The main purpose of this thesis is the development of a new methodology of contact angle measurement called ADSA-NA (Axisymmetric Drop Shape Analysis - No Apex) that analyzes drop shape configurations with no apex. Thus ADSA-NA facilitates contact angle measurements on drops with a capillary protruding into the drop. This development is desirable because the original ADSA has some limitations for contact angle measurement, and there is a need for the improvement of the accuracy of contact angle measurement. To develop ADSA-NA, a new reference point other than the apex and a new set of optimization parameters different from those of ADSA had to be defined. The three main modules of ADSA had also to be modified; the image analysis, the numerical integration of the Laplace equation for generating theoretical curves, and the optimization procedure. It was shown that ADSA-NA significantly enhances the precision of contact angle and surface tension measurements (by at least a factor of 5) compared to those obtained from sessile drops using ADSA. Computational as well as design aspects of ADSA-NA were scrutinized in depth, well beyond the level of scrutiny in the original ADSA. On the computational side, the results obtained from one and the same drop image were compared using different gradient and non-gradient edge detection strategies and different gradient and non-gradient optimization methods. It was found that the difference between the results of different edge detection strategies is minimal. It was also found that all the optimization methods yield the same answer with eight significant figures for one and the same image. The determination of the location of the solid surface in the drop image was also further refined. On the design side, the effect of controllable experimental factors such as drop height and drop volume on the accuracy of surface tension measurement was studied. It was shown that drop height is the dominant experimental factor, and larger drop heights yield lower surface tension errors.

Free energy techniques provide the basis for an analysis of aspects of the liquid-vapour interface undertaken in this study. The main focus of this work is an extensive theoretical investigation into properties of the surface tension, including curvature dependence and supersaturation effects, using Monte Carlo computer simulation techniques.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2007. / The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file (viewed on March 19, 2009) Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (M. App. Sc.)--Carleton University, 2002. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 109-111). Also available in electronic format on the Internet.

Thesis (M. Phil.)--University of Hong Kong, 1992.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Texas at Austin, 2000. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 248-269). Available also in a digital version from Dissertation Abstracts.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Texas at Austin, 2007. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:28:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-02-11Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:58:11Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 iost_car_me_botfca.pdf: 1768880 bytes, checksum: 15165f8112f914fcc04feae599644f1d (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito de adjuvantes sobre algumas propriedades de soluções aquosas, como tamanho de gotas, tensão superficial dinâmica e ângulo de contato das gotas em diferentes superfícies, natural e artificial, bem como avaliar o efeito desses produtos sobre a deposição e a deriva utilizando como alvo três espécies de plantas daninhas (Euphorbia heterophylla, Ipomoea grandifolia e Brachiaria plantaginea). Seis formulações de adjuvantes (Antideriva®, Uno®, Pronto 3®, Li-700®, Supersil® e Silwet L-77®) foram avaliadas em soluções aquosas contendo a dose recomendada do produto comercial e o dobro dela. As avaliações de tamanho de gotas foram feitas com três diferentes pontas de pulverização (AXI 110 015, 110 02 e 110 03) por um equipamento a laser (Mastersizer, Malvern) na pressão de trabalho de 414 kPa. Os ângulos de contato formados pelas gotas em duas superfícies, uma hidrofílica (vidro) e outra hidrofóbica (óxido de alumínio), foram obtidos por análise de imagens capturadas por uma câmera digital. As avaliações de deposição e deriva das soluções aquosas associadas ou não aos adjuvantes e contendo o traçador azul brilhante (0,15% v/v), foram feitas sobre diferentes espécies vegetais, e com o auxílio de coletores laterais (placas de Petri). A quantificação do traçador foi por feita espectrofotometria. A tensão superficial dinâmica e o ângulo de contato formado sobre as superfícies adaxiais das folhas foram medidos por um tensiômetro. Em relação ao tamanho de gotas, o adjuvante Antideriva, com dobro da dose recomendada, foi o que apresentou os menores valores percentuais de volume de gotas com diâmetro menor que 100 µm e os maiores DMV, para todas as pontas em teste. As soluções que proporcionaram as maiores... / The aim of this work is to evaluate the effect of adjuvants on droplet size, dynamic surface tension and contact angle formed by the water drops in different surfaces, as well as evaluating the adjuvants effect on the deposit and the spray drift using three species of plants (Euphorbia heterophylla, Ipomoea grandifolia e Brachiaria plantaginea). We studied six adjuvants formulations (Antideriva , Uno , Pronto 3 , Li- 700 , Supersil and Silwet L-77 ) in water solution using the dosage recommended by the manufacturer and twice that dose. The droplet size of three different nozzles (AXI 110 015, 110 02 and 110 03), for a constant pressure of 414 kPa, were evaluated by a laser system. The contact angles of the drops in two surfaces (hydrophilic and hydrophobic) were obtained by the analysis of images captured by a digital camera. The evaluation of deposition and spray drift deposition of the solutions containing brilliant-blue dye (0.15 % v/v) were carried out in different plant species. The solutions were collected laterally using Petri dishes, and the brilliant-blue dye content quantified by absorption spectroscopy. The dynamic surface tension and the angle formed on the surfaces of the leaves were measured by a tensiometer. Regarding the droplet size, for all the nozzles tested the adjuvant Antideriva with twice the recommended dose presented the lowest percentage of spray volume in droplets with diameters smaller than 100µm, and highest VMD. The solutions that provided the highest reductions in the dynamic surface tension and the smallest contact angle were the ones with the adjuvants Silwet L-77 and Supersil for both appraised doses. The largest deposit average for I. grandifolia was obtained by using Uno with double of the dose; for B. ...(Complete abstract click electronic access below)

O objetivo do presente estudo foi determinar a capacidade de dissolução tecidual, tensão superficial, e capacidade de limpeza de soluções Ca(OCl)2 e compará-las ao NaOCl. A dissolução tecidual foi testada em fragmentos de polpas bovinas divididos em 18 grupos, metade deles utilizando as amostras livremente depositadas em poços de cultura de células e a outra metade utilizando as amostras fixadas em bases de dentina bovina. As soluções testadas foram o NaOCl a 0,5%, 1%, 2,5% e 5,25% e o Ca(OCl)2 a 0,5%, 1%, 2,5% e 5,25%. O grupo controle foi o soro fisiológico. Essas soluções foram empregadas sobre as amostras com dez irrigações/aspirações sucessivas de 1 minuto. A capacidade de dissolução foi mensurada pela percentagem de perda de peso. A tensão superficial do NaOCl a 0,5%, 1%, 2,5% e 5,25% e do Ca(OCl)2 a 0,5%, 1%, 2,5% e 5,25%, além de um grupo controle, água destilada, foi mensurada através da técnica do anel de platina com um tensiômetro de Du Noüy. Foram realizadas nove mensurações de cada solução e o resultado expresso em média e desvio padrão. Para a análise da capacidade de limpeza foram utilizados 50 dentes monorradiculares humanos, divididos em 5 grupos, que foram preparados com limas tipo K e irrigados com NaOCl a 2,5%, NaOCl 5,25%, Ca(OCl)2 2,5% ou Ca(OCl)2 5,25%. O grupo controle foi irrigado com soro fisiológico. Através da microscopia eletrônica de varredura foram analisados os diferentes terços dos canais quanto à remoção de debris e à presença de smear layer. Foram atribuídos escores de 1 a 4 e a frequência destes foi verificada para cada grupo. Os resultados mostraram que quanto à dissolução não houve diferença significante entre NaOCl e Ca(OCl)2 para iguais concentrações. As soluções mais concentradas foram mais eficazes na dissolução. Os valores de tensão superficial das soluções de Ca(OCl)2 variaram de 68,48 a 72,88 mJ/m. A remoção de debris do grupo do Ca(OCl)2 a 5,25% foi inferior ao grupo controle no terço cervical. Nos demais terços não houve diferença entre os grupos. Quanto à remoção de smear layer, não houve diferença entre os grupos. As soluções de hipoclorito de cálcio apresentam capacidade de dissolução tecidual, entretanto suas tensões superficiais foram superiores quando comparadas às soluções de hipoclorito de sódio. Além disso, não foram capazes de remover a smear layer e debris. / The aim of this study was to determine the tissue dissolution capacity, surface tension, and cleaning ability of Ca(OCl)2 solutions and compare to the NaOCl properties. The dissolution was tested on bovine pulps fragments divided into 18 groups, half of them was freely deposited samples in cell culture wells and the remaining samples were fixed on bovine dentin bases. The solutions tested were 0.5% NaOCl, 1.0% NaOCl, 2.5% NaOCl and 5.25% NaOCl, and 0.5% Ca(OCl)2, 1.0% Ca(OCl)2, 2.5% Ca(OCl)2, and 5.25% Ca(OCl)2. The control group was saline. These solutions were used on samples and were successively irrigated/aspirated 10 times, for 1 minute each. The dissolving capacity was measured by the percentual weight loss. The surface tension of all tested solutions and control was measured by the platinum ring technique with a Du Noüy tensiometer. Nine measurements were taken of each solution and the result expressed as mean and standard deviation. For the analysis of cleaning capacity, 50 monoradicular human teeth were divided into five groups. They were prepared with K files and irrigated with 2.5% NaOCl, 5.25% NaOCl, 2.5% Ca(OCl)2 or 5.25% Ca(OCl)2. The control group was irrigated with saline. The samples were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy. Each third of the root canals received a score regarding the removal of debris and the presence of smear layer. Scores were assigned from 1 to 4 and their frequency for each group was determined. There was no significant difference between NaOCl and Ca(OCl)2 with the same concentrations. The most concentrated solutions were more effectively in dissolution. The surface tension values of solutions for Ca(OCl)2 varied from 68.48 to 72.88 mJ/m. Debris removal for 5.25% Ca(OCl)2 was lower than the control group in the cervical third. In the other thirds there was no difference among groups. There was no difference for the smear layer removal among groups. Calcium hypochlorite solutions showed tissue dissolution ability, however their surface tensions were higher when compared with sodium hypochlorite solutions. Moreover, were not able to remove debris and smear layer.

[pt] Este trabalho originou-se com um problema industrial, o de recobrimento de um cabo por uma camada de verniz. A questão era modelar o processo de recobrimento de modo que este pudesse ser controlado, evitando perdas e otimizando a produção. O problema é descrito e resolvido nesta tese. Além disso, é formulada uma teoria de interfaces, como as existentes em escoamentos com fronteiras livres ou móveis, onde a tensão superficial desempenha um papel dominante. A formulação da teoria é feita com base na Mecânica do Contínuo, e a interface é modelada como um corpo bidimensional que separa e interage com corpos tridimensionais, dos quais faz parte. A teoria desenvolvida é aplicada em vários problemas com superfície livre para demonstrar a versatilidade da mesma. Uma as contribuições a destacar é o desenvolvimento de um código para o cálculo de superfícies capilares de equilíbrio. / [en] This work was originated with an industrial problem, the process of coating of rods with a enamel. The task was described mathematically the process such as it can be controlled, in order to avoid losses and to optimating the production. In this work the problem is formulated and solved. Furthermore, a theory of interfaces is formulated, like that exist in free or moving boundary flows, when the surface tension is a dominating force. The formulation of the theory is made within the continuous media mechanics point of view, and the interface is modeled as a bidimensional body separating and interacting with tridimensional bodies. Of course, the interface is a part of the bodies. The theory is developed and applied to several free boundary problems in order to show its adaptability. One of the principal goals of this work is the development of an algorithm and the computational program for computing equilibrium capillary surfaces.