Os diques da Região dos Lagos, localizados entre os municípios de Arraial do Cabo, Cabo Frio e Armação dos Búzios (RJ), integram o Enxame de Diques da Serra do Mar (ESM) e apresentam particularidades geoquímicas e geocronológicas que fazem com que seu papel na abertura do Atlântico Sul ainda seja pouco compreendido. Este estudo apresenta os resultados da investigação detalhada sobre a gênese e a idade dessas intrusões, através novas análises de elementos maiores, menores, traços, razões isotópicas (Sr, Nd e Pb) e datações 40Ar/39Ar. Os diques são quimicamente representados por basaltos toleíticos, andesibasaltos toleíticos e basaltos transicionais, com teores de TiO2, em sua maioria, inferiores a 2% (BTi). Os dados de geoquímica elemental permitem identificar dois grupos, um mais primitivo e empobrecido em elementos incompatíveis (grupo A), e outro mais evoluído e enriquecido nesses elementos (grupo B). Os dados sugerem pouca ou nenhuma influência de contaminação crustal durante a evolução e apontam semelhanças do grupo A com os basaltos BTi (Esmeralda) da Província Magmática do Paraná (PMP). O grupo B, por sua vez, apresenta características distintas dos derrames BTi da PMP. O grupo A possui composições isotópicas pouco radiogênicas em Sr e mais radiogênicas em Pb que o grupo B, assemelhando-se àquelas dos diques Horingbaai da Namíbia. As razões isotópicas de Pb sugerem que os dois grupos foram originados por fontes mantélicas distintas, as quais são também menos radiogênicas que os derrames BTi da PMP. Os dados não se adequam à diferenciação por cristalização fracionada com assimilação concomitante ou por mistura envolvendo os reservatórios mantélicos clássicos. Este comportamento pode estar relacionado a heterogeneidades do manto litosférico, causadas por longos processos de subducção durante a amalgamação do Gondwana ocidental. As análises 40Ar/39Ar mostram que a presença de sericitização e albitização nos plagioclásios pode imprimir as idades desses processos nos espectros. Plagioclásios sericitizados do grupo A forneceram idades de 106-108 Ma, e também um provável evento de albitização em 96 Ma. Tais idades discordam tanto das de plagioclásios frescos (idades máximas de 125-140 Ma), afetados por excesso de Ar em decorrência de inclusões de piroxênio e apatita, como daquelas de 132 Ma obtidas em anfibólio-biotita. Estas últimas devem marcar a intrusão dos diques do grupo A, confirmando sua associação com a PMP. A análise em rocha total de um dique do grupo B apresentou idade máxima de cerca de 108 Ma, sugerindo que a intrusão dos grupos A e B podem não ser contemporâneas. A similaridade entre a idade do grupo B e aquela de soerguimento da costa sudeste sugere que estes diques possam ter sido originados durante esse evento, que também teria causado a alteração (sericitização) dos plagioclásios do grupo A. / The Região dos Lagos tholeiitic dykes, located in Rio de Janeiro State, encompass the Arraial do Cabo, Cabo Frio and Armação de Búzios towns and integrate the Serra do Mar Dyke Swarm. Their role in the South Atlantic opening processes is still poorly defined because of their peculiar geochemical and geochronological features. In this work, the petrogenesis and the geochronology of these intrusions were investigated in detail based on new data of elemental (major, minor and trace elements) and isotope (Sr, Nd and Pb) geochemistry along with a careful 40Ar/39Ar dating. The dykes are chemically represented by tholeiitic basalts, andesi tholeiitic basalts and transitional basalts, usually presenting TiO2 contents lower than 2% (LTi). The elemental geochemistry allows the recognition of two magmatic groups; one of them is more primitive and depleted in incompatible elements (group A), whereas the other one is more evolved and enriched in these elements (group B). The data also indicate that crustal assimilation, if existed, had a small role in the magmatic evolution of both groups, and point out similarities between group A and the LTi flows (Esmeralda) from the Paraná Magmatic Province (PMP). Group B, in turn, displays geochemical features very different from those of the LTi basalts from PMP. The Sr isotope compositions of group A are less radiogenic than those of the B one, but the opposite occurs with Pb, which makes the first group similar to the Horingbaai dykes from Namibia. The Pb isotope ratios indicate that A and B were originated from distinct mantle sources, which also differ from those related to PMP LTi flows. The isotope data are not compatible with assimilation-fractional crystallization processes or simple mixtures involving the classic mantle reservoirs. This behavior suggests origin in heterogeneous lithospheric subcontinental mantle, probably affected by long subduction periods during Western Gondwana amalgamation. The 40Ar/39Ar geochronological data point out that the presence of plagioclase sericitization and albitization in their rims may imprint the age of these events in the age spectra. Sericitized plagioclase grains of group A displayed ages of 106-108 Ma, while the albitized fractions provided ages of 96 Ma. Such results disagree with both the fresh plagioclase grains (maximum ages of 125-140 Ma), very affected by excess Ar due to pyroxene and apatite inclusions, and the 132 Ma age of the amphibole-biotite aliquots. This last result very probably corresponds to the dyke emplacement event, confirming the genetic relationship between group A and the PMP. Whole rock dating in a sericite-free group B dyke provided maximum age of 108 Ma, which would imply that A and B groups are not coeval. The similarity between the last age and the uplifting event of Southwestern Brazilian coast suggests that the dykes of group B could have been generated during such process, which also altered (sericitized) the plagioclases of the group A dykes.

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Proper modelling of the gravitational fields of irregularly shaped asteroids and comets is an essential yet challenging part of any spacecraft visit and flyby to these bodies. Accurate density representations provide crucial information for proximity missions, which rely heavily on it to design safe and efficient trajectories. This work explores using a spacecraft swarm to maximise the measured gravitational signal in a hypothetical mission around the comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko. Spacecraft trajectories are simultaneously computed and evaluated using a high-order numerical integrator and an evolutionary optimisation method to maximise overall signal return. The propagation is based on an open-source polyhedral gravity model using a detailed mesh of 67P/C-G and considers the comet’s sidereal rotation. We compare performance on various mission scenarios using one and four spacecraft. The results show that the swarm achieved an expected increase in coverage over a single spacecraft when considering a fixed mission duration. However, optimising for a single spacecraft results in a more effective trajectory. The impact of dimensionality is further studied by introducing an iterative local search strategy, resulting in a generally improved robustness for finding efficient solutions. Overall, this work serves as a testbed for designing a set of trajectories in particularly complex gravitational environments, balancing measured signals and risks in a swarm scenario. / En korrekt modellering av de gravitationsfält som uppstår runt irreguljärt formade asteroider och kometer är en avgörande och utmanande del för alla uppdrag till likartade himlakroppar. Exakta densitetsrepresentationer tillhandahåller viktig information för att säkerställa säkra och effektiva rutter för särsilt närgående rymdfarkoster. I denna studie utforskar vi användningen av en svärm av rymdfarkoster för att maximera den uppmätta gravitationssignalen i ett hypotetisk uppdrag runt kometen 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko. Rymdfarkosternas banor beräknas och utvärderas i parallella scheman med hjälp av en högre ordningens numerisk integration och en evolutionär optimeringsmetod i syfte att maximera den totala uppmätta signalen. Beräkningarna baseras på en öppen källkod för en polyhedral gravitationsmodell som använder ett detaljerat rutnät av triangulära polygoner för att representera 67P/C-G och beaktar kometens egna rotation. Vi jämför sedan prestanden för olika uppdragscenarier med en respektive fyra rymdfarkoster. Resultaten visar att svärmen uppnådde en förväntad ökning i täckning jämfört med en enskild rymdfarkost under en fast uppdragsvaraktighet. Dock resulterar optimering för en enskild rymdfarkost i en mer effektiv bana. Påverkan av dimensionshöjningen hos oberoende variabler studeras vidare genom att introducera en iterativ lokal sökstrategi, vilket resulterar i en generellt förbättrad robusthet samt effektivare lösningar. Sammantaget fungerar detta arbete som en testbädd för att studera och utforma rymdfarkosters banor i särskilt komplexa gravitationsmiljöer, samt för att balansera uppmätta signaler och risker i ett svärmscenario.

The Master Thesis deals with logistic module innovation of information system ERP. The principle of innovation is based on implementation of heuristic algorithms which solve Travel Salesman Problems (TSP). The software MATLAB is used for analysis and tests of these algorithms. The goal of Master Thesis is the comparison of selections algorithm, which are suitable for economic purposes (accuracy of solution, speed of calculation and memory demands).

In my doctoral thesis I have investigated earthquake swarms from two com- pletely different tectonic areas, West Bohemia/Vogtland and Southwest Iceland, with the aim of gaining a deeper insight into the nature of earthquake swarms in diverse tectonic environments. I analysed swarm-like activities from West Bo- hemia and Southwest Iceland from the perspective of statistical characteristics (magnitude-frequency distribution, interevent time distribution), seismic moment release, and space-time distribution of events. I found that the ratio of small to large events and the event rates are similar for all the activities in both areas, while the rate of the seismic moment release is significantly higher for the South- west Icelandic swarms. Seismic moment released step by step is characterised for the West Bohemia swarms, whereas seismic moment released in one dominant short-term phase is typical of Southwest Icelandic earthquake swarms. All the West Bohemian swarms took place in a bounded focal zone Nový Kostel that is fairly complex, consisting of several fault segments. The Southwest Icelandic swarms are distributed at much larger area along the Mid Atlantic Ridge up to its branching in the Hengill triple junction, the individual swarms clearly reflect a tectonic structure of respective focal areas. I have...