The loss of ecological integrity as a result of urban spread and construction threatens the overall biodiversity of urban areas and prompts us to consider means of better including ecological biodiversity within development projects. The UK’s best practice tool for ensuring the integration of ecology into such projects is the Building Research Establishments Environmental Assessment Method (BREEAM). This thesis seeks to identify the efficacy of the current approach to ecological integration within BREEAM, and enable development to foster biodiversity and ecology more positively in the urban environment. Qualitative and quantitative research techniques were used to develop a new approach to the integration of ecology within an existing and nationally recognised model. This began by exploring the efficacy of and the main flaws in the present system by a survey of ecologists with experience of the BREEAM process. This led to a new approach to establishing the ecological value of urban ecology utilising a new calculation methodology, adapting the current scheme to focus on land use change as a result of urban land use planning and development. This new approach utilises habitat changes at its core to measure positive and negative change and indicate potential design solutions in land use planning within a development. The innovative methodology was tested using an in depth case study to review and discuss its effective application. The outcome was a new way to address the important variables of habitat integration and linkages maintaining ecological integrity and provision of ecosystem services. It is considered that the outlined approach of the new Land Use and Ecology section of BREEAM is suitable for integration into the next iteration in 2010, which will enable development to positively foster biodiversity and ecology in the urban environment.

As cidades são as grandes modificadoras da paisagem natural, uma vez que não são organismos auto-sustentáveis e sim grandes consumidores dos insumos agrícolas, industriais e dos recursos naturais, sem, no entanto, reciclá-los ou reutilizá-los. São Paulo, com quase 11 milhões de habitantes, apresenta entre outros problemas, um grande déficit habitacional, seja pela insuficiência na quantidade de habitações para atender a demanda existente, seja pela inadequação das unidades existentes. Com a finalidade de melhorar a qualidade do ambiente construído e minimizar seu impacto negativo no ambiente natural, diversas metodologias de avaliação de sustentabilidade vêm sendo desenvolvidas por diferentes países e regiões. No contexto apresentado, este artigo teve como objetivo analisar algumas destas metodologias de avaliação de sustentabilidade do ambiente construído que foram desenvolvidas internacionalmente estudando seus indicadores, estrutura e a sua aplicabilidade na avaliação de conjuntos habitacionais no contexto da realidade brasileira. A partir da revisão bibliográfica, foram selecionados alguns métodos que foram aplicados em estudos de caso formados por dois conjuntos habitacionais de interesse social produzidos pela Companhia de Desenvolvimento Habitacional e Urbano do Estado de São Paulo - CDHU. Como resultado, foi possível verificar quais requisitos de sustentabilidade são atendidos pelos conjuntos e quais métodos e indicadores são aplicáveis ou não à realidade brasileira. / Cities are the major modifier of the natural landscape, they are large consumers of agricultural inputs, industrial and natural resources, without, however, recycle it or reuse it. To improve the quality of the built environment, developed countries have designed methodologies to assess sustainability both of building constructions and urban areas. Among other problems, São Paulo, with almost 11 million inhabitants, has a significant housing deficit, both owing to the insufficiency of housing units to meet the existing demand and the low quality of existing units. In order to improve the quality of the built environment and minimize its negative impact on the natural environment, different methodologies for assessing sustainability have been developed by different countries and regions. In the presented context, the purpose of this research was to analyze some sustainable assessment methods existing internationally, reviewing their indicators, structure and its applicability in the Brazilian reality applying them to two housing schemes. With such analysis, the author has reviewed the situation of housing schemes in regard to sustainability and, at the same time, analyzed the applicability of international methods to the Brazilian reality, identifying the main difficulties of the assessments and also identifying which methods and indicators are able to be applied or not in Brazilian reality.

As cidades são as grandes modificadoras da paisagem natural, uma vez que não são organismos auto-sustentáveis e sim grandes consumidores dos insumos agrícolas, industriais e dos recursos naturais, sem, no entanto, reciclá-los ou reutilizá-los. São Paulo, com quase 11 milhões de habitantes, apresenta entre outros problemas, um grande déficit habitacional, seja pela insuficiência na quantidade de habitações para atender a demanda existente, seja pela inadequação das unidades existentes. Com a finalidade de melhorar a qualidade do ambiente construído e minimizar seu impacto negativo no ambiente natural, diversas metodologias de avaliação de sustentabilidade vêm sendo desenvolvidas por diferentes países e regiões. No contexto apresentado, este artigo teve como objetivo analisar algumas destas metodologias de avaliação de sustentabilidade do ambiente construído que foram desenvolvidas internacionalmente estudando seus indicadores, estrutura e a sua aplicabilidade na avaliação de conjuntos habitacionais no contexto da realidade brasileira. A partir da revisão bibliográfica, foram selecionados alguns métodos que foram aplicados em estudos de caso formados por dois conjuntos habitacionais de interesse social produzidos pela Companhia de Desenvolvimento Habitacional e Urbano do Estado de São Paulo - CDHU. Como resultado, foi possível verificar quais requisitos de sustentabilidade são atendidos pelos conjuntos e quais métodos e indicadores são aplicáveis ou não à realidade brasileira. / Cities are the major modifier of the natural landscape, they are large consumers of agricultural inputs, industrial and natural resources, without, however, recycle it or reuse it. To improve the quality of the built environment, developed countries have designed methodologies to assess sustainability both of building constructions and urban areas. Among other problems, São Paulo, with almost 11 million inhabitants, has a significant housing deficit, both owing to the insufficiency of housing units to meet the existing demand and the low quality of existing units. In order to improve the quality of the built environment and minimize its negative impact on the natural environment, different methodologies for assessing sustainability have been developed by different countries and regions. In the presented context, the purpose of this research was to analyze some sustainable assessment methods existing internationally, reviewing their indicators, structure and its applicability in the Brazilian reality applying them to two housing schemes. With such analysis, the author has reviewed the situation of housing schemes in regard to sustainability and, at the same time, analyzed the applicability of international methods to the Brazilian reality, identifying the main difficulties of the assessments and also identifying which methods and indicators are able to be applied or not in Brazilian reality.

In order to see if, and how, future aid efforts can be improved and better contribute to a more sustainable and resilient society this essay is about how management of solid waste generated in emergency situations work and what effects the waste have on public health. This is investigated using information collected from secondary sources and interviews with three persons who have knowledge and experience in the subject. Health and sustainability are of importance in the guidelines that deal with management of waste in disaster situations. However, there are no documentations of real experiences of disaster waste impacts on human health. Even so the waste might contaminate drinking water and increase the amount of disease-carrying vectors in the area. Previous conditions in the country, low priority of waste and information to the public are some of the main features preventing optimal function of a sustainable and healthy waste management. / För att se om och hur framtida biståndsinsatser kan förbättras och i större utsträckning bidra till ett mer hållbart och motståndskraftigt samhälle handlar denna uppsats om hur hanteringen av katastrofavfall fungerar och vilka effekter detta avfall har på människors hälsa. Detta undersöks med hjälp av information som samlats in från sekundärkällor samt intervjuer med tre personer som har kunskap och erfarenhet i ämnet. Hälsa och hållbarhet är av betydelse i de riktlinjer som behandlar hantering av avfall i katastrofsituationer. Trots att inga verkliga erfarenheter av katastrofavfalls effekter på människors hälsa finns dokumenterade kan avfallet förorena dricksvatten och öka mängden smittspridande vektorer i området. Tidigare förhållanden i området, låg prioritet av avfall och dålig information till allmänheten är några av de viktigaste funktionerna som förhindrar optimal funktion av en hållbar och sund avfallshantering.

A indústria da construção, nomeadamente no setor da edificação, baseia-se essencialmente em métodos de construção tradicional. Esta indústria é caracterizada pela elevada quantidade de recursos que consome, pela quantidade de resíduos que produz, a sua implicação na economia dos países e à sua inter-relação com a sociedade. Esta realidade é de todo incompatível com os desígnios do desenvolvimento sustentável, nos quais se procura a correlação harmoniosa entre as vertentes ambientais, sociais e econômicas. O desafio da sustentabilidade colocado à atividade da construção tem motivado abordagens distintas, não só por parte das várias especialidades da engenharia, como também da arquitetura. Neste sentido, o presente trabalho propôs-se a desenvolver uma Ferramenta que, de uma forma coordenada e integrada permita orientar o desenvolvimento do projeto para soluções sustentáveis ao longo das várias fases do ciclo de evolução de um projeto. Foi desenvolvida recorrendo a uma pesquisa bibliográfica sobre o tema da gestão de projetos e sobre o sistema de certificação de sustentabilidade Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED). Para além disto, foram ainda incorporados alguns requisitos normativos, obtidos por meio de normas brasileiras ABNT, normas Americanas e normas Europeias. Pensa-se que da adequada aplicação desta ferramenta, os objetivos definidos pelo promotor da obra em termos de sustentabilidade, poderão ser mais facilmente atingidos pela equipa de projetista através da consideração antecipada de medidas e soluções de sustentabilidade nas diferentes fases de desenvolvimento do projeto permitindo assim, um melhor desempenho do edifício ao nível da construção sustentável. / The construction industry, particularly in the building sector, is based mainly on traditional construction methods. This industry is characterized by excessive consumption of resources, the amount of waste it produces, its implication in the economy of countries and their relationship with society. This reality is entirely incompatible with the aims of sustainable development, which seeks a harmonious relationship between the environmental, social and economic aspects. The sustainability challenge faced by the construction activity has motivated different approaches, not only by the various engineering specialties, but also by the architecture. In this sense, this paper aimed to develop a model in a coordinated and integrated manner to guide the development of the project to sustainable solutions throughout the various stages of the project life cycle. It was developed using a literature review about the topic of project management and sustainability assessment tool Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED). Furthermore, and to improve the effectiveness of the Model, it was been incorporated some standardisation requirements, obtained by Brazilian standards ABNT, American standards and European standards. Through proper application of this tool, the goals set by Owner of the work, in terms of sustainability, can be more easily achieved by the project design team through timely consideration of measures and sustainability solutions at different stages of project development. Allowing a better performance of the building in terms of the sustainable construction.

A indústria da construção, nomeadamente no setor da edificação, baseia-se essencialmente em métodos de construção tradicional. Esta indústria é caracterizada pela elevada quantidade de recursos que consome, pela quantidade de resíduos que produz, a sua implicação na economia dos países e à sua inter-relação com a sociedade. Esta realidade é de todo incompatível com os desígnios do desenvolvimento sustentável, nos quais se procura a correlação harmoniosa entre as vertentes ambientais, sociais e econômicas. O desafio da sustentabilidade colocado à atividade da construção tem motivado abordagens distintas, não só por parte das várias especialidades da engenharia, como também da arquitetura. Neste sentido, o presente trabalho propôs-se a desenvolver uma Ferramenta que, de uma forma coordenada e integrada permita orientar o desenvolvimento do projeto para soluções sustentáveis ao longo das várias fases do ciclo de evolução de um projeto. Foi desenvolvida recorrendo a uma pesquisa bibliográfica sobre o tema da gestão de projetos e sobre o sistema de certificação de sustentabilidade Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED). Para além disto, foram ainda incorporados alguns requisitos normativos, obtidos por meio de normas brasileiras ABNT, normas Americanas e normas Europeias. Pensa-se que da adequada aplicação desta ferramenta, os objetivos definidos pelo promotor da obra em termos de sustentabilidade, poderão ser mais facilmente atingidos pela equipa de projetista através da consideração antecipada de medidas e soluções de sustentabilidade nas diferentes fases de desenvolvimento do projeto permitindo assim, um melhor desempenho do edifício ao nível da construção sustentável. / The construction industry, particularly in the building sector, is based mainly on traditional construction methods. This industry is characterized by excessive consumption of resources, the amount of waste it produces, its implication in the economy of countries and their relationship with society. This reality is entirely incompatible with the aims of sustainable development, which seeks a harmonious relationship between the environmental, social and economic aspects. The sustainability challenge faced by the construction activity has motivated different approaches, not only by the various engineering specialties, but also by the architecture. In this sense, this paper aimed to develop a model in a coordinated and integrated manner to guide the development of the project to sustainable solutions throughout the various stages of the project life cycle. It was developed using a literature review about the topic of project management and sustainability assessment tool Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED). Furthermore, and to improve the effectiveness of the Model, it was been incorporated some standardisation requirements, obtained by Brazilian standards ABNT, American standards and European standards. Through proper application of this tool, the goals set by Owner of the work, in terms of sustainability, can be more easily achieved by the project design team through timely consideration of measures and sustainability solutions at different stages of project development. Allowing a better performance of the building in terms of the sustainable construction.

In Russia, all conditions are currently being formed, as well as the prerequisites for the application of strategic management methods and tools, both for large enterprises and for small firms, regardless of the scope of activity and legal form of ownership. A sustainable development strategy is a common type of strategy that every member of the global economy should pursue with the goal of satisfying today's needs, without compromising the ability of future generations to satisfy their own. The sources used educational and methodological and research literature, the results of empirical research of the author and the data of questionnaires. In the master's thesis, a generalized integral indicator was developed based on the distribution of goals in the areas of economic, environmental, social and technological sustainability to assess the sustainability of the enterprise, and this indicator was also used in the economic rationale of the sustainable development strategy. / В России в настоящее время формируются все условия, а также предпосылки применения методов и средств стратегического управления, как для крупных предприятий, так и для мелких фирм независимо от сферы деятельности и организационно-правовой формы собственности. Стратегия устойчивого развития – это распространенный вид стратегии, которому должен следовать каждый участник мировой экономики, имеющий цель удовлетворить сегодняшние потребности, не ставя под угрозу способность будущих поколений удовлетворять свои собственные. В качестве источников использовалась учебно-методическая и научно-исследовательская литература, результаты эмпирических исследований автора и данные опросников. В магистерской диссертации был разработан обобщённый интегральный показатель на основе распределения целей по направлениям экономической, экологической, социальной и технологической устойчивости для оценки устойчивости предприятия, а также данный показатель был использован в экономическом обосновании стратегии устойчивого развития.

[ES] En el núcleo de la industria mundial de la construcción radica el uso excesivo de materiales, especialmente de combustibles fósiles. En esta línea de investigación, muchos investigadores y diseñadores han reducido significativamente la proporción de materiales y han minimizado la cantidad destinada al diseño en función de los criterios de investigación y las especificaciones de diseño. Teniendo en cuenta que las medidas anteriores pueden reducir los materiales de manera efectiva, es necesario investigar más a fondo algunas cuestiones: a) ¿En qué etapas del ciclo de vida de los materiales de construcción se consumen más? b) ¿Cómo utilizar el método científico más adecuado para reducir el consumo de materiales en la fase de mayor uso? c) ¿Cómo completar científicamente la evaluación de la optimización del consumo de materiales bajo la influencia de la superación de muchos eventos discretos y factores de influencia externos durante la etapa de diseño? d) En la fase de construcción, ¿cómo optimizar al máximo el proceso de gestión del proyecto y lograr el mayor ahorro de material para garantizar la calidad, la seguridad y el coste? e) ¿Cuánto material se puede ahorrar mediante la optimización del diseño y la gestión del proyecto? f) ¿Cuál es el impacto final del sistema teórico de investigación y de los datos de análisis mencionados en el desarrollo sostenible de la industria de la construcción? Al examinar publicaciones relevantes sobre el ciclo de vida completo de la industria de la construcción (Capítulo 2), la tesis encontró que las etapas de diseño y construcción son clave para reducir efectivamente el consumo de materiales. El objetivo principal de esta tesis es resolver los problemas de optimización propuestos. Mediante el establecimiento de un marco de modelo de investigación multidimensional y un modelo de optimización de gestión de proyectos sistemático, la tesis reduce el peso de varios componentes estructurales del puente estáticamente indeterminado y realiza la optimización ligera de la estructura del puente. La tesis establece varios modelos teóricos básicos de innovación en el marco del modelo de investigación: el modelo de acoplamiento bibliométrico, el modelo matemático ComplexPlot; el modelo matemático integral multifactorial; el modelo de optimización de acoplamiento micro y macrodimensional de elementos finitos, y el modelo de evaluación de optimización de la gestión de proyectos dominó del método de la entropía. El sistema de investigación teórica supera la interferencia de la discreción del objeto de investigación, la complejidad y los factores de influencia inciertos y realiza la solidez de la evaluación y la mejora. El sistema de investigación teórica supera la interferencia de la discreción del objeto de investigación, la complejidad y los factores de influencia inciertos y consigue la solidez de la evaluación y la mejora. Asimismo, mejora ampliamente la resistencia del modelo a los factores naturales, humanos, accidentales e inciertos y el problema de la interferencia externa de las emergencias. Por último, el sistema formó un conjunto completo de sistemas de modelos de optimización de prevención y control conjuntos maduros y alcanzó los objetivos y enfoques de la investigación. El valor de la investigación de esta tesis: a) llena el vacío de la investigación en este campo. b) innova en una variedad de nuevos modelos teóricos de investigación. c) resuelve los problemas de discreción, incertidumbre e interferencia de factores externos en la optimización de la topología y la optimización de la gestión de proyectos. Las interferencias de los factores externos de mutación y la sensibilidad de las emergencias se compensan y corrigen. d) La investigación mejora la captura de datos discretos y la escasez de compensación del sistema de análisis de software Monte Carlo. / [CA] En el nucli de la indústria mundial de la construcció radica l'ús excessiu de materials, especialment de combustibles fòssils. En aquesta línia d'investigació, molts investigadors i dissenyadors han reduït significativament la proporció de materials i han minimitzat la quantitat destinada al disseny en funció dels criteris d'investigació i les especificacions de disseny. Tenint en compte que les mesures anteriors poden reduir els materials de manera efectiva, és necessari investigar més a fons algunes qüestions: a) En quines etapes del cicle de vida dels materials de construcció es consumeixen més? b) Com utilitzar el mètode científic més adequat per a reduir el consum de materials en la fase de major ús? c) Com completar científicament l'avaluació de l'optimització del consum de materials sota la influència de la superació de molts esdeveniments discrets i factors d'influència externs durant l'etapa de disseny? d) En la fase de construcció, com optimitzar al màxim el procés de gestió del projecte i aconseguir el major estalvi de material per a garantir la qualitat, la seguretat i el cost? e) Quant material es pot estalviar mitjançant l'optimització del disseny i la gestió del projecte? f) Quin és l'impacte final del sistema teòric d'investigació i de les dades d'anàlisis esmentades en el desenvolupament sostenible de la indústria de la construcció? En examinar publicacions rellevants sobre el cicle de vida complet de la indústria de la construcció (Capítol 2), la tesi va trobar que les etapes de disseny i construcció són clau per a reduir efectivament el consum de materials. L'objectiu principal d'aquesta tesi és resoldre els problemes d'optimització proposats. Mitjançant l'establiment d'un marc de model d'investigació multidimensional i un model d'optimització de gestió de projectes sistemàtic, la tesi redueix el pes de diversos components estructurals del pont estàticament indeterminat i realitza l'optimització lleugera de l'estructura del pont. La tesi estableix diversos models teòrics bàsics d'innovació en el marc del model d'investigació: el model d'acoblament bibliomètric, el model matemàtic ComplexPlot; el model matemàtic integral multifactorial; el model d'optimització d'acoblament micro i macrodimensional d'elements finits, i el model d'avaluació d'optimització de la gestió de projectes va dominar del mètode de l'entropia. El sistema d'investigació teòrica supera la interferència de la discreció de l'objecte d'investigació, la complexitat i els factors d'influència incerts i realitza la solidesa de l'avaluació i la millora. El sistema d'investigació teòrica supera la interferència de la discreció de l'objecte d'investigació, la complexitat i els factors d'influència incerts i aconsegueix la solidesa de l'avaluació i la millora. Així mateix, millora àmpliament la resistència del model als factors naturals, humans, accidentals i incerts i el problema de la interferència externa de les emergències. Finalment, el sistema va formar un conjunt complet de sistemes de models d'optimització de prevenció i control conjunts madurs i va aconseguir els objectius i enfocaments de la investigació. El valor de la investigació d'aquesta tesi: a) ompli el buit de la investigació en aquest camp. b) innova en una varietat de nous models teòrics d'investigació. c) resol els problemes de discreció, incertesa i interferència de factors externs en l'optimització de la topologia i l'optimització de la gestió de projectes. Les interferències dels factors externs de mutació i la sensibilitat de les emergències es compensen i corregeixen. d) La investigació millora la captura de dades discretes i l'escassetat de compensació del sistema d'anàlisi de programari Muntanya Carlo. / [EN] At the heart of the global construction industry is the overuse of materials, especially non-renewable fossil energy raw materials. In this research direction, many researchers and designers have significantly reduced the proportion of materials and minimized the amount of design within the scope of research ideas and design specifications. Given whether the above measures can effectively reduce materials, several questions need to be further studied: a) In which stages of the life cycle of building materials are consumed more? b) How to use the most compelling scientific method to reduce the consumption of materials at the stage where materials are used the most? c) How to scientifically complete the material consumption optimization evaluation in the design stage under the influence of overcoming many discrete events and external influencing factors? d) In the construction stage, how to optimize the project management process to the greatest extent and achieve the most excellent material saving to ensure quality, safety and cost? e) How much material can be saved through design and project management optimization? f) What are the ultimate impact of the above research theoretical system and analysis data on the sustainable development of the construction industry? Through the investigation of relevant publications on the whole life cycle of the construction industry (chapter 2), the thesis finds that the design and construction stages are the key to effectively reducing material consumption. The main goal of this thesis is to solve the proposed optimization problems. By establishing a multi-dimensional research model framework and a systematic project management optimization model, the thesis reduces the weight of various components of the statically indeterminate bridge structure and realizes the lightweight optimization of the bridge structure. The thesis establishes several core theoretical innovation models in the research model framework: the bibliometric coupling model, ComplexPlot mathematical model; the multi-factor integral mathematical model; the multi-dimensional finite element micro and macro coupling optimization model, and the entropy weight method domino project management optimization evaluation model. The theoretical research system overcomes the interference of the research object's discreteness, complexity, and uncertain influencing factors and realizes the robustness of evaluation and improvement. It comprehensively improves the model's resistance to natural, human, accidental, and uncertain factors and the external interference problem of emergencies. Ultimately, the system formed a complete set of mature joint prevention and control optimization model systems and realized the research goals and paradigms. The research value of this thesis: a) fills the research gap in this field. b) innovates a variety of new theoretical research models. c) solves the problems of discreteness, uncertainty, and external factor interference in topology optimization and project management optimization. Compensation and correction are made for the interference of external mutation factors and the sensitivity of emergencies. d) The research improves the Monte Carlo software analysis system's discrete data capture and compensation shortage. In this thesis, various types of advanced project management methods and advanced construction schemes are applied in the case study, which provides a rich reference value for optimizing statically indeterminate bridges of the same type. For readers without extensive practical experience, there are some difficulties in understanding and applying the model. The reader needs to think carefully in combination with the case, which is also the insufficiency of this thesis. / This research was supported by grants from ”BIA2017-85098-R” and “PID2020-117056RB-I00”. / Zhou, Z. (2023). Life Cycle Optimization Analysis of Bridge Sustainable Development [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/191959