Raspberry pomace, consisting of seeds, pulp and added rice hulls, is the residue from the pressing of raspberries for juice and concentrate production. Through the determination of chemical composition by laboratory analyses and the measurement of feeding value in animal trials, the pomace was evaluated as a feedstuff for growing pigs. Pomace contains 11.1% crude fat, 10.0% crude protein, 59.5% total dietary fibre, 7.4% soluble carbohydrates, and a gross energy level of 5220 kcal*kg⁻¹. The acid detergent residue of the pomace contains 11.7% lignin, 6.0% cutin, 2.2% acid detergent ash and 26.0% cellulose (by difference). The digestibility of dry matter, fat, protein and energy was determined. Pomace dried at 60 C, whole and ground (1mm) was fed to growing male pigs (30-35 kg) in a replicated 4X4 Latin Square design with treatments basal (B) , B plus 40% unground pomace, B plus 40% ground pomace and B plus 40% barley. Grinding of pomace significantly improved the digestibility of all parameters measured, however, the barley-soybean meal basal ration was consistently better digested than either of the pomace treatments. The digestibility of whole and ground pomace was respectively: dry matter 10.7% and 20.8% (S.E.M. 1.30), fat 24.1% and 79.7% (S.E.M. 3.47), protein 10.6% and 14.7% (S.E.M. 4.83) and energy 7.9% and 28.4% (S.E.M. 1.80). Protein quality of ground (1mm) and freeze-dried pomace was evaluated with rats in metabolism cages to produce the following values: true protein digestibility 36.0% (S.E.M. 0.66), biological value 91.0% (S.E.M. 3.46), and net protein utilization 32.7% (S.E.M. 1.15). In rat growth trials, where pomace replaced barley incrementally, growth rate was not affected at replacement levels up to 40%, although feed efficiency declined consistently as the level of pomace in the diet increased. It is suggested that raspberry pomace could replace up to 20% of an energy feedstuff in a ration for growing swine without significantly reducing growth rate or feed efficiency. / Land and Food Systems, Faculty of / Graduate

Sugar intake is linked to developmental programming of obesity and diabetes. We hypothesized that supplementing ground beef in place of sugar during pregnancy would reduce fetal and offspring developmental programming. Gestating sows were fed 1 of 4 isocaloric supplements: control, ground beef, granulated sugar, or beef plus sugar. In the fetal study supplements were fed from d 40 to 110 of gestation and in the offspring study from d 40 until weaning. Gene expression differences in fetal liver and muscle were observed for IGF2 (P = 0.04), FBPase (P = 0.03), and IGF2R (P = 0.02). Differences were also seen in offspring back fat (sex by day interaction, P = 0.01), longissimus dorsi muscle area (treatment by sex, P = 0.001), body weight (sex, P = 0.0006; sex by day interaction, P < 0.0001), and plasma insulin concentrations (treatment by sex, P = 0.0002). / North Dakota Beef Commission / Topigs Norsvin / North Dakota. State Board of Agricultural Research and Education

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This thesis gives (1) a review of literature on pastures and hogging off crops, (2) a description of the farming system of the Peanut Section of Southeastern Virginia as it relates to swine production, and (3) an outline of procedure for two experiments dealing with swine production problems in the Peanut Section. / M.S.

Two experiments were conducted to compare the feedlot performance of swine fed diets containing a commercially available lactobacillus probiotic and virginiamycin, a gram-positive antibiotic (experiment I) and to evaluate the feedlot performance of starter and grower-finisher swine housed under conditions of restricted and adequate space allowance fed diets with and without virginiamycin (experiment II). For experiment I, in four starter trials, pigs fed diets containing virginiamycin tended to eat more and grow faster than pigs fed the control diet while lactobacillus probiotic had no effect on performance. In the combined analysis of a starter-grower-finisher and a grower-finisher trial, virginiamycin supplementation had no effect on performance while the pigs fed the probiotic had significantly poorer gains than the control pigs. In three grower-finisher trials, virginiamycin supplementation improved daily gain and feed consumption while lactobacillus probiotic had no significant effect on performance. For experiment II, in four starter trials, increasing the number of pigs in 1.2 x 1.2 m nursery pens from six to 12 caused significant depressions in final weight, daily gain, feed intake, and feed efficiency. Virginiamycin supplementation significantly improved final weight, daily gain and feed efficiency. In two starter trials, reducing space allowance from .24 to .12 m² per pig caused significant depressions in final weight, daily gain and feed efficiency but virginiamycin had no effect on performance. In a series of grower-finisher trials, decreasing space allowance from .78 to .43 m² pig caused significant depressions in final weight, daily gain, feed intake and feed efficiency while virginiamycin improved feed efficiency. The virginiamycin X space allowance interaction was significant in only one instance with virginiamycin improving feed efficiency 6.2% when starter pigs were given adequate space allowance but only 2.5% when crowded. These findings suggest that virginiamycin is superior to the probiotic as a growth promotant for swine. Also, housing pigs under crowded conditions does not increase the level of response to virginiamycin. / Master of Science

Three experiments were conducted using crossbred weanling pigs (n=462) to determine the effect of yeast culture (YC) additions to starter diets containing dried whey or a fiber source on performance and nutrient digestibility. An 18% CP corn-soybean meal basal diet was used in all experiments. In Exp. I (n=192), YC (O or .75%) was used in diets with dried whey (0 or 15%) in two 5-wk trials (1 and 2). In Exp. II (n=174), YC (0 or .75%) was used in diets containing no added fiber, 8% soybean hulls (SH), or 8% peanut hulls (PH) in two 5-wk trials (3 and 4). Fifty-four of the pigs in Trial 4 were continued on test for three additional weeks in a grower phase. In Exp. II (n=96), YC (0 or .75%) was used in diets containing three levels of PH (0, 8, and 16%) in one 6-wk trial. In Exp. II, .05% chromic oxide was added to all six diets, and six grab samples were taken (twice daily every other day) during wk 4 and 6 for determination of the digestibility of DM, N, P, and fibrous components using the indirect method. Pigs in all experiments had ad libitum access to feed and water, and body weight and feed consumption were measured weekly. Results from all experiments showed that there was no overall effect of treatments on ADFI. In Exp. I, there was no significant overall effect of YC on ADG or G:F in either trial. In Trial 2 of Exp. I, whey depressed overall ADG (P < .10) and G:F (P < .005). In the nursery phases of Exp. I, there were no significant dietary treatment effects on ADG. Gain to feed ratios tended to be increased (P < .10) by YC additions, but only in diets which also contained fiber. In the grower phase of Trial 4 (Exp. II), fiber additions depressed ADG (P < .005), whereas YC additions improved ADG (P < .01), particularly in pigs fed diets which also contained SH (P < .05). In Exp. III, pigs fed diets containing YC and 8% PH had an overall ADG similar to controls, whereas pigs fed diets containing YC alone or both YC and 16% PH had a lower overall ADG than control pigs (P < .10). Overall G:F ratios were decreased by PH inclusion (P < .01) and by supplemental YC (P < .05). Apparent digestibilities were not influenced by the inclusion of YC. The addition of PH linearly decreased the digestibilities of DM (P < .001), N (P< .05), NDF (P < .001), and ADF (P < .05), and increased the absorption of P (P < .05). These results suggest that YC additions had no effect on ADG or ADFI, variable effects on G:F, and no effect on digestibilities of DM, N, NDF, or ADF, or the apparent absorption of P. Fiber additions, particularly PH at the 16% level, appear to depress ADG and G:F, and the digestibilities of DM, N, NDF, and ADF, but increase apparent absorption of phosphorus. / Master of Science

Four trials using 312 weanling pigs (average initial wt of 7.2 kg) were conducted to examine the effectiveness of Bifidobacterium globsum a (BGA) on the growth performance, scour scores, humoral and cell-mediated immune response and pH and chloride ion concentration (CIC) of feces and gastrointestinal section contents. The effect of continuous feeding of BGA from weaning to market weight on performance and carcass characteristics was evaluated using pigs from Trial 3 (n=80). Dietary treatments were 0, 5.0 x 104 , 6.7 x 106 and 7.5 x 108 colony forming units (CFU)/d in Trial 1 and 0, 6.0 x 104 , 5.0 x 105 and 5.0 x 106 CFU/d in Trials 2 through 4 and the grower-finisher trial. In Trial 1, ADG was effected quadratically at wk 1-2 and 1-5 (P < .05) and wk 3-5 (P < .01) with pigs fed the medium (6.7 x 106 ) BGA level having higher ADG than control pigs. Quadratic diet effects were also observed for average daily feed intake (ADFI) at wk 1-2, 1-5 (P < .10) and 3-5 (P < .05) with pigs fed the medium level of BGA having greater ADFI than control. / Master of Science