagem de pressão. O padrão gráfico de atividade muscular mostrou que nos Grupos 2 e 3 na locomoção ao caminhar, o músculo bíceps femoral apresentou 1 pico máximo na fase de apoio, e 1 pico mínimo e 1 pico máximo de menor intensidade na fase de balanço. No Grupo 1 foi detectada a presença de três picos. Na locomoção ao trote o padrão gráfico de atividade muscular foi similar para os três grupos, com 1 pico máximo na fase de apoio, e 1 pico mínimo e 1 pico máximo na fase de balanço, ambos de menor intensidade. Os Grupo 2 e 3 não apresentaram diferença estatística na porcentagem de atividade muscular média ao caminhar e ao trote. Foi possível concluir que no trote o padrão de atividade eletromiográfico do músculo bíceps femoral mostro... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Doutor

Industrial robots are delivering more and more manipulation services in manufacturing. However, when the task is complex, it is difficult to programme a robot to fulfil all the requirements because even a relatively simple task such as a peg-in-hole insertion contains many uncertainties, e.g. clearance, initial grasping position and insertion path. Humans, on the other hand, can deal with these variations using their vision and haptic feedback. Although humans can adapt to uncertainties easily, most of the time, the skilled based performances that relate to their tacit knowledge cannot be easily articulated. Even though the automation solution may not fully imitate human motion since some of them are not necessary, it would be useful if the skill based performance from a human could be firstly interpreted and modelled, which will then allow it to be transferred to the robot. This thesis aims to reduce robot programming efforts significantly by developing a methodology to capture, model and transfer the manual manufacturing skills from a human demonstrator to the robot. Recently, Learning from Demonstration (LfD) is gaining interest as a framework to transfer skills from human teacher to robot using probability encoding approaches to model observations and state transition uncertainties. In close or actual contact manipulation tasks, it is difficult to reliabley record the state-action examples without interfering with the human senses and activities. Therefore, wearable sensors are investigated as a promising device to record the state-action examples without restricting the human experts during the skilled execution of their tasks. Firstly to track human motions accurately and reliably in a defined 3-dimensional workspace, a hybrid system of Vicon and IMUs is proposed to compensate for the known limitations of the individual system. The data fusion method was able to overcome occlusion and frame flipping problems in the two camera Vicon setup and the drifting problem associated with the IMUs. The results indicated that occlusion and frame flipping problems associated with Vicon can be mitigated by using the IMU measurements. Furthermore, the proposed method improves the Mean Square Error (MSE) tracking accuracy range from 0.8˚ to 6.4˚ compared with the IMU only method. Secondly, to record haptic feedback from a teacher without physically obstructing their interactions with the workpiece, wearable surface electromyography (sEMG) armbands were used as an indirect method to indicate contact feedback during manual manipulations. A muscle-force model using a Time Delayed Neural Network (TDNN) was built to map the sEMG signals to the known contact force. The results indicated that the model was capable of estimating the force from the sEMG armbands in the applications of interest, namely in peg-in-hole and beater winding tasks, with MSE of 2.75N and 0.18N respectively. Finally, given the force estimation and the motion trajectories, a Hidden Markov Model (HMM) based approach was utilised as a state recognition method to encode and generalise the spatial and temporal information of the skilled executions. This method would allow a more representative control policy to be derived. A modified Gaussian Mixture Regression (GMR) method was then applied to enable motions reproduction by using the learned state-action policy. To simplify the validation procedure, instead of using the robot, additional demonstrations from the teacher were used to verify the reproduction performance of the policy, by assuming human teacher and robot learner are physical identical systems. The results confirmed the generalisation capability of the HMM model across a number of demonstrations from different subjects; and the reproduced motions from GMR were acceptable in these additional tests. The proposed methodology provides a framework for producing a state-action model from skilled demonstrations that can be translated into robot kinematics and joint states for the robot to execute. The implication to industry is reduced efforts and time in programming the robots for applications where human skilled performances are required to cope robustly with various uncertainties during tasks execution.

O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar o efeito do treinamento de força realizado unilateralmente e bilateralmente nos parâmetros neuromusculares dos músculos extensores de joelho. Completaram o estudo 45 sujeitos do sexo feminino, destreinados em força, que foram divididos entre o grupo controle (GC; n=16; 22,7 ± 2,8 anos; 58,0 ± 5,7 kg; 163,6 ± 6,2 cm), grupo unilateral (GUL; n=14; 24,8 ± 1,4 anos; 60,8 ± 6,4 kg; 163,0 ± 6,5 cm) e grupo bilateral (GBL; n=15; 24,3 ± 3,7 anos; 160,2 ± 5,8 cm). O GUL realizou o exercício extensão de joelhos com um membro de cada vez e o GBL realizou o exercício com os dois membros simultaneamente. Ambos os grupos, GUL e GBL, treinaram por 12 semanas, duas vezes por semana. Outros exercícios completaram o programa de treinamento e foram realizados de forma similar pelos dois grupos. O GC não realizou o treinamento. Todos os sujeitos realizaram as avaliações pré e pós 12 semanas. Para avaliação da força máxima, foram realizados os testes de uma repetição máxima (1RM), isocinético e isométrico de extensão de joelho. Todos os grupos foram avaliados nas condições de teste UL e BL. A espessura muscular foi mensurada por ultrassonografia do grupo muscular quadríceps femoral. Para mensurar a ativação muscular foi realizada a coleta do sinal eletromiográfico dos músculos vasto lateral e reto femoral, de ambos os membros inferiores, nos testes de força isocinético e isométrico. Os valores de índice bilateral (IB) para verificar presença ou não de déficit bilateral (DB) na força, foram calculados a partir dos valores do teste de 1RM (IBRM) e de pico de torque (PT), encontrados no teste isométrico (IBPT), enquanto para ativação muscular (IBEMG) foram calculados a partir do sinal eletromiográfico coletado no teste de força isométrico. Os resultados do presente estudo mostraram que o GBL e o GUL tiveram incrementos significativos (p<0,05) nos valores de 1RM em ambas as condições de teste (UL e BL), mas que os ganhos foram significativamente maiores (p<0,05) na condição que os sujeitos realizaram o treinamento, enquanto o GC não apresentou alteração(p>0,05). Os valores de PT isométrico e isocinético também apresentaram incrementos significativos (p<0,05) nos dois grupos, GUL e GBL, em ambas as condições de teste, mas não para o GC (p>0,05). Além disso, essas variáveis, nos dois grupos de treino, foram significativamente maiores (p<0,05) na condição de teste UL. O GUL e o GBL mostraram incrementos significativos (p<0,05) na EM, enquanto o GC mostrou redução significativa (p<0,05). Em relação à ativação muscular coletada no teste de força isométrico, os três grupos mostraram incrementos significativos (p<0,05) na ativação nas condições de teste UL e BL. Para a ativação muscular coletada durante teste de força isocinético, todos os grupos mostraram incremento significativo na ativação (p<0,05), para ambas as condições de teste, com exceção do GC na condição de teste UL, que mostrou decréscimo significativo (p<0,05). Nenhum dos grupos mostrou alteração significativa (p>0,05) nos valores de IBPT no momento pós. Quanto aos valores de IBRM, apenas o GUL alterou os valores significativamente (p<0,05) no momento pós, levando o déficit para uma direção negativa. Ainda, apenas o GC alterou significativamente (p<0,05) os valores de IBEMG, sendo que os sujeitos que possuíam DB no momento pré deixaram de possuir no momento pós. O GUL utilizou cargas de treino significativamente mais elevadas (p<0,05) que o GBL apenas no quarto mesociclo de treino. Os resultados desse estudo permitem concluir que ambas as formas de executar o treino de força, UL e BL, são similarmente eficientes para incrementar força, espessura muscular e ativação muscular, dos músculos extensores de joelho. / The aim of this study was to compare the effect of strength training performed uniterallity and bilaterallity in neuromuscular parameters of the knee extensor muscles. Completed the study 45 female subjects, untrained in force, which were divided into control group (CG; n = 16; 22.7 ± 2.8 years; 58.0 ± 5.7 kg; 163.6 ± 6.2 cm), unilateral group (ULG; n = 14; 24.8 ± 1,4 years; 60.8 ± 6.4 kg; 163.0 ± 6.5 cm) and bilateral group (BLG; n = 15; 24.3 ± 3.7 years; 160.2 ± 5.8 cm). The ULG performed the knee extension exercise with one member at a time and GBL performed the exercise with the two members simultaneously. Both groups were trained for 12 weeks, twice per week. Other exercises completed the training program and were performed similarly by both groups. The CG did not perform the training. All subjects performed the evaluations pre and post 12 weeks. For evaluate the maximum strength were performed one repetition maximum (1RM), isokinetic and isometric tests of the knee extension. All groups were evaluated in the UL and BL test conditions. The muscle thickness was assessed by ultrasonography in the quadriceps femoralis muscle group. For measure muscle activation the EMG signal was collected from the vastus lateralis muscle and rectus femoris muscle in both legs, in the isometric and isokinetic strength tests. The bilateral index (BI) values to verify the presence or absence of bilateral deficit (BD) in strength were calculated from the values of 1RM (BIRM) and peak torque (PT), obtained in isometric test (BIPT), while for muscle activation (BIEMG) were calculated from the EMG signal collected in isometric strength test. The results of this study showed that BLG and ULG significantly increased (p<0.05) the strength in 1RM in both test conditions (UL and BL), but the gains were significantly higher (p<0.05) in the condition which the subjects performed the training, while the GC not had significant increases (p>0.05). The isometric and isokinetic PT values also showed significant increases (p<0.05) for the ULG and BLG in both test conditions, but not for the CG (p>0.05). Moreover, these variables in both training groups, were significantly higher (p<0.05) in the UL test condition. The ULG and BLG showed significant increases (p<0.05) in the muscle thickness, whereas the CG showed a significant reduction (p<0.05). In relation to muscle activation obtained in isometric strength test, all three groups showed significant increases (p<0.05) in the activation in UL and BL test conditions. For the muscle activation collected during isokinetic strength test, all groups showed a significant increases in activation (p<0.05) for both test conditions, except the GC in the UL test condition, which showed a significant decrease (p<0.05). Neither group showed significant changes (p>0.05) in the BIPT values at post training. In relation to BIRM values, only the GUL changed the values significantly (p <0.05) at post training, leading to a negative direction. Furthermore, only the CG changed significantly (p<0.05) the BIEMG values, the subjects had DB at pre training period, but not at post training period. The GUL used training loads significantly higher (p<0.05) than GBL only during at fourth mesocycle training. The results of this study show that both forms of performing strength training, UL and BL, are effective similarly for increases in strength, muscle thickness and muscle activation in knee extensors muscles.

Title: Electromyographic analysis of mutual relation between standing and movement pattern in shoulder girdle Objectives: This thesis examines the electric activity and recruitment (timing) of m. latissimus dorsi, m. obliquus externus abdominis, m. gluteus maximus, m. tensor fasciae latae, m. tibialis anterior, m. erector spinae and m. trapezius during shoulder girdle movement standing on both feet, ipsilateral or contralateral foot. Furthermore the thesis explores whether it is possible to objectify the existence of published tendomuscular chains or the whole hypothetic Latissimus dorsi muscle chain of Spiral stabilization concept using surface electromyography. Methods: The muscles mentioned above were measured bilaterally with surface electromyography electrodes during particular movements. Twelve healthy individuals participated, seven women and five men in the age of 23 - 30. All participants were instructed to do the specific movement from Spiral Stabilization concept against the 2kg resistence of elastic rope when standing on both feet or in one leg stand on contralateral or ipsilateral leg. Results: We can identify muscles that are active in the particular movements almost within all participants, that are activated less often and those that are involved rarely. But we are not able to...

Introdução: Atletas de Powerlifting utilizam habitualmente em sua preparação física o Agachamento (AT) e o Box-Squat (BS). Conhecer as variáveis cinemáticas e eletromiográficas destes exercícios é relevante para sua prescrição. Objetivo: Comparar os efeitos agudos da utilização do Agachamento e do Box-Squat, em três diferentes amplitudes de movimento, sobre variáveis de desempenho neuromuscular, em atletas de Powerlifting. Materiais e Métodos: Dez atletas de Powerlifing (31,7±5,05 anos) participaram de duas sessões de avaliação: i) aplicação de questionário, realização de medidas antropométricas e testes de 1RM para Agachamento e Box-Squat nas condições Completo, Paralelo e Parcial; ii) Coleta do sinal eletromiográfico dos músculos Reto Femoral; Vasto Lateral; Vasto Medial; Bíceps Femoral; Glúteo Máximo; Gastrocnêmio Lateral e Eretores da Coluna, durante AT e BS com as cargas de 1RM previamente aferidas. Coleta de dados de cinemetria 2D para o cálculo da Potência Absoluta e Relativa. Resultados: A carga de 1RM (252±55 Kg) e o Índice de Força Relativa (2,66±0,43) do BS Parcial foram significativamente maiores que nas outras cinco variações de exercício. Potência Absoluta (613,25±194,80 W) e Relativa (6,48±1,86) foram maiores no AT Parcial quando comparado a BS Completo, AT Completo, AT Paralelo e BS Paralelo. A ativação EMG do Reto Femoral foi maior no BS Completo (95,48±46,82 %CIVM) comparada à AT Parcial e BS Parcial. O Glúteo Máximo foi mais ativado no AT Paralelo (175,36±101,79 %CIVM) comparado ao BS Completo (143,51±79,00 %CIVM). A ativação dos Eretores da Coluna no AT Paralelo (132,27±77,31 %CIVM) foi superior à do AT Parcial (92,09±38,28 %CIVM). Conclusão: As cargas de 1RM foram maiores em excursões articulares reduzidas, com vantagem do BS Parcial. O AT Parcial apresentou maiores valores de Potência Absoluta e Relativa. AT e BS mostraram-se equivalentes do ponto de vista da ativação muscular. / Introduction: Powerlifters commonly use Squats and Box-Squats in their training process. Knowing kinetics and kinematics of these exercises can help trainers when planning a training program. Objective: To compare kinetic and kinematics of full, parallel and partial Squats and Box-Squats performed by Powerlifters. Material and Methods: Ten Powerlifters (31,7±5,05 years) participated in two sessions of data collection: i) Survey about training and injury, Anthropometrical measures, 1RM testing for the full, parallel and partial Squats and Box-Squats; ii) Muscle activity of rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, biceps femoris, gluteus maximus, lateral gastrocnemius and erector spinae over the six conditions at 100% of 1RM. Sagital plane video was recorded for power output measures. Results: Significantly higher loads were observed in Partial Box-Squat (252±55 Kg) compared to the other five situations. Overall (613,25±194,80 W) and Relative (6,48±1,86) Power Output were higher at Partial Squat when compared to Parallel and Full Squats and Box-Squats. Muscle activation of rectus femoris was significantly higher in Full Box-Squat (95,48±46,82 %MVC) compared to Partial Squats and Box-Squats. Gluteus maximus activation was higher at the Parallel Squat (175,36±101,79 %MVC) when compared to the Full Box-Squat (143,51±79,00 %MVC). Erector Spinae muscle activation was significantly higher in Parallel Squat (132,27±77,31 %MVC) in comparison to the Partial Squat (92,09±38,28 %MVC). Conclusion: Higher 1RM loads were found in Partial Range of Motion, especially in Box-Squat. Overall and Relative Power Output were higher at Partial Squats. Squats and Box-Squats showed similar muscle activation patterns.

O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar o efeito do treinamento de força realizado unilateralmente e bilateralmente nos parâmetros neuromusculares dos músculos extensores de joelho. Completaram o estudo 45 sujeitos do sexo feminino, destreinados em força, que foram divididos entre o grupo controle (GC; n=16; 22,7 ± 2,8 anos; 58,0 ± 5,7 kg; 163,6 ± 6,2 cm), grupo unilateral (GUL; n=14; 24,8 ± 1,4 anos; 60,8 ± 6,4 kg; 163,0 ± 6,5 cm) e grupo bilateral (GBL; n=15; 24,3 ± 3,7 anos; 160,2 ± 5,8 cm). O GUL realizou o exercício extensão de joelhos com um membro de cada vez e o GBL realizou o exercício com os dois membros simultaneamente. Ambos os grupos, GUL e GBL, treinaram por 12 semanas, duas vezes por semana. Outros exercícios completaram o programa de treinamento e foram realizados de forma similar pelos dois grupos. O GC não realizou o treinamento. Todos os sujeitos realizaram as avaliações pré e pós 12 semanas. Para avaliação da força máxima, foram realizados os testes de uma repetição máxima (1RM), isocinético e isométrico de extensão de joelho. Todos os grupos foram avaliados nas condições de teste UL e BL. A espessura muscular foi mensurada por ultrassonografia do grupo muscular quadríceps femoral. Para mensurar a ativação muscular foi realizada a coleta do sinal eletromiográfico dos músculos vasto lateral e reto femoral, de ambos os membros inferiores, nos testes de força isocinético e isométrico. Os valores de índice bilateral (IB) para verificar presença ou não de déficit bilateral (DB) na força, foram calculados a partir dos valores do teste de 1RM (IBRM) e de pico de torque (PT), encontrados no teste isométrico (IBPT), enquanto para ativação muscular (IBEMG) foram calculados a partir do sinal eletromiográfico coletado no teste de força isométrico. Os resultados do presente estudo mostraram que o GBL e o GUL tiveram incrementos significativos (p<0,05) nos valores de 1RM em ambas as condições de teste (UL e BL), mas que os ganhos foram significativamente maiores (p<0,05) na condição que os sujeitos realizaram o treinamento, enquanto o GC não apresentou alteração(p>0,05). Os valores de PT isométrico e isocinético também apresentaram incrementos significativos (p<0,05) nos dois grupos, GUL e GBL, em ambas as condições de teste, mas não para o GC (p>0,05). Além disso, essas variáveis, nos dois grupos de treino, foram significativamente maiores (p<0,05) na condição de teste UL. O GUL e o GBL mostraram incrementos significativos (p<0,05) na EM, enquanto o GC mostrou redução significativa (p<0,05). Em relação à ativação muscular coletada no teste de força isométrico, os três grupos mostraram incrementos significativos (p<0,05) na ativação nas condições de teste UL e BL. Para a ativação muscular coletada durante teste de força isocinético, todos os grupos mostraram incremento significativo na ativação (p<0,05), para ambas as condições de teste, com exceção do GC na condição de teste UL, que mostrou decréscimo significativo (p<0,05). Nenhum dos grupos mostrou alteração significativa (p>0,05) nos valores de IBPT no momento pós. Quanto aos valores de IBRM, apenas o GUL alterou os valores significativamente (p<0,05) no momento pós, levando o déficit para uma direção negativa. Ainda, apenas o GC alterou significativamente (p<0,05) os valores de IBEMG, sendo que os sujeitos que possuíam DB no momento pré deixaram de possuir no momento pós. O GUL utilizou cargas de treino significativamente mais elevadas (p<0,05) que o GBL apenas no quarto mesociclo de treino. Os resultados desse estudo permitem concluir que ambas as formas de executar o treino de força, UL e BL, são similarmente eficientes para incrementar força, espessura muscular e ativação muscular, dos músculos extensores de joelho. / The aim of this study was to compare the effect of strength training performed uniterallity and bilaterallity in neuromuscular parameters of the knee extensor muscles. Completed the study 45 female subjects, untrained in force, which were divided into control group (CG; n = 16; 22.7 ± 2.8 years; 58.0 ± 5.7 kg; 163.6 ± 6.2 cm), unilateral group (ULG; n = 14; 24.8 ± 1,4 years; 60.8 ± 6.4 kg; 163.0 ± 6.5 cm) and bilateral group (BLG; n = 15; 24.3 ± 3.7 years; 160.2 ± 5.8 cm). The ULG performed the knee extension exercise with one member at a time and GBL performed the exercise with the two members simultaneously. Both groups were trained for 12 weeks, twice per week. Other exercises completed the training program and were performed similarly by both groups. The CG did not perform the training. All subjects performed the evaluations pre and post 12 weeks. For evaluate the maximum strength were performed one repetition maximum (1RM), isokinetic and isometric tests of the knee extension. All groups were evaluated in the UL and BL test conditions. The muscle thickness was assessed by ultrasonography in the quadriceps femoralis muscle group. For measure muscle activation the EMG signal was collected from the vastus lateralis muscle and rectus femoris muscle in both legs, in the isometric and isokinetic strength tests. The bilateral index (BI) values to verify the presence or absence of bilateral deficit (BD) in strength were calculated from the values of 1RM (BIRM) and peak torque (PT), obtained in isometric test (BIPT), while for muscle activation (BIEMG) were calculated from the EMG signal collected in isometric strength test. The results of this study showed that BLG and ULG significantly increased (p<0.05) the strength in 1RM in both test conditions (UL and BL), but the gains were significantly higher (p<0.05) in the condition which the subjects performed the training, while the GC not had significant increases (p>0.05). The isometric and isokinetic PT values also showed significant increases (p<0.05) for the ULG and BLG in both test conditions, but not for the CG (p>0.05). Moreover, these variables in both training groups, were significantly higher (p<0.05) in the UL test condition. The ULG and BLG showed significant increases (p<0.05) in the muscle thickness, whereas the CG showed a significant reduction (p<0.05). In relation to muscle activation obtained in isometric strength test, all three groups showed significant increases (p<0.05) in the activation in UL and BL test conditions. For the muscle activation collected during isokinetic strength test, all groups showed a significant increases in activation (p<0.05) for both test conditions, except the GC in the UL test condition, which showed a significant decrease (p<0.05). Neither group showed significant changes (p>0.05) in the BIPT values at post training. In relation to BIRM values, only the GUL changed the values significantly (p <0.05) at post training, leading to a negative direction. Furthermore, only the CG changed significantly (p<0.05) the BIEMG values, the subjects had DB at pre training period, but not at post training period. The GUL used training loads significantly higher (p<0.05) than GBL only during at fourth mesocycle training. The results of this study show that both forms of performing strength training, UL and BL, are effective similarly for increases in strength, muscle thickness and muscle activation in knee extensors muscles.

Submitted by WASHINGTON TAKASHI KANO null (washingtontakashikano@hotmail.com) on 2018-01-31T21:20:02Z No. of bitstreams: 1 VERSÃO FINAL - TESE - WASHINGTON.pdf: 1112686 bytes, checksum: 1982a0d4d87127d62cf86b5bff0aed6e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Maria Lucia Martins Frederico null (mlucia@fca.unesp.br) on 2018-02-01T10:59:18Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 kano_wt_dr_bot.pdf: 1112686 bytes, checksum: 1982a0d4d87127d62cf86b5bff0aed6e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-02-01T10:59:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 kano_wt_dr_bot.pdf: 1112686 bytes, checksum: 1982a0d4d87127d62cf86b5bff0aed6e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-01-05 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / RESUMO O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar os sinais eletromiográficos do músculo bíceps femoral de três raças de cães hígidos, ao caminhar e ao trote. Foram utilizados 31 animais, distribuídos em três grupos: Grupo 1 – 10 cães da raça Beagle; Grupo 2 – 10 cães da raça Boiadeiro Australiano; Grupo 3 – 11 cães da raça Labrador. Foram determinados os parâmetros têmporo-espaciais e porcentagem de pressão para ambos os membros torácicos e pélvicos, no caminhar e ao trote, ao mesmo tempo em que foi analisado o músculo bíceps femoral, direito e esquerdo, por meio do sistema eletromiográfico de superfície. Pela análise estatística não foram observadas diferenças entre os membros, direito e esquerdo, tanto para os valores têmporo-espaciais como porcentagem de pressão. O padrão gráfico de atividade muscular mostrou que nos Grupos 2 e 3 na locomoção ao caminhar, o músculo bíceps femoral apresentou 1 pico máximo na fase de apoio, e 1 pico mínimo e 1 pico máximo de menor intensidade na fase de balanço. No Grupo 1 foi detectada a presença de três picos. Na locomoção ao trote o padrão gráfico de atividade muscular foi similar para os três grupos, com 1 pico máximo na fase de apoio, e 1 pico mínimo e 1 pico máximo na fase de balanço, ambos de menor intensidade. Os Grupo 2 e 3 não apresentaram diferença estatística na porcentagem de atividade muscular média ao caminhar e ao trote. Foi possível concluir que no trote o padrão de atividade eletromiográfico do músculo bíceps femoral mostrou semelhança entre os grupos. / SUMMARY The aim of this study was to evaluate the electromyography (EMG) signals of the biceps femoris muscle of three healthy dog breeds at the walk and trot. Thirty-one dogs were used, distributed in three groups: Group 1 - 10 Beagles, Group 2 - 10 Blue heelers, Group 3 - 11 Labradors. The temporospatial parameters and percentage of pressure in both thoracic and pelvic limbs were determined during walking and trotting, at the same time that the right and left biceps femoris muscles were analyzed by use of surface EMG. There were not any statistically significant differences between right and left limbs for both temporospatial values and percentage of pressure. The graphical pattern of muscle activity showed in Groups 2 and 3 at walk that the biceps femoris muscle had one maximal peak in the stance phase, and one minimal peak and one maximal peak of lower intensity in the swing phase. A three-peak activity pattern was observed in Group 1. The graphs of muscular activity patterns was similar among groups at trot showing one maximal peak in the stance phase, and one minimal peak and one maximal peak in the swing phase, both of lower intensity. The Groups 2 and 3 did not present statistical differences in the percentage of average muscle activity at walk and at trot. In conclusion, the electromyographic activity pattern of the biceps femoris muscle was similar among the groups at the trot. / 1457459

Introdução: Atletas de Powerlifting utilizam habitualmente em sua preparação física o Agachamento (AT) e o Box-Squat (BS). Conhecer as variáveis cinemáticas e eletromiográficas destes exercícios é relevante para sua prescrição. Objetivo: Comparar os efeitos agudos da utilização do Agachamento e do Box-Squat, em três diferentes amplitudes de movimento, sobre variáveis de desempenho neuromuscular, em atletas de Powerlifting. Materiais e Métodos: Dez atletas de Powerlifing (31,7±5,05 anos) participaram de duas sessões de avaliação: i) aplicação de questionário, realização de medidas antropométricas e testes de 1RM para Agachamento e Box-Squat nas condições Completo, Paralelo e Parcial; ii) Coleta do sinal eletromiográfico dos músculos Reto Femoral; Vasto Lateral; Vasto Medial; Bíceps Femoral; Glúteo Máximo; Gastrocnêmio Lateral e Eretores da Coluna, durante AT e BS com as cargas de 1RM previamente aferidas. Coleta de dados de cinemetria 2D para o cálculo da Potência Absoluta e Relativa. Resultados: A carga de 1RM (252±55 Kg) e o Índice de Força Relativa (2,66±0,43) do BS Parcial foram significativamente maiores que nas outras cinco variações de exercício. Potência Absoluta (613,25±194,80 W) e Relativa (6,48±1,86) foram maiores no AT Parcial quando comparado a BS Completo, AT Completo, AT Paralelo e BS Paralelo. A ativação EMG do Reto Femoral foi maior no BS Completo (95,48±46,82 %CIVM) comparada à AT Parcial e BS Parcial. O Glúteo Máximo foi mais ativado no AT Paralelo (175,36±101,79 %CIVM) comparado ao BS Completo (143,51±79,00 %CIVM). A ativação dos Eretores da Coluna no AT Paralelo (132,27±77,31 %CIVM) foi superior à do AT Parcial (92,09±38,28 %CIVM). Conclusão: As cargas de 1RM foram maiores em excursões articulares reduzidas, com vantagem do BS Parcial. O AT Parcial apresentou maiores valores de Potência Absoluta e Relativa. AT e BS mostraram-se equivalentes do ponto de vista da ativação muscular. / Introduction: Powerlifters commonly use Squats and Box-Squats in their training process. Knowing kinetics and kinematics of these exercises can help trainers when planning a training program. Objective: To compare kinetic and kinematics of full, parallel and partial Squats and Box-Squats performed by Powerlifters. Material and Methods: Ten Powerlifters (31,7±5,05 years) participated in two sessions of data collection: i) Survey about training and injury, Anthropometrical measures, 1RM testing for the full, parallel and partial Squats and Box-Squats; ii) Muscle activity of rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, biceps femoris, gluteus maximus, lateral gastrocnemius and erector spinae over the six conditions at 100% of 1RM. Sagital plane video was recorded for power output measures. Results: Significantly higher loads were observed in Partial Box-Squat (252±55 Kg) compared to the other five situations. Overall (613,25±194,80 W) and Relative (6,48±1,86) Power Output were higher at Partial Squat when compared to Parallel and Full Squats and Box-Squats. Muscle activation of rectus femoris was significantly higher in Full Box-Squat (95,48±46,82 %MVC) compared to Partial Squats and Box-Squats. Gluteus maximus activation was higher at the Parallel Squat (175,36±101,79 %MVC) when compared to the Full Box-Squat (143,51±79,00 %MVC). Erector Spinae muscle activation was significantly higher in Parallel Squat (132,27±77,31 %MVC) in comparison to the Partial Squat (92,09±38,28 %MVC). Conclusion: Higher 1RM loads were found in Partial Range of Motion, especially in Box-Squat. Overall and Relative Power Output were higher at Partial Squats. Squats and Box-Squats showed similar muscle activation patterns.