Originally presented as the author's thesis (doctoral)--Universität Bochum, 2005. / Includes bibliographical references.

Levando em consideração que a piscina é um elemento necessãrio à saúde da comunidade e que a água, reservada nesses tanques, pode veicular agentes etiolológicos de doenças, procurou-se estudar as condições sanitárias de piscinas de uso coletivo de Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil. Com a finalidade de realizar análises físico-químicas e bacteriológicas, pesquisas de leveduras, algas e amebas de vida livre, foram obtidas 336 amostras, em quatro coletas de cada piscina, durante o periodo de 09 de agosto de 1981 a 27 de junho de 1982. As amostras foram coletadas da água e do raspado das paredes. De modo geral, com base nos resultados conseguidos, constatou-se que as piscinas não mantêm os de cloro suficientes à desinfecção. Em algumas foram registrados altos índices de bactérias, presença de algas nas paredes, bem como a ocorrência de leveduras e de amebas de vida livre potencialmente patogênicas. É importante assinalar a presença destes protozoários, face aos recentes registros de casos de meningoencefalite a eles associados. Conclui-se que há necessidade de tratamento adequado da água, treinamento especializado dos operadores e prática de principias básicos de educação em saúde. Recomenda-se o estabelecimento de legislação pertinente. / Considering that a swimming pool is a necessary item for the public health and that the water in such pools may contain aetiological agents of diseases, we sought to study the sanitary conditions of public swimming pools in Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. With the objective of making physical-chemical and bacteriological analyses, yeast, algae and free-living amoebae researches, we obtained 336 samples in four samplings, from august 9, 1981 to june 27, 1982. The samples were collected from the water and from the walls. Generally, we observed that chlorine levels necessary for desinfection were not usually maintained in the swimming pools. In some of them high bacterial levels and algae on the walls were detected, as well as the ocurrence of yeast and potencially pathogenic free-living amoebae. It is important to focus the presence of these protozoa on occount of the recent occurrence of primary amoebic meningoencephalitis cases. In conclusion, there is the necessity of adequate treatment of the water, specialized training of the people who deal with it and the practice of the basic principles of health education. We recommend the stablishment of a legislation concerning this matter.

A argamassa armada passou a ser utilizada na construção de reservatórios de água e piscinas no início da década de 60. Apesar do sucesso de várias aplicações, até hoje a tecnologia tem se fundamentado em bases empíricas, sem o estabelecimento de metodologias que permitam a elaboração de projetos, melhorias no método de construção e uma melhor avaliação dos riscos e da confiabilidade do sistema construtivo. O presente trabalho pretende contribuir para aumentar o conhecimento acerca do comportamento estrutural da membrana de argamassa armada em piscinas e reservatórios. Foram realizadas simulações numéricas por computador com o intuito de se investigar o comportamento da membrana quando submetidas à ação da água, de recalques e de variações de temperatura. A influência das dimensões da estrutura e da resistência da argamassa também foram analisadas. São discutidos estes e outros aspectos relacionados à fase de projeto. O trabalho apresenta ainda comentários sobre cada etapa de construção, bem como alguns cuidados necessários para a garantia de um material de boa qualidade. Tendo em vista a obtenção de uma estrutura durável e com bom desempenho, é preciso que cada equipe de trabalho tenha um palavra de ordem: aos projetistas, detalhamento; aos construtores, controle; à mão-de-obra, conscientização. / Ferrocement application in water tanks and swimming pools have started at the early 60\'s. Even though various applications had been succeed, until nowadays the techonology is essentially based on practical experience. There are no established methodologies which permit rational design, construction method improvement and a better assessment of the risks and reliability of the construction system. This work intend to contribute to the knowledge about the structural behavior of the ferrocement folded plate swimming pools and water tanks. Computer numerical simulations were made to investigate the membrane behavior under water loading, settlement and temperature variations. The influence of structure dimensions and mortar strength were also studied. These and others aspects related with the design method are discussed. The thesis also presents some comments about each construction stage as well as some cares needed to guarantee a good quality material. Looking for a durable and good performance structure, the order word to the designer is detailing, to the constructor is control and to the staff is awareness.

Levando em consideração que a piscina é um elemento necessãrio à saúde da comunidade e que a água, reservada nesses tanques, pode veicular agentes etiolológicos de doenças, procurou-se estudar as condições sanitárias de piscinas de uso coletivo de Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil. Com a finalidade de realizar análises físico-químicas e bacteriológicas, pesquisas de leveduras, algas e amebas de vida livre, foram obtidas 336 amostras, em quatro coletas de cada piscina, durante o periodo de 09 de agosto de 1981 a 27 de junho de 1982. As amostras foram coletadas da água e do raspado das paredes. De modo geral, com base nos resultados conseguidos, constatou-se que as piscinas não mantêm os de cloro suficientes à desinfecção. Em algumas foram registrados altos índices de bactérias, presença de algas nas paredes, bem como a ocorrência de leveduras e de amebas de vida livre potencialmente patogênicas. É importante assinalar a presença destes protozoários, face aos recentes registros de casos de meningoencefalite a eles associados. Conclui-se que há necessidade de tratamento adequado da água, treinamento especializado dos operadores e prática de principias básicos de educação em saúde. Recomenda-se o estabelecimento de legislação pertinente. / Considering that a swimming pool is a necessary item for the public health and that the water in such pools may contain aetiological agents of diseases, we sought to study the sanitary conditions of public swimming pools in Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. With the objective of making physical-chemical and bacteriological analyses, yeast, algae and free-living amoebae researches, we obtained 336 samples in four samplings, from august 9, 1981 to june 27, 1982. The samples were collected from the water and from the walls. Generally, we observed that chlorine levels necessary for desinfection were not usually maintained in the swimming pools. In some of them high bacterial levels and algae on the walls were detected, as well as the ocurrence of yeast and potencially pathogenic free-living amoebae. It is important to focus the presence of these protozoa on occount of the recent occurrence of primary amoebic meningoencephalitis cases. In conclusion, there is the necessity of adequate treatment of the water, specialized training of the people who deal with it and the practice of the basic principles of health education. We recommend the stablishment of a legislation concerning this matter.

Globally, there is growing concern about energy consumption and its diverse effects on the environment. In South Africa, the current status quo is unfavourable in the domain of energy, hence the Department of Energy, Eskom and NERSA have embarked on supporting energy efficiency technologies nationwide as a strategic goal in reducing demand on the national grid. Due to the non conservative consumption of electricity from the grid and the insufficient supply to meet its demand, the importation of crude oil is very certain. In addition, the current and most popular technology for pool water heating in the said country is the resistive element which is inefficient and non-cost-effective. The energy consumption of residential swimming pool water heating is very massive, and tariff structure shows a constant rise. Furthermore, there's a current electricity crisis during the Eskom evening peak. Hence, a reliable, efficient, cost-effective and renewable energy technology such as an air source heat pump is required as a retrofit to the existing resistive element. Furthermore, mathematical modelling is a tool that can be used to mimic the dynamic behaviour of a physical or process system. It is a computational language or mathematical equation used to predict the dynamic behaviour of physical systems [Tangwe et al., 2015]. Various methods such as numerical methods have been considered as the particular types of mathematical modelling which have been employed to predict the performance of swimming pool ASHP water heater. However, they were unreliable and expensive. Consequently, this research focused on the experimental determination of the viability and development of a mathematical model to predict the performance of swimming pool ASHP water heater. The benefit of the development and building of this model was attributed to its low cost and credibility to forecast the performance of swimming pool ASHP water heater. Also, this robust mathematical model can be used by an energy service company and system manufacturer to compute the dynamic coefficient of performance of the swimming pool ASHP water heater. Following the above-mentioned information, the research sought to provide a permanent solution to the Eskom evening peak constraint. This is because energy-efficiency, serves as the bridging block between conventional and renewable energy sources needed by Eskom in a bid to provide a balance energy mix and sustainable energy. The implementation of a swimming pool ASHP water heater guaranteed a conducive environment for the population due to the reduction in environmental pollution.

Dry weather dominates several U.S. states, and some of them experience even long-term droughts. Yet, more than 10.6 million swimming pools exist in the U.S., and over 43,000 of them are in greater Los Angeles. Since roughly 100% of their water evaporates on a yearly basis, pool water evaporation accounts for a significant amount of water being wasted every day. Several studies have been conducted to create a proper equation for the evaporation rate on a pool surface, based on the wind speed, water temperature, and relative humidity. This thesis will address a research gap that was found in exploring the way the surroundings of the pool can affect its evaporation rate. In particular, this study examines the relation of the urban design to the evaporation rate of outdoor swimming pools by studying the way the housing type of a neighborhood affects the wind speed over the neighborhood’s pool surfaces.

A argamassa armada passou a ser utilizada na construção de reservatórios de água e piscinas no início da década de 60. Apesar do sucesso de várias aplicações, até hoje a tecnologia tem se fundamentado em bases empíricas, sem o estabelecimento de metodologias que permitam a elaboração de projetos, melhorias no método de construção e uma melhor avaliação dos riscos e da confiabilidade do sistema construtivo. O presente trabalho pretende contribuir para aumentar o conhecimento acerca do comportamento estrutural da membrana de argamassa armada em piscinas e reservatórios. Foram realizadas simulações numéricas por computador com o intuito de se investigar o comportamento da membrana quando submetidas à ação da água, de recalques e de variações de temperatura. A influência das dimensões da estrutura e da resistência da argamassa também foram analisadas. São discutidos estes e outros aspectos relacionados à fase de projeto. O trabalho apresenta ainda comentários sobre cada etapa de construção, bem como alguns cuidados necessários para a garantia de um material de boa qualidade. Tendo em vista a obtenção de uma estrutura durável e com bom desempenho, é preciso que cada equipe de trabalho tenha um palavra de ordem: aos projetistas, detalhamento; aos construtores, controle; à mão-de-obra, conscientização. / Ferrocement application in water tanks and swimming pools have started at the early 60\'s. Even though various applications had been succeed, until nowadays the techonology is essentially based on practical experience. There are no established methodologies which permit rational design, construction method improvement and a better assessment of the risks and reliability of the construction system. This work intend to contribute to the knowledge about the structural behavior of the ferrocement folded plate swimming pools and water tanks. Computer numerical simulations were made to investigate the membrane behavior under water loading, settlement and temperature variations. The influence of structure dimensions and mortar strength were also studied. These and others aspects related with the design method are discussed. The thesis also presents some comments about each construction stage as well as some cares needed to guarantee a good quality material. Looking for a durable and good performance structure, the order word to the designer is detailing, to the constructor is control and to the staff is awareness.

This investigation was conducted in order to show that insanitary conditions may exist in the swimming pool at North Texas State Teachers College provided the proper precautions are not taken; and, in contrast that this pool can be sanitary and entirely safe when operated and used according to the necessary sanitary specifications.

Swimming pools constructed with reinforced concrete require a high level of expertise within both, its planning and execution. To build waterproof concrete shells, extensive concrete technology knowledge, detailed planning of joint formation and high quality safety measures are needed. This thesis evaluates concrete technology features for swimming pool construction in Germany and Sweden. In particular, guidelines by DafStb, DIN and DgfdB provide the planner with detailed advice and specifics about swimming pools. It also gives an overview about the actual condition of swimming pools in Sweden that reached an age of at least 30 years and shows structural consequences of mistakes in planning and construction of swimming pools. The aspect of financial consequences is also analyzed. With the support of the software “Legep”, the methodology of LCC was used to estimate costs in the future. Additionally, a proposal of post tensioned concrete as a more sustainable technology for watertight concrete basins is shown and under equal aspects analyzed and compared.

The theme of the project is an architectural design of a municipal baths situated in a space between a Voroněž hotel and Svratka river in city Brno. The project contains design of urban space in reference to the ground surrounding and the architectural, disposal, structural and material design of the building for municipal baths at the demanded place.