Call number: LD2668 .T4 1978 C37 / Master of Science

Typescript (photocopy). / Digitized by Kansas State University Libraries

published_or_final_version / Zoology / Master / Master of Philosophy

The objectives of this research were 1) to evaluate CuS0₄ and a CU lysine complex (CuLys) as growth promotants for weanling pigs, 2) to assess the effects of feeding growth stimulating levels of Cu from both sources on dry matter digestibility (DMO) and mineral balance of finishing pigs, and 3) to examine the effect of feeding elevated CU on serum growth hormone and IGF-1 levels. Two trials (176 pigs) were conducted in which pigs were fed 0, 100, 150, or 200 mg/kg Cu from CUS0₄ or CuLys. Elevated Cu increased daily gain and feed intake linearly, with no difference between the sources. Dietary CU linearly increased liver, kidney (P < .001), and brain (P < .05) Cu stores. In the liver, the linear response between the sources was different (P < .001); pigs fed 200 mg/kg Cu from CuLys had the highest CU concentration. Serum CU increased linearly with no difference between the two sources. Serum mitogenic activity increased linearly during wk 1 to 2 and 1 to 5 (P < .05), with no difference between the two sources. Twenty-four barrows were used to examine the effect of Cu additions from both Cu sources on digestibility and mineral balance. Pigs fed Cu from CuLys tended to have greater DMD when compared with controls (P < .10), but percentage of Cu absorbed was not different among the treatments. Pigs fed Cu from both sources absorbed more eu than controls (P < .01), with no difference between sources. Pigs fed CuS0₄ (P < .027) and CuLys (P < .101) absorbed more Fe than controls but Zn balance was not affected. Twelve pigs were cannulated after 7 wk of growth to quantify the effect of elevated dietary Cu on circulating growth hormone and IGF-1 levels. Growth performance was not improved by added Cu, but efficiency of gain was greater for pigs fed Cu when compared with controls (P < .101). Baseline growth hormone secretion was greater in pigs fed Cu (P < .06) for three of four days; however, average concentrations were not affected by diet. Concentrations of IGF-1 were higher in control pigs (P < .05). / Ph. D.

Call number: LD2668 .T4 1984 H537 / Master of Science

Call number: LD2668 .T4 1984 O53 / Master of Science

Call number: LD2668 .T4 1986 J46 / Master of Science / Animal Science and Industry

Graduation date: 1992

Raspberry pomace, consisting of seeds, pulp and added rice hulls, is the residue from the pressing of raspberries for juice and concentrate production. Through the determination of chemical composition by laboratory analyses and the measurement of feeding value in animal trials, the pomace was evaluated as a feedstuff for growing pigs. Pomace contains 11.1% crude fat, 10.0% crude protein, 59.5% total dietary fibre, 7.4% soluble carbohydrates, and a gross energy level of 5220 kcal*kg⁻¹. The acid detergent residue of the pomace contains 11.7% lignin, 6.0% cutin, 2.2% acid detergent ash and 26.0% cellulose (by difference). The digestibility of dry matter, fat, protein and energy was determined. Pomace dried at 60 C, whole and ground (1mm) was fed to growing male pigs (30-35 kg) in a replicated 4X4 Latin Square design with treatments basal (B) , B plus 40% unground pomace, B plus 40% ground pomace and B plus 40% barley. Grinding of pomace significantly improved the digestibility of all parameters measured, however, the barley-soybean meal basal ration was consistently better digested than either of the pomace treatments. The digestibility of whole and ground pomace was respectively: dry matter 10.7% and 20.8% (S.E.M. 1.30), fat 24.1% and 79.7% (S.E.M. 3.47), protein 10.6% and 14.7% (S.E.M. 4.83) and energy 7.9% and 28.4% (S.E.M. 1.80). Protein quality of ground (1mm) and freeze-dried pomace was evaluated with rats in metabolism cages to produce the following values: true protein digestibility 36.0% (S.E.M. 0.66), biological value 91.0% (S.E.M. 3.46), and net protein utilization 32.7% (S.E.M. 1.15). In rat growth trials, where pomace replaced barley incrementally, growth rate was not affected at replacement levels up to 40%, although feed efficiency declined consistently as the level of pomace in the diet increased. It is suggested that raspberry pomace could replace up to 20% of an energy feedstuff in a ration for growing swine without significantly reducing growth rate or feed efficiency. / Land and Food Systems, Faculty of / Graduate

Four trials were conducted to examine the pattern of creep feed consumption of nursing pigs and the effect of creep feeding - from 10 d to weaning at 28 d - a 20% crude protein corn-soybean meal and dried whole whey diet (REG, 9 litters) containing 1.0% chromic oxide for detection of creep feed consumption, or the same diet with 2.7% ovalbumin (OVA) added as a dietary antigen (14 litters), or no creep feed (CON, 11 litters) on the immune response, scouring index, and subsequent performance of weanling pigs. All nursing pigs were denied access to sow feeders but had water ad libitum. At weaning, pigs were fed either a 20% corn-soybean meal diet, with or without 2.7% OVA. Creep-fed litters began eating at 11 d of age and disappearance of creep feed increased linearly until weaning (P < .01). However, the presence of chromic oxide in the feces was not consistently observed in the same pigs thus suggesting that creep consumption by individual pigs was quite variable. Average feed consumption based on total creep disappearance per litter was 13 to 194 g/pig preweaning. Daily gain and body weight of nursing pigs was similar during the first 4 wk. Pigs from larger litters had lower birth weights (P < .05), lower 4 wk body weights (P < .09) and daily gains (P < .09), as well as less feed disappearance per pig (P < .02). Pigs fed the OVA diet had higher (P > .001) antibody titers to OVA than did pigs receiving the REG or CON treatments at 14, 21, or 28 d of age. At 56 d and 63 d, all pigs given an OVA injection (at 49 d 1 ml of 3 mg/ml OVA) responded, (P < . 001) with the lowest titers for REG pigs, intermediate for CON pigs, and the highest for OVA pigs during the nursery phase. Scouring began 4 to 5 d postweaning with creep-fed pigs scouring slightly more. Feed consumption, although not statistically different, was higher (P = .18) during the first week postweaning for CON pigs and was consistent throughout the study, but daily gains and feed efficiency were similar. In summary, creep feed disappearance begins increases linearly until weaning with no effect on cumulative daily gain or body weight. While larger litters consume more total feed, smaller litters consume more feed per pig. Creep feeding had some effect on antibody response and scouring our results suggest little apparent effect on postweaning performance. / Master of Science