The prevalence of obesity has necessitated developing safe and convenient tools for timely assessing and monitoring this condition for a broad range of population. Three-dimensional (3D) body imaging has become a new mean for obesity assessment. Moreover, it generates body shape information that is meaningful for fitness, ergonomics, and personalized clothing. In the previous work of our lab, we developed a prototype active stereo vision system that demonstrated a potential to fulfill this goal. But the prototype required four computer projectors to cast artificial textures on the body which facilitate the stereo-matching on texture-deficient images (e.g., skin). This decreases the mobility of the system when used to collect a large population data. In addition, the resolution of the generated 3D~images is limited by both cameras and projectors available during the project. The study reported in this dissertation highlights our continued effort in improving the capability of 3Dbody imaging through simplified hardware for passive stereo and advanced computation techniques. The system utilizes high-resolution single-lens reflex (SLR) cameras, which became widely available lately, and is configured in a two-stance design to image the front and back surfaces of a person. A total of eight cameras are used to form four pairs of stereo units. Each unit covers a quarter of the body surface. The stereo units are individually calibrated with a specific pattern to determine cameras' intrinsic and extrinsic parameters for stereo matching. The global orientation and position of each stereo unit within a common world coordinate system is calculated through a 3Dregistration step. The stereo calibration and 3Dregistration procedures do not need to be repeated for a deployed system if the cameras' relative positions have not changed. This property contributes to the portability of the system, and tremendously alleviates the maintenance task. The image acquisition time is around two seconds for a whole-body capture. The system works in an indoor environment with a moderate ambient light. Advanced stereo computation algorithms are developed by taking advantage of high-resolution images and by tackling the ambiguity problem in stereo matching. A multi-scale, coarse-to-fine matching framework is proposed to match large-scale textures at a low resolution and refine the matched results over higher resolutions. This matching strategy reduces the complexity of the computation and avoids ambiguous matching at the native resolution. The pixel-to-pixel stereo matching algorithm follows a classic, four-step strategy which consists of matching cost computation, cost aggregation, disparity computation and disparity refinement. The system performance has been evaluated on mannequins and human subjects in comparison with other measurement methods. It was found that the geometrical measurements from reconstructed 3Dbody models, including body circumferences and whole volume, are highly repeatable and consistent with manual and other instrumental measurements (CV < 0.1$%, R2>0.99). The agreement of percent body fat (%BF) estimation on human subjects between stereo and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) was found to be improved over the previous active stereo system, and the limits of agreement with 95% confidence were reduced by half. Our achieved %BF estimation agreement is among the lowest ones of other comparative studies with commercialized air displacement plethysmography (ADP) and DEXA. In practice, %BF estimation through a two-component model is sensitive to body volume measurement, and the estimation of lung volume could be a source of variation. Protocols for this type of measurement should still be created with an awareness of this factor. / text

In this thesis, I analyze the weight functions used in moving least squares (MLS) methods to construct implicit surfaces that interpolate or approximate polygon soup. I found that one previous method that presented an analytic solution to the integrated moving least squares method has issues with degeneracies because they changed the weight functions to decrease too slowly. Inspired by their method, I derived a bound for the choice of weight function for implicit moving least squares (IMLS) methods to avoid these degeneracies in two-dimensions and in three-dimensions. Based on this bound, I give a theoretical proof of the correctness of the moving least squares interpolation and approximation scheme with weight function used in Shen et al. when used on closed polyhedrons. Further, previous IMLS implicit surface reconstruction algorithms that ll holes and gaps create surfaces with obvious bulges due to an intrinsic property of MLS. I propose a generalized IMLS method using a Gaussian distribution function to re-weight each polygon, making nearer polygons dominate and reducing the bulges on holes and gaps.

Surface reconstruction and 3D modeling is a challenging task, which has been explored for decades by the computer vision, computer graphics, and machine learning communities. It is fundamental to many applications such as robot navigation, animation and scene understanding, industrial control and medical diagnosis. In this dissertation, I take advantage of the consumer depth sensors for surface reconstruction. Considering its limited performance on capturing detailed surface geometry, a depth enhancement approach is proposed in the first place to recovery small and rich geometric details with captured depth and color sequence. In addition to enhancing its spatial resolution, I present a hybrid camera to improve the temporal resolution of consumer depth sensor and propose an optimization framework to capture high speed motion and generate high speed depth streams. Given the partial scans from the depth sensor, we also develop a novel fusion approach to build up complete and watertight human models with a template guided registration method. Finally, the problem of surface reconstruction for non-Lambertian objects, on which the current depth sensor fails, is addressed by exploiting multi-view images captured with a hand-held color camera and we propose a visual hull based approach to recovery the 3D model.

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No description available.

On surfaces and within interfaces occur some of the most important reactions in chemistry, from world changing industrial reactions to critical environmental processes. It is even hypothesized that the chiral nature of life arose from reactions occurring on chiral mineral surfaces. In any case adsorption typically plays a key role. Adsorption can occur on rapid time scales, particularly in catalytic systems, and it can be the precursor to highly stable surface interaction mechanisms such as surface precipitation. Surface adsorption can have a dramatic affect on the resulting surface increasing or decreasing the propensity for further reactivity or adsorption. In order to understand the processes occurring on a surface both the surface and the adsorbate must be understood. This includes a surface with any prior adsorbates. This is why many catalytic studies are done in UHV environments where clean surfaces are prepared for each experiment. The same is true with environmental surfaces, but obtaining pristine surfaces can be problematic, and systems are often extremely complicated involving organic, inorganic, and biological components. Often research is focused on just one component. A significant portion of this dissertation is focused on the adsorption of organic and inorganic species on pristine mineral surfaces. While there is significant research done on environmental surfaces, often times the surface used in studies is not well characterized. In essence lesser attention is paid to the substrate then the adsorbate. This is particularly true of infrared studies similar to the type presented in chapter 5 where carbonate is shown to exist in significant quantity on all ferrihydrite surfaces. Furthermore, chapter 4 highlights the potential for ion mobility on calcite surfaces under ambient conditions and the effect the adsorbates in chapter 3 have on the mobility process. The principal of this dissertation is to characterize fundamental surface processes which occur on calcite and ferrihydrite surfaces under ambient conditions. The hope is that this can lay the ground work for future studies where native adsorption and restructuring is taken into account on mineral surfaces during experimental studies. / Chemistry

In this thesis a system which extracts 3D surfaces of arbitrary scenes under natural illumination is constructed using low-cost, off-the-shelf components. The system is implemented over a network of workstations using standardized distributed software technology. The architecture of the system is highly influenced by the performance requirements of multimedia applications which require 3D computer vision. Visible scene surfaces are extracted using a passive multi-baseline stereo technique. The implementation efficiently supports any number of cameras in arbitrary positions through an effective rectification strategy. The distributed software components interact through CORBA and work cooperatively in parallel. Experiments are performed to assess the effects of various parameters on the performance of the system and to demonstrate the feasibility of this approach. / Thesis / Master of Engineering (ME)

Neste trabalho apresenta-se o desenvolvimento e avaliação de um sistema de reconstrução 3D por luz estruturada. O sistema denominado de Scan3DSL é baseado em uma câmara digital de pequeno formato e um projetor de padrões. O modelo matemático para a reconstrução 3D é baseado na equação paramétrica da reta formada pelo raio de luz projetado combinado com as equações de colinearidade. Uma estratégia de codificação de padrões foi desenvolvida para permitir o reconhecimento dos padrões projetados em um processo automático. Uma metodologia de calibração permite a determinação dos vetores diretores de cada padrão projetado e as coordenadas do centro de perspectiva do projetor de padrões. O processo de calibração é realizado com a aquisição de múltiplas imagens em um plano de calibração com tomadas em diferentes orientações e posições. Um conjunto de algoritmos de processamento de imagens foi implementado para propiciar a localização precisa dos padrões e de algumas feições, como o centro de massa e quinas. Para avaliar a precisão e as potencialidades da metodologia, um protótipo foi construído, integrando uma única câmara e um projetor de padrões. Experimentos mostram que um modelo de superfície pode ser obtido em um tempo total de processamento inferior a 10 segundos, e com erro absoluto em profundidade em torno de 0,2 mm. Evidencia-se com isso a potencialidade de uso em várias aplicações. / The purpose of this work is to present a structured light system developed. The system named Scan3DSL is based on off-the-shelf digital cameras and a projector of patterns. The mathematical model for 3D reconstruction is based on the parametric equation of the projected straight line combined with the collinearity equations. A pattern codification strategy was developed to allow fully automatic pattern recognition. A calibration methodology enables the determination of the direction vector of each pattern and the coordinates of the perspective centre of the pattern projector. The calibration processes are carried out with the acquisition of several images of a flat surface from different distances and orientations. Several processes were combined to provide a reliable solution for patterns location. In order to assess the accuracy and the potential of the methodology, a prototype was built integrating in a single mount a projector of patterns and a digital camera. The experiments using reconstructed surfaces with real data indicated a relative accuracy of 0.2 mm in depth could be achieved, in a processing time less than 10 seconds.

Neste trabalho apresenta-se o desenvolvimento e avaliação de um sistema de reconstrução 3D por luz estruturada. O sistema denominado de Scan3DSL é baseado em uma câmara digital de pequeno formato e um projetor de padrões. O modelo matemático para a reconstrução 3D é baseado na equação paramétrica da reta formada pelo raio de luz projetado combinado com as equações de colinearidade. Uma estratégia de codificação de padrões foi desenvolvida para permitir o reconhecimento dos padrões projetados em um processo automático. Uma metodologia de calibração permite a determinação dos vetores diretores de cada padrão projetado e as coordenadas do centro de perspectiva do projetor de padrões. O processo de calibração é realizado com a aquisição de múltiplas imagens em um plano de calibração com tomadas em diferentes orientações e posições. Um conjunto de algoritmos de processamento de imagens foi implementado para propiciar a localização precisa dos padrões e de algumas feições, como o centro de massa e quinas. Para avaliar a precisão e as potencialidades da metodologia, um protótipo foi construído, integrando uma única câmara e um projetor de padrões. Experimentos mostram que um modelo de superfície pode ser obtido em um tempo total de processamento inferior a 10 segundos, e com erro absoluto em profundidade em torno de 0,2 mm. Evidencia-se com isso a potencialidade de uso em várias aplicações. / The purpose of this work is to present a structured light system developed. The system named Scan3DSL is based on off-the-shelf digital cameras and a projector of patterns. The mathematical model for 3D reconstruction is based on the parametric equation of the projected straight line combined with the collinearity equations. A pattern codification strategy was developed to allow fully automatic pattern recognition. A calibration methodology enables the determination of the direction vector of each pattern and the coordinates of the perspective centre of the pattern projector. The calibration processes are carried out with the acquisition of several images of a flat surface from different distances and orientations. Several processes were combined to provide a reliable solution for patterns location. In order to assess the accuracy and the potential of the methodology, a prototype was built integrating in a single mount a projector of patterns and a digital camera. The experiments using reconstructed surfaces with real data indicated a relative accuracy of 0.2 mm in depth could be achieved, in a processing time less than 10 seconds.

Neste trabalho apresenta-se o desenvolvimento e avaliação de um sistema de reconstrução 3D por luz estruturada. O sistema denominado de Scan3DSL é baseado em uma câmara digital de pequeno formato e um projetor de padrões. O modelo matemático para a reconstrução 3D é baseado na equação paramétrica da reta formada pelo raio de luz projetado combinado com as equações de colinearidade. Uma estratégia de codificação de padrões foi desenvolvida para permitir o reconhecimento dos padrões projetados em um processo automático. Uma metodologia de calibração permite a determinação dos vetores diretores de cada padrão projetado e as coordenadas do centro de perspectiva do projetor de padrões. O processo de calibração é realizado com a aquisição de múltiplas imagens em um plano de calibração com tomadas em diferentes orientações e posições. Um conjunto de algoritmos de processamento de imagens foi implementado para propiciar a localização precisa dos padrões e de algumas feições, como o centro de massa e quinas. Para avaliar a precisão e as potencialidades da metodologia, um protótipo foi construído, integrando uma única câmara e um projetor de padrões. Experimentos mostram que um modelo de superfície pode ser obtido em um tempo total de processamento inferior a 10 segundos, e com erro absoluto em profundidade em torno de 0,2 mm. Evidencia-se com isso a potencialidade de uso em várias aplicações. / The purpose of this work is to present a structured light system developed. The system named Scan3DSL is based on off-the-shelf digital cameras and a projector of patterns. The mathematical model for 3D reconstruction is based on the parametric equation of the projected straight line combined with the collinearity equations. A pattern codification strategy was developed to allow fully automatic pattern recognition. A calibration methodology enables the determination of the direction vector of each pattern and the coordinates of the perspective centre of the pattern projector. The calibration processes are carried out with the acquisition of several images of a flat surface from different distances and orientations. Several processes were combined to provide a reliable solution for patterns location. In order to assess the accuracy and the potential of the methodology, a prototype was built integrating in a single mount a projector of patterns and a digital camera. The experiments using reconstructed surfaces with real data indicated a relative accuracy of 0.2 mm in depth could be achieved, in a processing time less than 10 seconds.