Orientador: Célia Marisa Rizzatti Barbosa / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-18T20:42:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Leal_CristianeMariaBrasil_D.pdf: 1004692 bytes, checksum: 29697b5c7bdbece2ba32ca361de7e805 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: As propriedades de superfície de resinas e reembasadores a base de polimetilmetacrilato utilizados em próteses dentais removíveis podem interferir na adesão, colonização e formação do biofilme de Candida spp., microrganismo associado à estomatite protética. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar a influência da rugosidade e da energia livre de superfície de uma resina a base de polimetilmetacrilato e um reembasador rígido na adesão e estrutura de biofilmes de Candida albicans. Discos de resina acrílica termopolimerizável e de reembasador rígido à base de polimetilmetacrilato foram confeccionados nas dimensões de 10 x 2 mm. As diferentes rugosidades de superfície dos espécimes foram obtidas por meio de diferentes acabamento/polimento. A energia livre de superfície variou pela formação de películas de saliva ou plasma ou a combinação de ambos sobre os espécimes. Após a mensuração da rugosidade e da energia livre de superfície, os espécimes foram divididos aleatoriamente de acordo com os grupos experimentais. Biofilmes de Candida albicans ATCC 90028 foram formados sobre as superfícies e avaliados quanto à contagem celular, bioatividade e arquitetura (bio-volume, espessura média e rugosidade média) nas fases de adesão e após 48 horas. Os dados foram analisados utilizando-se a análise de variância a dois critérios seguido do teste de Tukey. O nível de significância foi de p=0,05. Os resultados revelaram que mesmo havendo diferenças significantes (p<0,001) entre os valores da rugosidade, isto não se refletiu nos parâmetros avaliados do biofilme de C. albicans no período de 48 horas. Não houve diferença significativa nos valores da energia livre de superfície, no entanto, a diferença das películas provocou alterações significativas do biofilme de C. albicans na fase de adesão e 48 horas (p>0,05). Pode-se concluir que a alteração da rugosidade de superfície não afeta a estrutura do biofilme de C. albicans de 48 horas, no entanto, a alteração da energia livre de superfície por meio da deposição de proteínas salivares e/ou plasmáticas altera a estrutura do biofilme nas fases de adesão e 48 horas / Abstract: The properties of surface of the resins and reliners base of polymethymethacrylate used in removable dental prosthesis can interfere in the adhesion, colonization and formation of biofilm of Candida spp., microorganism associated to the prosthetic stomatitis. The objective of this research was to evaluate the influence of the roughness and the free energy of surface of the resin the base of polymethymethacrylate and a rigid reliner in the adhesion and structure of biofilms of C. albicans. Discs of the termopolymerized acrylic resin and rigid reliner to the base of polymethymethacrylate had been confectioned in the dimensions 10 x 2 mm. The differents roughness of surface of the specimens were obtained by means of different finishing/polishing. The free energy of surface varied for the formation of pellicle of saliva or serum or the combination of both on the specimens. After the measurement the roughness and the free energy of surface, the specimens were divided randomly in accordance to the experimental groups. Biofilms of Candida albicans ATCC 90028 were formed on the surfaces and evaluated for cell count, bioactivity and architecture (bio-volume, average thickness and average roughness) in the adhesion phases and after 48 hours. The data were analyzed using analysis of variance with two criteria followed by the Tukey test. The significance level was p=0,05. The results showed that even with significant differences (p<0.001) between the values of roughness, it did not reflect in the parameters evaluated of biofilm of C. albicans in 48 hours. There was no significant difference in the values of the free energy of surface; however, the difference of the pellicles caused significant alterations of biofilm of C. albicans in the adhesion phase and 48 hours (p>0,05). It can be concluded that the alteration of the roughness of surface don't affect the structure of biofilm of C. albicans of 48 hours, however, the alteration of the free energy of surface by deposition of salivary and/or serum proteins modifies the structure of biofilm in the adhesion phases and 48 hours / Doutorado / Protese Dental / Doutor em Clínica Odontológica

Orientador: Regina Maria Puppin Rontani / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-18T23:48:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Davidoff_DeniseCesardeOliveira_D.pdf: 3958488 bytes, checksum: 9a1e41592f3bdc48fc01bc4174934e72 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: Os objetivos nesta tese, composta por 2 capítulos foram: (1) avaliar a influencia da proteção de superfície na dureza, rugosidade e morfologia de um cimento de ionômero de vidro submetidos a degradação química e mecânica; (2) avaliar os efeitos do desafio químico (ciclagem de pH) e mecânico (abrasão por escovação) na dureza e rugosidade de diferentes materiais restauradores. No capitulo 1, trinta e seis espécimes obtidos do CIV foram distribuídos em 4 grupos (n=8) de acordo com a proteção de superfície (com ou sem proteção de vaselina) e meio de armazenagem (ciclagem de pH e água deionizada). Todos os espécimes foram submetidos a mensuração de microdureza e rugosidade de superfície (Ra) em três momentos inicial, apos armazenagem por 15 dias e apos abrasão por escovação mecânica. Os dados foram submetidos aos testes ANOVA 3 fatores para medidas repetidas e Tukey-Kramer (p<0,05). Os resultados de ciclagem de pH evidenciaram que houve diminuição dos valores de dureza independente do fator proteção. A ciclagem de pH não promoveu alteração nos valores de rugosidade para o grupo sem proteção. O cimento de ionômero de vidro de alta viscosidade apresentou diminuição na dureza apos abrasão e ciclagem de pH independente da proteção de superfície com vaselina. No capitulo 2, foram confeccionados dezesseis espécimes de cada material (Ketac Molar Easy Mix, Vitremer, Ketac N100 e Filtek Z350) divididos em 8 grupos (n=8) de acordo com o material e o meio de armazenagem: ciclagem de pH e água deionizada. Foram mensuradas a microdureza e rugosidade de superfície de todos os materiais estudados em três momentos: inicial, apos armazenagem por 15 dias e apos abrasão por escovação mecânica. Os dados foram submetidos a ANOVA 3 fatores para medidas repetidas e teste de Tukey-Kramer (p<0,05). Os resultados mostraram que todos os materiais avaliados apresentaram diminuição dos valores de dureza apos ciclagem de pH. O Filtek Z350 apos abrasão apresentou os maiores valores de dureza, e os demais materiais valores equivalentes. O Ketac N100 não apresentou alteração na dureza quando submetido a abrasão e ciclagem de pH. O Ketac Molar Easy Mix não apresentou alteração nos valores de rugosidade apos degradação química e mecânica, enquanto os Ketac N100, Filtek Z350 e Vitremer apresentaram aumento de rugosidade. Com base nos resultados pode-se concluir que a influencia da abrasão por escovação mecânica e da ciclagem de pH na degradação de superfície dos materiais restauradores estéticos esta relacionada ao tipo de material: o compósito Filtek Z350 foi o material que exibiu a maior resistência a degradação química e mecânica em relação a rugosidade e dureza, apresentando menores índices de rugosidade. O Ketac N100 apresentou valores equivalentes de dureza e rugosidade ao Vitremer apos abrasão e ciclagem de pH. O Ketac Molar Easy Mix apresentou diminuição na dureza apos abrasão e ciclagem de pH, independente da proteção superficial com vaselina. O Ketac Molar Easy Mix sem proteção superficial com vaselina não apresentou diminuição de rugosidade apos abrasão associada a ciclagem de pH / Abstract: The objectives of this Thesis, consisting of two chapters, were: (1) to evaluate the effect of petroleum jelly used as a surface protection on hardness and surface roughness of Ketac Molar Easy Mix (KM), submitted to chemical and mechanical degradation; (2) to evaluate the effect of chemical challenges (pH-cycling) and mechanical degradation (toothbrush abrasion) in hardness and roughness surface of different restorative materials. In chapter one, thirty-two specimens obtained from KM were divided into four groups according to their surface protection (with or without protection) and chemical degradation (pH cycling or water). All specimens were subjected to measurement of microhardness and surface roughness at baseline, after storage and after abrasion. Data were submitted to a three-way ANOVA for repeated measures and Tukey-Kramer's tests (p<0.05). After pH cycling, there was a decrease in hardness regardless the surface protection. The pH cycling did not promote changes in surface roughness for the group without protection. KM showed a decrease in hardness and abrasion after pH cycling, independently of surface protection. pH-cycling provided the lowest microhardness regardless surface protection or abrasion. The highest microhardness point was obtained when KM was protected and submitted to water storage and abrasion. The highest roughness point was obtained when unprotected KM was submitted to water immersion and/or abrasion compared with KM and submitted to pH cycling. Conclusion: Microhardness and surface roughness were influenced by surface protection and chemical degradation. There was an increase in surface roughness when KM was unprotected. In chapter 2, sixteen specimens were obtained from each material (Ketac Molar Easy Mix, Vitremer, Ketac N100 and Filtek Z350) and were divided into 8 groups according to the material and the storage. All specimens were submitted to the measurement of hardness and roughness in three different treatments: initial, after storage and after abrasion. The data were submitted to repeated measures three-way ANOVA and Tukey's tests (p<0.05). Results showed that all materials presented a decrease in hardness after pH cycling. The Filtek Z350 after abrasion presented the highest surface hardness and the others did not present statistically significant difference. The Ketac N100 was the only material that showed no change in hardness when submitted to pH cycling and abrasion, while the others, KM, Vitremer and Filtek Z350, showed a decrease in hardness. The KM did not change the roughness after chemical and mechanical degradation, while Ketac N100, Filtek Z350 and Vitremer increased surface roughness. Filtek Z350 was the material that showed the best resistance to chemical and mechanical degradation. Based on the results it can be concluded that the influence of abrasion and pH cycling on surface degradation of aesthetic restorative materials is related to the type of material: Filtek Z350 exhibited the highest resistance to chemical and mechanical degradation concerning roughness and hardness. Ketac N100 and Vitremer showed similar values of hardness and roughness after abrasion and pH cycling. KM had a decrease in hardness and abrasion after pH cycling, independently of surface protection. KM with no surface protection did not show a decrease of roughness after abrasion associated with pH cycling / Doutorado / Materiais Dentarios / Doutor em Materiais Dentários

Please read the abstract in the section front of this document. / Dissertation (MSc (Physics))--University of Pretoria, 2006. / Physics / unrestricted

Resin composites have been in the dental field for over forty years. They are now thought to be the most commonly used restorative material due to their aesthetic and mechanical properties. Although resin composites have high success rates as restorations, they do not offer all properties of an ideal restorative material. The aims of this research were to characterise the effects of variation in resin composite formulation on handling, mechanical; and physical properties. In particular the influence of the size and distribution of the inorganic components was investigated through the study of experimental formulations. Packing stress and viscosity were assessed with pentrometer principle at two different temperatures (23 and 37 ºC). It was found that filler size was strongly correlated with both packing stress and viscosity. Additionally, temperature has a dominant effect on packing stress and viscosity. Micro computed tomography [μCT] was used to investigate percentage of voids [% voids] in 3D dimensions. It was found that smaller filler size incorporated less % voids. In contrast filler size and disruption had a little effect on fracture toughness of resin composites. 3D surface topography was used to investigate the surface roughness before and after tooth brush abrasion. It was found filler size had a significant influence in both gloss retention and surface roughness (smaller filler size exhibited higher surface gloss). Finally, the effect of different storage media (distilled water, Coca Cola and red wine) on colour stability and gloss were investigated. It was found that dietary habits effect discolouration of resin composite restorations with the acidic drinks caused more staining.

D.Ing. / The quantification of the surface roughness in order to determine the shear behaviour of rock joints has been performed using many approaches, amongst which the most important are the joint roughness coefficient, statistical methods and the fractal approach. None of these approaches explicitly considers the contribution of grain size to the creation of surface roughness. An investigation has been undertaken to determine whether the grain size may be related to the surface roughness characteristics and also to assess its impact on the shear behaviour of rock joints. The influence of grain size on the shear behaviour of rock joints has been experimentally and numerically studied using a profile measurement approach followed by shear tests in the laboratory. Fresh rock joints in model material made of aggregates of no rite in resin and two natural rock types, namely norite and sandstone, were used for the investigation. A numerical analysis of the study has been performed using the Particle Flow Code PFC20 • Investigation of the model material has resulted in the conceptualisation of grain size parameters. Of the proposed grain size parameters, the average particle size index As has been successfully used to define the particle size distribution of a rock joint for both physical and numerical tests. From the profile measurements, four roughness parameters, n~mely the average inclination angle I, the root mean square of the first derivative Z2, the modified root mean square of the first derivative Z2' and the fractal dimension D, have been computed and a regression analysis conducted. Physical and numerical results have demonstrated that grain size distribution, expressed in terms of average particle size index As shows a good correlation respectively with the root mean square ofthe first derivative Z2, and its modified version Z2'. The root mean square of the first derivative Z2, and the modified root mean square of the first derivative Z2' increase with the average particle size index As. However, no correlation has been found between the grain size parameter and the fractal dimension D or the average inclination angle I. It has also been found that the joint roughness coefficient JRC and the peak friction angle ~P correlate very well with the average particle size index As. The greater the average particle grain size the higher the joint roughness coefficient JRC and the peak friction angle ~p· The type of correlation between JRC and ~P with As depends on the rock type. Exponential shear strength model has been derived where the average particle size index As is related to the peak friction angle via the residual friction angle ~r·

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effects of different machining modes on the flexural strength CAD-CAM restorative materials. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Four different CAD-CAM materials were used: VITA MARKII, VITA Enamic (VITA Zahnfabrik), Empress CAD, and e.max CAD (Ivoclar Vivadent). Rectangular bars for each material (except e.max CAD) were made by three procedures: saw cut, normal mill and fast mill. Each subgroup had a sample size of 5. Saw cut bars were cut by a BUHLER diamond blade saw. Milled bars were made using SIRONA CEREC MCXL milling unit. The 3-point flexural strength test was performed using a universal testing machine. Surface roughness was measured using a profilomer. Student t-test and Tukey-Kramer statistical analysis were performed to check significant differences. RESULTS: e.max CAD saw cut group was significantly stronger than the milled group. There was no difference in the strength of the Empress CAD groups. Enamic saw cut group was significantly stronger than the normal milled but not the fast milled one. There was no significant difference between the Enamic milled groups. Vita MKII saw cut was significantly stronger than both milled groups. There was no difference in the strength between the milled MKII groups. The surface roughness of the saw cut groups in all materials were significantly less than their milled counterparts in both longitudinal and transverse measurements. CONCLUSION: Machining had a significant effect on the surface roughness of materials. Damage from machining can cause the material to have lower flexural strength.

Binder jetting is an additive manufacturing process in which a part is fabricated layer-by-layer using inkjet technology to selectively dispense binder into powder layers in a designated area. The approach gives this process significant advantages over other additive manufacturing processes such as lower cost, capability to print in a wide range of materials, and little to no heat applied. Although binder jetting has many advantages and has been successful implemented in various industries its overall rate of adoption is slow compared to other processes. This is largely due to poor mechanical properties and consistency in printing which stems from a poor understanding of the interaction between the binder droplets and the powder bed. This is evident as print parameters for new machines and new materials are primarily determined by trial and error. The purpose of this thesis is to report the impact of various inkjet print parameters and humidity on the printing process in binder jetting. The binder/powder interaction is complex and highly dynamic where picoliter-sized droplets impact the powder bed at velocities of 1-10 m/s. Current methods of predicting this interaction assume that it is based only on binder and powder properties. This work studies the impact of inkjet printing parameters that are often overlooked with these assumptions. The impact of droplet velocity, droplet spacing, and droplet inter-arrival time was evaluated based on single line formation and effective saturation levels when printed into various powder material and sizes. Higher droplet velocities were found to decrease effective saturation with larger droplets (92-212 pl). However, droplet velocity had a negligible impact on saturation when printing with smaller droplets from 30 m orifice (29-65 pl). Line formation was dependent on both droplet inter-arrival time and droplet spacing. Max droplet spacing correlated to the square root of inter-arrival time. These results can guide selection of printing parameters that maximize build rates and reduce defects in printed parts. As the binder/powder interaction is difficult to observe and often line formation has been used as a method of observation. However, no report relating line formation to full layer parts exists. Optimal parameters determined in line printing are used for full feature parts. In addition, the impact of ambient humidity on the printing process is studied. The direct use of parameters optimized for line printing in printing a part was shown to be ineffective. When droplet spacing, line spacing, and layer thicknesses are comparable, single and multiple layers can be formed. Over short exposure periods of powder to ambient humidity produces negligible difference however, extended exposure periods significantly reduce the saturation and increase part size. Surface roughness is identified as a possible source of printing defects. Surface roughness increases significantly when printing the first layer but decreases with successive layers. This demonstrates a strong interaction between layers. The surface roughness and effective saturation was insensitive to line and droplet spacing below 60 m. Steam powder conditioning reduces sensitivity of both surface roughness and saturation to printing parameters but causes bleeding beyond the part boundaries. Further research should include improved methods of predicting ideal printing parameters and connecting it based on geometry and parts size. Further research is needed to confirm impact of surface roughness on defects in binder jetting parts. Development of methods to control spread of binder in premoistened powder to take advantage of its potential.

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