Despite numerous studies demonstrating the effectiveness of Restricted Crossing U-Turn (RCUT) intersection design, its implementation remains uneven and close to zero in some large states such as California. This research provides a comprehensive framework to estimate the operational and safety performance of future RCUT designs in California. The framework is demonstrated for five intersections located on high-speed rural expressways in California using VISSIM microsimulation models to measure operational performance for each intersection including the base condition with the existing Two-Way Stop-Controlled (TWSC) intersection and two RCUT designs. To evaluate future safety performance, the microsimulation models were further utilized to compile vehicle trajectory data to use with the Surrogate Safety Assessment Model (SSAM) to develop a surrogate measure-based approach to estimating future safety performance. Detailed Intersection Control Evaluation (ICE) studies found that the RCUT was cost-effective and the preferred alternative. This framework may be applied to the analysis of locations where a RCUT intersection may be appropriate. The framework demonstrated here may be used by agencies to estimate the future benefits of the first-time application of treatments that have been successful elsewhere. Based on simulation results, the proposed RCUT designs reduced or eliminated the more severe crossing conflicts.

Frequently measured turbidity was examined as a surrogate for total phosphorus (TP) and total suspended solids (TSS) loads at two locations in the Little Bear River, Utah, USA. Using regression techniques, equations were developed for TP and TSS as functions of turbidity. The equations accounted for censored data, and additional explanatory variables to represent hydrological conditions were considered for inclusion in the equations. By using the resulting surrogate relationships with high frequency turbidity measurements, high frequency estimates of TP and TSS concentrations were calculated. To examine the effect of sampling frequency, reference loads were determined from the concentration records for two water years. The concentration records were artificially decimated to represent various frequencies of manual grab sampling from which annual loads were calculated and compared to the reference loads.

Yes / Purpose.: To establish whether a clinically exploitable relationship exists between surrogate measures of retinal ganglion cell number and functional sampling density and visual contrast sensitivity in healthy young eyes. Methods.: Psychometric functions for contrast detection were measured at 9° eccentricity in superior and inferior visual field from 20 healthy adults (age 23–43, median 26 years). Functions were compared with corresponding localized regions of retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness measured by optical coherence tomography, a surrogate of retinal ganglion cell number, and to grating resolution acuity, a psychophysical surrogate of retinal ganglion cell sampling density. Correlations between psychometric function parameters and retinal ganglion cell surrogates were measured by Spearman's rank correlation. Results.: All measures exhibited a 2- to 4-fold variation in our sample. Despite this, correlations between measures were weak. Correlations between psychometric function parameters (threshold, spread) and RNFL thickness ranged in magnitude from 0.05 to 0.19 (P = 0.43–0.85). Grating resolution was sampling limited for 16 of 20 participants in superior visual field, and for 12 of 20 participants in inferior visual field. Correlations between psychometric function parameters and grating resolution acuities ranged in magnitude from 0.05 to 0.36 (P = 0.12–0.85) when all data were considered, and from 0.06 to 0.36 (P = 0.26–0.87) when only sampling-limited data were considered. Conclusions.: Despite considerable variation in both psychometric functions for contrast detection and surrogate measures of retinal ganglion cell number and sampling density among healthy eyes, relationships between these measures are weak. These relationships are unlikely to be exploitable for improving clinical tests in healthy populations.

There is a renewed fücus on active modes of transportation given their multiple advantages, whether für human health or the environment in general. Interest has grown especially in 2020 after the COVID-19 pandemic, when several cities quicldy implemented temporary facilities for walking and cycling in the context of physical distancing. Several measures piggyback.ed on existing programs such as the Montreal initiative for complete streets ('rues conviviales' or 'social/festive streets'') that selects streets each year für pilot projects and a final design implementation over a three-year period This resulted in seasonal pedestrianization of about ten streets each year since 2020. Though active transportation brings together pedestrians and cyclists und.er a large umbrella, these users have very different characteristics and tbere may be conflicts of use if mixed in tbe same space. Cycling is thus generally forbidden on pedestrian streets. Despite these rules, there is cycling traffic on pedestrian streets as cyclists also enjoy car-free facilities, especially when pedestrian traffic is low, which generates complaints by pedestrians. To reconcile and help botb categories of users coexist, two Montreal boroughs tried a new rule in the Summer of 2021, to 1et cyclists bik.e at walldng speed on pedestrian streets while avoiding conflicts with pedestrians. There are few studies on cyclist-pedestrian interactions, and, to the best ofthe authors' knowledge, none on interactions in pedestrian streets. This work aims to study the coexistence or cohabitation of pedestrians and cyclists in several pedestrian streets through video-based analysis. Data were collected at several sites and on several days during the Summer of 2021 along three different pedestrian streets, two of them. allowing cycling, to assess how cyclists and pedestrians interact, whether cycling is allowed or not.