No description available.

The purpose of this study was to compare three methods of teaching children the arm drive of the front crawl. Subjects were ninety second and third grade girls from four of the elementary schools in Muncie, Indiana.Group I received instruction in the front crawl using a straight-arm drive. Group II received instruction in the front crawl using a straight-arm drive for the first half of the learning period, and a bent-arm drive for the latter half. Group III received instruction in the front crawl using a bent-arm drive.Criterion measures included a power test to measure distance swum in twelve arm strokes, and a subjective rating by judges to evaluate the effectiveness of arm action.It was concluded that for these subjects, use of the straight-arm drive, the straight-arm drive followed by the bent-arm drive, or the bent-arm drive was neither an advantage nor a disadvantage when learning the front crawl.

No description available.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the psychometric properties of swimming rubrics. The 10-level rubrics were designed to assess the front crawl. Participants were children, aged 8 to 13 years, with and without a physical disability (n=19) from a "reverse integration" school in Montreal. Participants swam 20 meters with each deciding if a floatation device was necessary. They evaluated themselves as well as peers using the rubric format. The physical education teacher and two teaching assistants participated as teacher assessors. Teacher, peer, and self assessments produced similar scores. In peer assessment, students with disability produced lower scores than students without disability. Boys did not differ from girls. In self assessment, students with and without a disability showed similar competence in comparison to teachers. Also, boys and girls produced similar competence in comparison to their teacher as well. Finally, video assessment was significantly correlated with assessment done immediately after performance.

The purpose of this study was undertaken first, to determine, in so far as possible, the extent of the growing popularity of swimming throughout Texas; second, to discover what provisions were being made to meet the new demands for more adequate facilities and instruction; third, to reveal the extent of swimming participation in the state; fourth, to reveal data showing the extent and kind of swimming facilities in the state; and fifth, to evaluate the data found.

The purpose of this study was to determine whether traditional learn-to-swim progressions, leading to the front and back swim, were developmentally valid for children with physical disabilities. / Forty children between the ages of 5 and 12 years participated in this study. The children were described according to four descriptive characteristics: disability type, functional sport classification, mode of ambulation, and need of a flotation device. The children required recommendation from their regular aquatic instructor as being comfortable in the water to participate in the study. In addition, each child had to pass a water orientation-adjustment test. / The developmental validity of the progressions was assessed by testing the children on seven skills: rhythmic breathing, front float, front glide, front swim, back float, back glide, and back swim. A pass consisted of all criteria for success being met for a particular skill. The data were analyzed to determine the number of children who followed the typical progression and the number who followed an atypical progression. / The results indicated that the proposed learn-to-swim progressions for both the front swim and back swim were not developmentally valid for most children with physical disabilities who were neither extremely high nor low in functional sport ability. / These results are consistent with the views of ecological theory and suggest that not all children with physical disabilities will reach an end-goal using the same means. Aquatic instructors therefore, need to adapt their teaching methods to the individual strengths of their students.

No description available.