A human enters with his activities to the industrial landscape in the same natural way as the nature entered before, and developed them.

La désinfection de l’eau de consommation et des piscines induit la formation de sous-produits (SPD) potentiellement nocifs pour la santé, parmi lesquels les trihalométhanes (THM), les acides haloacétiques (HAA) et les chloramines (CAM). La difficulté d’estimer l’exposition humaine à ces SPD empêche de cerner précisément les risques sanitaires possiblement associés (i.e., cancérigènes, reprotoxiques, irritatifs). Nos travaux s’articulent autour d’une méthodologie consistant à intégrer des données d’occurrence environnementales à des modèles toxicocinétiques à base physiologique (TCBP) pour améliorer les mesures de l’exposition aux SPD. Cette approche multidisciplinaire veut prendre en compte de manière aussi appropriée que possible les deux composantes majeures des variations de cette exposition : les variations spatio-temporelles des niveaux de contamination environnementale et l’impact des différences inter- et intra-individuelles sur les niveaux biologiques. Cette thèse, organisée en deux volets qui explorent chacun successivement des aspects environnemental et biologique de la problématique, vise à contribuer au développement de cette stratégie innovante d’estimation de l’exposition et, plus généralement, à des meilleures pratiques en la matière. Le premier volet de la thèse s’intéresse à l’exposition en milieu domestique (i.e., résultant de l’utilisation de l’eau potable au domicile) et est consacré au cas complexe des THM, les plus abondants et volatils des SPD, absorbables par ingestion mais aussi par inhalation et voie percutanée. Les articles I et II, constitutifs de ce volet, documentent spécifiquement la question des variations inter- et intra- journalières de présence des SPD en réseau et de leurs impacts sur les estimateurs de l’exposition biologique. Ils décrivent l’amplitude et la diversité des variations à court terme des niveaux environnementaux, présentent les difficultés à proposer une façon systématique et « épidémiologiquement » pratique de les modéliser et proposent, de manière originale, une évaluation des mésestimations, somme toute modestes, des mesures biologiques de l’exposition résultant de leurs non-prise en compte. Le deuxième volet de la thèse se penche sur l’exposition aux SPD en piscine, d’un intérêt grandissant au niveau international, et se restreint au cas jugé prioritaire des piscines publiques intérieures. Ce volet envisage, pour quantifier l’exposition dans ce contexte particulier, l’extension de l’approche méthodologique préconisée, élaborée originellement pour application dans un contexte domestique : d’abord, à travers une analyse approfondie des variations des niveaux de contamination (eau, air) des SPD en piscine en vue de les modéliser (article III); puis en examinant, dans le cas particulier du chloroforme, le THM le plus abondant, la possibilité d’utiliser la modélisation TCBP pour simuler des expositions en piscine (article IV). Les résultats mettent notamment en évidence la difficulté d’appréhender précisément la contamination environnementale autrement que par un échantillonnage in situ tandis que la modélisation TCBP apparait, sur le plan toxicologique, comme l’outil le plus pertinent à ce jour, notamment au regard des autres approches existantes, mais qu’il convient d’améliorer pour mieux prédire les niveaux d’exposition biologique. Finalement, ces travaux illustrent la pertinence et la nécessité d’une approche multidisciplinaire et intégratrice et suggère, sur cette base, les pistes à explorer en priorité pour mieux évaluer l’exposition aux SPD et, in fine, cerner véritablement les risques sanitaires qui en résultent. / Disinfection of drinking and swimming pool waters disinfection is unavoidable but induces the formation of by-products (DBPs), such as trihalomethanes (THMs), haloacetic acids (HAAs) and chloramines (CAMs), that could be harmful to human health. The still challenging DBP exposure assessment prevent their suspected adverse effects (i.e., cancers, adverse pregnancy outcomes, irritations) to be clearly established. A methodology has been conceptualized which consists of integrating environmental occurrence data with physiologically based toxicokinetic (PBTK) modeling to improve DBP exposure assessment. It was designed to allow both spatial and temporal variations of the environmental contamination and the biological impacts of between- and within- individual differences to be accounted for. This thesis comprised of two parts. Each one investigates successively both environmental and biological aspects. The objective is to contribute to the development of an innovative integrated strategy and to the definition of best practices for DBP exposure assessment. The first part of the thesis, comprising papers I and II, focuses on household exposure (i.e., resulting from drinking water use at home) and on THMs, the most abundant and volatile DBPs that can be absorbed not only by ingestion but also by inhalation and dermal absorption. These two papers investigate particularly the short-term (day-to-day and within-day) variations of THM levels in the drinking water and then their impact on the internal exposure indicators. They described the amplitudes and the diversity of the environmental variations, failed to model them in a systematic and practical way for epidemiological purposes but assessed, for the first time, their impacts on the predicted biological levels which appeared quite low. The second part concerns the exposure to DBPs in swimming pool which is of a growing international interest. Only the allegedly worrying case of public indoor swimming pool was regarded. This section focuses on the feasibility of using the previously mentioned approach, which was first designed for dealing with household exposure, for DBP exposure assessment in swimming pools. First, Paper III investigated the occurrence and spatial and temporal variations of DBPs in both water and air of swimming pools to model them. Focusing on chloroform, the most abundant THM, Paper IV examined the ability and reliability of PBTK modeling to simulate various swimming pool exposure events and predict the resulting biological levels in individuals. The results show, among other things, the difficulty of explaining precisely the environmental contamination and point out the necessity to carry out a minimal in situ sampling to monitor the environmental levels of DBPs. Compared to other approaches, PBTK modeling is a powerful but still to be improved tool for predicting swimming pool exposure. Eventually, these works underline the relevance and the necessity of a multidisciplinary and integrating approach for better estimating exposure to DBPs and therefore health risks. Further issues that should be addressed are recommended.

Title: The Analysis of Selected Swimming Pools in Prague Objectives: The aim of my thesis is to create an analysis of selected swimming pools and to compare them to each others. Furthermore, the thesis should show the threats and opportunities of the selected swimming pools. Methods: The case analysis was chosen as the main research method. In the preparation of this analysis other methods were applied, such as intentional selection, document analysis and semi-structured interview. Based on the results the SWOT analysis was developed. Through this method the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of the selected swimming pools are shown. The final comparison of all the swimming pools was made using all the previously mentioned methods. Results: The analysis shows that we can label all the selected swimming pools in Prague as functional swimming pools. Functional swimming pools do not lose money, nor do they profit. However, it was proved that none of the chosen swimming pools would be able to function without getting some form of grants. The location of a swimming pool does not influence the number of visitors coming there. Every location has its advantages and disadvantages. The selected swimming pools should try to make their web sites more interesting and easily accessible to visitors,...

La désinfection de l’eau de consommation et des piscines induit la formation de sous-produits (SPD) potentiellement nocifs pour la santé, parmi lesquels les trihalométhanes (THM), les acides haloacétiques (HAA) et les chloramines (CAM). La difficulté d’estimer l’exposition humaine à ces SPD empêche de cerner précisément les risques sanitaires possiblement associés (i.e., cancérigènes, reprotoxiques, irritatifs). Nos travaux s’articulent autour d’une méthodologie consistant à intégrer des données d’occurrence environnementales à des modèles toxicocinétiques à base physiologique (TCBP) pour améliorer les mesures de l’exposition aux SPD. Cette approche multidisciplinaire veut prendre en compte de manière aussi appropriée que possible les deux composantes majeures des variations de cette exposition : les variations spatio-temporelles des niveaux de contamination environnementale et l’impact des différences inter- et intra-individuelles sur les niveaux biologiques. Cette thèse, organisée en deux volets qui explorent chacun successivement des aspects environnemental et biologique de la problématique, vise à contribuer au développement de cette stratégie innovante d’estimation de l’exposition et, plus généralement, à des meilleures pratiques en la matière. Le premier volet de la thèse s’intéresse à l’exposition en milieu domestique (i.e., résultant de l’utilisation de l’eau potable au domicile) et est consacré au cas complexe des THM, les plus abondants et volatils des SPD, absorbables par ingestion mais aussi par inhalation et voie percutanée. Les articles I et II, constitutifs de ce volet, documentent spécifiquement la question des variations inter- et intra- journalières de présence des SPD en réseau et de leurs impacts sur les estimateurs de l’exposition biologique. Ils décrivent l’amplitude et la diversité des variations à court terme des niveaux environnementaux, présentent les difficultés à proposer une façon systématique et « épidémiologiquement » pratique de les modéliser et proposent, de manière originale, une évaluation des mésestimations, somme toute modestes, des mesures biologiques de l’exposition résultant de leurs non-prise en compte. Le deuxième volet de la thèse se penche sur l’exposition aux SPD en piscine, d’un intérêt grandissant au niveau international, et se restreint au cas jugé prioritaire des piscines publiques intérieures. Ce volet envisage, pour quantifier l’exposition dans ce contexte particulier, l’extension de l’approche méthodologique préconisée, élaborée originellement pour application dans un contexte domestique : d’abord, à travers une analyse approfondie des variations des niveaux de contamination (eau, air) des SPD en piscine en vue de les modéliser (article III); puis en examinant, dans le cas particulier du chloroforme, le THM le plus abondant, la possibilité d’utiliser la modélisation TCBP pour simuler des expositions en piscine (article IV). Les résultats mettent notamment en évidence la difficulté d’appréhender précisément la contamination environnementale autrement que par un échantillonnage in situ tandis que la modélisation TCBP apparait, sur le plan toxicologique, comme l’outil le plus pertinent à ce jour, notamment au regard des autres approches existantes, mais qu’il convient d’améliorer pour mieux prédire les niveaux d’exposition biologique. Finalement, ces travaux illustrent la pertinence et la nécessité d’une approche multidisciplinaire et intégratrice et suggère, sur cette base, les pistes à explorer en priorité pour mieux évaluer l’exposition aux SPD et, in fine, cerner véritablement les risques sanitaires qui en résultent. / Disinfection of drinking and swimming pool waters disinfection is unavoidable but induces the formation of by-products (DBPs), such as trihalomethanes (THMs), haloacetic acids (HAAs) and chloramines (CAMs), that could be harmful to human health. The still challenging DBP exposure assessment prevent their suspected adverse effects (i.e., cancers, adverse pregnancy outcomes, irritations) to be clearly established. A methodology has been conceptualized which consists of integrating environmental occurrence data with physiologically based toxicokinetic (PBTK) modeling to improve DBP exposure assessment. It was designed to allow both spatial and temporal variations of the environmental contamination and the biological impacts of between- and within- individual differences to be accounted for. This thesis comprised of two parts. Each one investigates successively both environmental and biological aspects. The objective is to contribute to the development of an innovative integrated strategy and to the definition of best practices for DBP exposure assessment. The first part of the thesis, comprising papers I and II, focuses on household exposure (i.e., resulting from drinking water use at home) and on THMs, the most abundant and volatile DBPs that can be absorbed not only by ingestion but also by inhalation and dermal absorption. These two papers investigate particularly the short-term (day-to-day and within-day) variations of THM levels in the drinking water and then their impact on the internal exposure indicators. They described the amplitudes and the diversity of the environmental variations, failed to model them in a systematic and practical way for epidemiological purposes but assessed, for the first time, their impacts on the predicted biological levels which appeared quite low. The second part concerns the exposure to DBPs in swimming pool which is of a growing international interest. Only the allegedly worrying case of public indoor swimming pool was regarded. This section focuses on the feasibility of using the previously mentioned approach, which was first designed for dealing with household exposure, for DBP exposure assessment in swimming pools. First, Paper III investigated the occurrence and spatial and temporal variations of DBPs in both water and air of swimming pools to model them. Focusing on chloroform, the most abundant THM, Paper IV examined the ability and reliability of PBTK modeling to simulate various swimming pool exposure events and predict the resulting biological levels in individuals. The results show, among other things, the difficulty of explaining precisely the environmental contamination and point out the necessity to carry out a minimal in situ sampling to monitor the environmental levels of DBPs. Compared to other approaches, PBTK modeling is a powerful but still to be improved tool for predicting swimming pool exposure. Eventually, these works underline the relevance and the necessity of a multidisciplinary and integrating approach for better estimating exposure to DBPs and therefore health risks. Further issues that should be addressed are recommended.

Due to diverse surrounding area and position of isolated large objects suggest itself solving of conception by stages. In the southern part there were suggested new sports halls which have a long term tradition in this area. These buildings keep to the axis of Sportovní street and they are reacting to existing buildings on the other side. In the northern part at the shopping centre it was necessary make the place accesible and grass the place over and use the opportunity of the large space. In the northeastern part there is housing development and it reacts on the FRRMS building and it makes confotable enviroment for living. Buildings FRRMS together with rampats and bushy vegetation are isolating flat buildings. Effort to connect existing and establish new resulted in the simple solution solution that does not disrupt the neighborhood, on the contrary, trying to blend in with the city and calm the chaos in this area.

Theme of diploma thesis is the heating of the indoor swimming pool. The thesis is departed to three parts. In the first part, there is a theoretical solution indoor climate of swimming pool. In the second part, there is a calculation solution of the project. Project solves heating of the indoor swimming pool. The last part is an experimental part. Theme of the experiment is measurement of temperature and relative humidity of the swimming pool.

The diploma thesis deals with the problems of the indoor environment of swimming pool halls. Firstly, it describes issues and principles of designing HVAC system in the areas with high humidity production. Thesis then focuses on various approaches to calculations of evaporation from the water surface and different possibilities of dehumidification including different types of HVAC units. This knowledge was applied to the design of HVAC system for particular assigned building, for which are proposed two different solutions. Thesis includes experimental part, its aim is to analyse one specific critical part of the hall. Based on local surveying and long-term measurements a few possibilities of improvement are suggested.

The subject of my master´s thesis is a project of a new sports center in Havlíčkův Brod in Humpolecká street on plot no. 2709/3 and 2709/4. The land is sloping and its area is 14 849 square meters. The building has two overground floors and one underground floor. Vertical bearing constructions are designed from the monolitic ferroconcrete columns. Space between colmuns is made up of ceramic blocks. In the underground floor the space is made up of monolitic reinforced concrete. The vertical peripheral structures are provided with an insulation system with ventilated space. The horizontal bearing structures are designed as a monolitic reinforced concrete slabs. The roof is designed single – layer vegetation area. The roof over sports hall is sloping made up of wooden trusses. In south-eastern side of sports centre is designed restaurant with its technical background. In the underground floor there is relaxation part with swimming pool, saunas and massages. The rest of sports center is made up of technical and hygienic background for visitors and employees, and sports grounds, for example badminton courts, climbing wall, squash courts, fitness and 4 sports rooms.

The topic of this thesis is a new-building of a hotel with a wellness centre. The building site is located in the cadastral area of Malenovice near Zlín, the city of Zlín, Zlín Region. It is the building consisting of three rectangles inserted into each other. The building is designed as a six-floor skeletal construction with a cellar made of reinforced concrete, roofed with flat roofs. In the first floor there is a reception, a restaurant with outside seating, wellness centre, and utility rooms. The second and the third floor are intended for accommodation of guests in the form of double rooms and apartments. In the fourth and fifth floors there are double rooms as well. Rooms for guests and apartments are situated to the southern and northern part. This residential space is mostly equipped with balconies stretching along the corners. In the last, sixth floor there can be found the management of the hotel, a conference room and a bar with terrace. The main entrance is situated to the northern part of the object. Outdoor parking places are also a part of the hotel. Exterior and interior of the hotel are designed in the conformity with current modern trends. The layout of the space is functional and basic. The dynamics of the building is supported by external holes in black colour and by the two-coloured facade in blue and grey colours. The hotel is meant for both active and passive relaxation, there is a possibility of accommodation of young couples, families with children, elderly people, individuals, and people with limited ability of movement. The hotel of designed with the focus on the comfort of guests. Therefore the leisure time space is a part of hotel. The comfortable space for relaxation within the object is provided by the wellness centre mentioned above, the bar with terrace, and an outdoor swimming pool. The disposition of the object is fastened by the reinforced concrete monolithic panels and by the feet placed under both inside and outside reinforc

The aim of the diploma thesis was to design reinforced concrete construction of the indoor swimming pool and ensure impermeability of the construction, to ensure behavior as concrete tank construction. Static analysis was done by using program Dlubal RFEM 5.12, where interaction of subsoil with construction was taken into account. Slabs around the swimming pool area were divided into expansion section because of temperature changes from glass façade an after that the sealing of expansion gap was solved. Construction system under the swimming was designed and was tested the behavior of walls and slabs. Analysis was done also to considerate of hydration heat. The drawing was done by software CADKON RCD.