This research considers the motivating factors behind energy use in the residential sector, which in 2011 accounted for more than 26% of overall energy use in the UK. The study took a mixed method approach and considered case studies in both the UK and Australia, two countries with very different energy regimes. UK case studies were analysed using predictive energy modelling, quantitative assessment of actual energy use and thermal comfort, and qualitative interview and focus group assessment of individual motivation around energy use. The Australian case studies were assessed qualitatively and their attitudes compared to the UK core group. Additional perspectives were gained through interviews with UK landlords, a large environmental group, a senior politician, and two senior policymakers from a large energy company. The investigation assesses the implied importance of the key strands developed from previous research in instigating changes in behaviour amongst occupants. These include psychological, social, financial, educational and regulatory factors. In particular, it looks at the ineffectiveness of the Green Deal on energy behaviour in the residential sector. The research offers a reasoned explanation as to why it is important to record predictive, actual, and intended behaviour with regard to energy use. The study concludes that a variety of incentives are necessary to encourage behaviour change, and that the complexity of occupant behaviour makes it difficult to develop a single policy to encourage more sustainable energy use. There is sometimes a disconnect between intention and behaviour. However, there seems to be a certain commonality among the occupants, in that their behaviour around energy is often other than predicted by conventional economics and more likely to incorporate predictions from behavioural economics. This is recognised by the case study participants in both the UK and Australia, and they largely agree on the beneficial role of government in regulating them and "nudging" them in the right direction with regard to influencing their motivations around energy use. Financial incentives are also a key driver in motivating residents to use energy more sustainably, but they need to be carefully aligned to suit a wide range of individuals. Another issue that became clear in the research is that policy focusing purely on energy efficiency can be ineffective, if the policy goal is to mitigate the effects of climate change. The rebound effect is likely to result in a lower demand for residential energy transferring to increased demand for energy elsewhere in the economy. The study recommends that policy should focus on sustainable energy use, using financial and other mechanisms to discourage the use of fossil fuels.

För att tillgodose framtidens växande behov av energi och samtidigt bidra till en långsiktigt hållbar energitillförsel krävs resurs- och energieffektivisering inom flera sektorer. Inte minst inom industrin som år 2016 stod för mer än 50 procent av det globala energibehovet. Tillvaratagandet av befintliga resurser såsom spillvärme från tryckluftsproduktion är en möjlig effektiviseringsåtgärd. Till grund för examensarbetet ligger ett önskemål från koncernen Sandvik AB att utreda besparingspotential och kostnader för reinvestering i en av industrins kompressorcentraler, Götvalsverket. Reinvesteringen avser två nya kompressorer vars spillvärme integreras i industrins befintliga närvärmesystem och möjliggör för minskade resurs- och energikostnader samt utsläpp av CO2. Arbetet syftar till att analysera olika kompressorlösningar utifrån ett ekonomiskt och miljömässig perspektiv. Detta görs med hjälp av insamlad data, känslighetsanalyser och lönsamhetskalkyler med tillhörande LCC. Målet är att kunna besvara olika frågeställningar rörande total investeringskostnad, energi- och resursbesparing samt utsläppsreducering. Två fall av produktion undersöks, dels vid drift enligt Götvalsverkets befintliga produktionstid och dels med en optimerad drifttid för kompressorenheterna. En litteraturstudie har också genomförts där flera studier visar att tryckluft är ett dyrt alternativ för energiproduktion och att implementering av effektiviseringsåtgärder, däribland återvinning av spillvärme, därför kan vara väl grundade investeringar. Även andra fördelar kan kopplas till energieffektivisering, exempelvis förbättrad produktion och arbetsmiljö för anställda. Resultatet av arbetet visade att särskilt ett kompressoralternativ stod ut från de övriga ur både en ekonomisk- och miljömässig synpunkt. Detta alternativ erbjöd inte den billigaste investeringen men däremot var mängden återvunnen värme så pass mycket större än för andra alternativ, att energibesparingen minskade återbetalningstiden drastiskt. Tillvaratagande av befintliga resurser som spillvärme, tillsammans med industrins minskade energianvändning, anses vara en nödvändighet för att kunna säkerställa välmående hos både människor, djur och natur i framtiden. / In order to meet the growing demand for energy in the future, while contributing to a long-term sustainable energy supply, resource and energy efficiency measures are required within several sectors. In 2016 the industry sector accounted for more than 50 percent of the global power demand. The use of existing resources, such as waste heat from compressed air production, is a possible efficiency measure.  Behind this thesis work is a request from the Sandvik AB Group to estimate savings potential and reinvestment costs in one of the industry's compressor centers, Götvalsverket. The reinvestment refers to two new compressors whose waste heat is integrated into the industry's existing district heating system and allows for reduced resource and energy costs as well as a reduction of CO2-emissions.  This work aims to investigate different compressor alternatives from an economic- and environmental perspective. This is done using collected data, a sensitivity analysis and profitability calculations with an attached LCC-analysis. The aim is to answer various questions regarding total investment cost, energy and resource saving as well as emission reduction. Two cases in production are investigated. The first according to the existing operation hours in Götvalsverket and the second case with an optimized operating time for the compressor units.  A literature review has also been conducted where several studies show that compressed air is an expensive alternative to energy production and that implementation of efficiency measures, including waste heat recovery, can be well-founded investments. Other benefits can also be linked to energy efficiency, such as improved production and an improved work environment for employees.  The result of the work showed that one alternative in particular stood out from the other compressor solutions, both from an economic and environmental point of view. This option did not offer the cheapest investment but the amount of recovered waste heat was much larger than for the other alternatives and therefore, energy savings reduced the payback period drastically.  The utilizing of existing resources such as waste heat, together with the industry sector’s reduced energy consumption, is considered a necessity in order to ensure the well-being of people, animals and nature in the future.