The Wu-Luo River, located in the Ping-Tong County of southern Taiwan, has long been polluted by untreated domestic and partially treated swine wastewaters and is among the most polluted rivers in Taiwan. The main objective of this study was to find a practical and effective way to improve water qualities of seriously polluted rivers with a natural technology. The Wu-Luo River was taken as an illustration of the approach in the first subject of this study. The second subject used mixed sewage and a partially-treated swine waster as a simulated polluted river water to test if an UASB (upflow anaerobic sludge blanket) reactor followed by a constructed wetland (CW) system could be used for clarification of the water. For verification of the performance results achieved by the second subject, the third subject used a pilot UASB-CWs system to test the performances by using the water sampled from the Wu-Luo River. A full-scale constructed wetland system (CWs) has been in operation for cleaning a portion of polluted Wu-Luo River water since January 2005. The first section of study investigated the efficiency and treatment capacity of this full-scale CWs on the river shore, and the operation parameters of CWs could be improved to enhance the treatment. Due to the limited efficiency and capacity of the full-scale CWs treatment, the second section of this study use a pilot-scale system to treat wastewater mixed in laboratory to simulate the polluted water treatment of the Wu-Luo River. This system was equipped with an UASB reactor in front of the CWs, which is expected to raise the efficiency and capacity of the CWs. Since the system of UASB-CWs in the second section showed good performance, the actual Wu-Luo River water was introduced to 2 pilot-scale systems which only the experimental one had UASB reactor before CWs in the third section of study. The removal efficiency of pollutants including heavy metals between the experimental and control systems was compared. In the first section, the Wu-Luo River CWs occupied a total area of 18 hectares in which approximately 9 hectares were wetted by the introduced river water. Close to 4.7 hectares of the CWs was flooded by the river water with 1.9 hectares occupied by emergent and floating plants. A total water volume of about 9,930 m3 was estimated. During the investigation period, 10,000-20,000 m3/d (CMD) (average 10,800 CMD) of the polluted river water was introduced to the CWs with a hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 0.92 day. It was concluded that water sampled from near the midpoint of the CWs got better clarification results than those from the effluent end. Pollutant removal efficiencies were 60, 60, and 67%, respectively, for TCOD, BOD, and SS at the midpoint, and 56, 54, and 45%, respectively, for TCOD, BOD, and SS at the effluent end. Organics, N, and P released from decayed plants were responsible for the poor water qualities at the end. The CWs had only a TN removal efficacy of approximately 18% with no TP removal effect. In the second section, a pilot system with an UASB reactor combined with two CW reactors was used to evaluate the feasibility of treating wastewater samples (mixture of sewage and partially-treated swine wastewater). To observe the influence of HRT on the removal efficiency of various pollutants in the wastewater in the UASB reactor, 2 phases of experiments with HRTs of 6 and 2 hours were conducted. The UASB reactor responded well in removing most of the pollutants observed except for AN and TP. The average removal efficiency could reach the levels of 93, 91, 86, 89, and 78% for SS, SCOD, SBOD, AN, and TP with the UASB-CWs systems, which have potentials to be used to improve the water quality in river in practice. To observe the influence of HRT on the removal efficiency of various pollutants in the wastewater in the UASB reactor, 2 phases of experiments with HRTs of 6 and 2 hours were conducted. In the third section, the experimental system was composed of UASB-CW1-CW2 in seris, whereas that of control system was only CW1-CW2 in series. Water samples were taken from Wu-Luo River water. To observe the influence of HRT on the removal efficiency of various pollutants in the river water in the UASB reactor, 3 phases of experiments with HRTs of 6, 4, and 2 hours were conducted. Heavy metals were easily settled in the first section of treatment, the concentrations of them were found higher in the sediments in UASB of experimental system than those in CW1 of control system. UASB can be used for primary sedimentation to prevent the CW1 blocking especially when the river quality changes dramatically on SS. With 4 hrs of HRT in UASB and 32 hrs in CW1 and CW2 each, the removal efficiency is the highest for all pollutants observed in this study. In the effluent of both of the whole systems, more than 96% of SS, NH3, and TN were removed, while more than 70% of COD and TP, more than 60% of BOD were also removed. When HRT in CW1 and CW2 is decreased to be lower than 16 hrs, the ability of CWs to remove TN and TP is also lowered.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:32:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-08-15Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:22:43Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 urbinati_e_dr_jabo.pdf: 5886769 bytes, checksum: 63f1caa6dcd838954763a5044d4cbd37 (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Avaliou-se o desempenho de doisconjuntosde reatores UASB instalados em série, notratamento de águas residuárias de suinocultura, e o reúso dos efluentes na adubação de milho e sorgo. Os conjuntos I e II foram compostos por dois reatores UASB em série com volumes de 908 e 350 L e de 908 e 188 L, respectivamente. No conjunto II foi realizado o pós-tratamento em um reator aeróbio operado em bateladas seqüenciais (RBS) de 3000 L. Os tempos de detenção hidráulica (TDH) aplicados no reator do primeiro estágio (R1) foram de 72, 54 e 42 horas em ambos os conjuntos. As cargas orgânicas volumétricas (COV) aplicadas no R1 variaram de 6,9 a 12,6 kg DQOtotal (m3 d)-1 e de 7,5 a 9,8 kg DQOtotal (m3 d)-1, dos conjuntos I e II respectivamente. Nos sistemas de tratamento anaeróbios, as eficiências médias de remoção de DQOtotal, nitrogênio Kjeldahl (NK) e fósforo total (P-total) no conjunto I atingiram 96, 68 e 64%, respectivamente, e no conjunto II, 95, 61 e 60%, respectivamente. Para Cu, Fe, Mn e Zn, as eficiências médias de remoção dos sistemas de tratamento anaeróbio, no conjunto I atingiram 94, 88, 78 e 92%, respectivamente, e no conjunto II, 82, 80, 81 e 90%, respectivamente. Com a inclusão do RBS aeróbio no sistema II, as eficiências aumentaram para valores de 98, 73 e 82% para DQOtotal, NK e P-total, respectivamente, e de 88, 91, 86, 99 e 99,3%, para Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn e coliformes termotolerantes, respectivamente. O reúso dos efluentes tratados e do dejeto bruto, não promoveu mudanças na produtividade do milho e do sorgo, porém, a aplicação dos efluentes tratados elevaram as concentrações de N prontamente disponível para as plantas no solo. Mesmo aplicados em doses muito maiores comparativamente ao dejeto bruto, os efluentes tratados promoveram menor contaminação do solo por coliformes totais e termotolerantes / The performance of two sets of UASB reactors installed in series was evaluated, for treatment of swine wastewater, and reuse of effluent as fertilizer for corn and sorghum. The sets I and II were composed of two UASB reactors in series with volumes of 908 and 350 L and 908 L and 188, respectively. In set II was performed after treatment in an aerobic reactor operated in sequencing batch mode (RBS) of 3,000 L. The hydraulic retention time (HRT) used in the first stage reactor (R1) were 72, 54 and 42 hours in both sets. The organic loading rate (OLR) applied on the R1, ranged from 6.9 to 12.6 kg total COD (m3 d)-1 and 7.5 to 9.8 kg total COD (m3 d)-1 in clusters I and II respectively. In anaerobic treatment systems, the average removal efficiencies of total COD, Kjeldahl nitrogen (NK) and total phosphorus (total P) in the set I reached 96, 68 and 64% respectively, and set II, 95, 61 and 60%, respectively. For Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn, the average removal efficiencies of anaerobic treatment systems, on the whole I reached 94, 88, 78 and 92% respectively, and set II, 82, 80, 81 and 90% respectively . With the inclusion of aerobic RBS in the set II, increased efficiencies, reaching values of 98, 73 and 82% for total COD, total-P and NK, respectively, and 88, 91, 86, 99 and 99.3% for Cu , Fe, Mn, Zn and thermotolerant coliforms, respectively. The reuse of treated effluent and raw manure, did not promote changes in the productivity of maize and sorghum, however, the application of treated effluent increased concentrations of N readily available for plants in soil. Even in much larger doses applied compared to the raw waste, the treated effluent, promoted soil contamination by total coliforms and thermotolerant considerably less

Orientador: Roberto Alves de Oliveira / Banca: Luiz Carlos Pavani / Banca: Tania Leme de Almeida / Banca: Valeria Del Nery / Banca: Giovana Tommaso / Resumo: Avaliou-se o desempenho de doisconjuntosde reatores UASB instalados em série, notratamento de águas residuárias de suinocultura, e o reúso dos efluentes na adubação de milho e sorgo. Os conjuntos I e II foram compostos por dois reatores UASB em série com volumes de 908 e 350 L e de 908 e 188 L, respectivamente. No conjunto II foi realizado o pós-tratamento em um reator aeróbio operado em bateladas seqüenciais (RBS) de 3000 L. Os tempos de detenção hidráulica (TDH) aplicados no reator do primeiro estágio (R1) foram de 72, 54 e 42 horas em ambos os conjuntos. As cargas orgânicas volumétricas (COV) aplicadas no R1 variaram de 6,9 a 12,6 kg DQOtotal (m3 d)-1 e de 7,5 a 9,8 kg DQOtotal (m3 d)-1, dos conjuntos I e II respectivamente. Nos sistemas de tratamento anaeróbios, as eficiências médias de remoção de DQOtotal, nitrogênio Kjeldahl (NK) e fósforo total (P-total) no conjunto I atingiram 96, 68 e 64%, respectivamente, e no conjunto II, 95, 61 e 60%, respectivamente. Para Cu, Fe, Mn e Zn, as eficiências médias de remoção dos sistemas de tratamento anaeróbio, no conjunto I atingiram 94, 88, 78 e 92%, respectivamente, e no conjunto II, 82, 80, 81 e 90%, respectivamente. Com a inclusão do RBS aeróbio no sistema II, as eficiências aumentaram para valores de 98, 73 e 82% para DQOtotal, NK e P-total, respectivamente, e de 88, 91, 86, 99 e 99,3%, para Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn e coliformes termotolerantes, respectivamente. O reúso dos efluentes tratados e do dejeto bruto, não promoveu mudanças na produtividade do milho e do sorgo, porém, a aplicação dos efluentes tratados elevaram as concentrações de N prontamente disponível para as plantas no solo. Mesmo aplicados em doses muito maiores comparativamente ao dejeto bruto, os efluentes tratados promoveram menor contaminação do solo por coliformes totais e termotolerantes / Abstract: The performance of two sets of UASB reactors installed in series was evaluated, for treatment of swine wastewater, and reuse of effluent as fertilizer for corn and sorghum. The sets I and II were composed of two UASB reactors in series with volumes of 908 and 350 L and 908 L and 188, respectively. In set II was performed after treatment in an aerobic reactor operated in sequencing batch mode (RBS) of 3,000 L. The hydraulic retention time (HRT) used in the first stage reactor (R1) were 72, 54 and 42 hours in both sets. The organic loading rate (OLR) applied on the R1, ranged from 6.9 to 12.6 kg total COD (m3 d)-1 and 7.5 to 9.8 kg total COD (m3 d)-1 in clusters I and II respectively. In anaerobic treatment systems, the average removal efficiencies of total COD, Kjeldahl nitrogen (NK) and total phosphorus (total P) in the set I reached 96, 68 and 64% respectively, and set II, 95, 61 and 60%, respectively. For Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn, the average removal efficiencies of anaerobic treatment systems, on the whole I reached 94, 88, 78 and 92% respectively, and set II, 82, 80, 81 and 90% respectively . With the inclusion of aerobic RBS in the set II, increased efficiencies, reaching values of 98, 73 and 82% for total COD, total-P and NK, respectively, and 88, 91, 86, 99 and 99.3% for Cu , Fe, Mn, Zn and thermotolerant coliforms, respectively. The reuse of treated effluent and raw manure, did not promote changes in the productivity of maize and sorghum, however, the application of treated effluent increased concentrations of N readily available for plants in soil. Even in much larger doses applied compared to the raw waste, the treated effluent, promoted soil contamination by total coliforms and thermotolerant considerably less / Doutor

A system with the combination of upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor and constructed wetlands (CWLs) has not yet been applied for cleaning river water polluted by sewage and swine wastewater. In this study, a pilot system with an UASB reactor (effective working volume 2.5 liters) combined with two CWL reactors (effective working volumes 54.4 and 80 liters for CWL-1 and CWL-2, respectively) was used to test the feasibility for treating wastewater samples prepared by mixing 1 volume of sewage and 1 volume of partially-treated swine wastewater. In the system, the UASB reactor was seeded with an anaerobic sludge for sewage treatment and CWL-1 and CWL-2 were planted with emergent macrophyte (reed, Phragmites australis L.) and floating macrophyte (Pistia stratiotes L.), respectively. Effects of hydraulic retention time (HRT) of the test wastewater in the UASB reactor on the removal efficacy of various pollutants were tested. HRTs of 6, 4, and 2 hours were set for the UASB for the first, second, and third experimental phases, respectively. The tested influent wastewater had the following properties (unit in mg/L and the number in parentheses indicates the average value): total CODt 64-332 (179), soluble CODS 28-267 (129), soluble BODS 8-120 (70), SS 110-1330 (372), NH3-N 20-99 (48), NO3--N 1.2-11.9 (2.7), NO2--N 0-3.4 (1.0), total nitrogen TN 24.3-95.7 (56.8), PO43--P 0-10.4 (2.9), total phosphorus TP 5.1-52.1 (23.9), Cu 0.0-0.41 (0.13), Zn 0.05-0.73 (0.27), DO 0.2-2.7 (0.7), and pH 6.9-7.7 (7.4). Effluents from the UASB reactor for the third phase test had average values of CODt 55, CODS 40, BODS 27, SS 93, NH3-N 42, NO3--N 2.6, NO2--N 0.5, TN 43.7, PO43--P 0.9, TP 17.2, Cu 0.08, Zn 0.07, DO 0.04, and pH 7.4. For the phase, effluents from the combined UASB-CWL1-CWL2 system had average values of CODt 21, CODS 16, BODS 10, SS 38, NH3-N 2, NO3--N 1.9, NO2--N 0.1, TN 11.3, PO43--P 2.6, TP 5.9, Cu 0.06, Zn 0.05, DO 5.4, and pH 7.6. The system has been shown to be economically and technically feasible for cleaning the test wastewater.

Livestock wastewater contains a large amount of nutrients that are available for recovery. In this study, a proof of concept process based on forward osmosis (FO) was proposed and investigated for in-situ formation of struvite from digested swine wastewater. This FO system took advantage of a drawback reverse solute flux (RSF) and used the reversed-fluxed Mg^{2+} for struvite precipitation, thereby accomplishing recovery of both water and nutrient. With 0.5 M MgCl2 as a draw solution, high purity struvite formed spontaneously in the feed solution and the water flux through the FO membrane reached 3.12 LMH. The precipitated struvite was characterized and exhibited a similar composition to that of commercial struvite. The FO system achieve >50% water recovery, >99% phosphate recovery (given sufficient magnesium supply), and >93% ammonium nitrogen removal from the digested swine wastewater. The recovered products (both struvite and water) could potentially generate a value of 1.35 $ m^{-3}. The results of this study have demonstrated the feasibility of nutrient recovery from livestock wastewater facilitated by FO treatment. / Master of Science

Swine wastewater is one of the major pollutions in Taiwan. The abundant nutrition and organic matters in it may lead eutrophication of water body. Meanwhile, the low dissolved oxygen level and high suspended solids concentration may also make it more difficult to handle the wastewater treatment. At present facility of swine wastewater in Taiwan is the three-process treatment which includes the solid-liquid separation, anaerobic digestion, and activated sludge system. Even though the three-process treatment is widely used, the efficiency of sediment and filter effectively to remove the nutrition, e.g., ammonia and phosphate is still in question. On the other hand, the activated sludge system is a difficult technique that the swine farmers can¡¦t easily to operate. Based on these reasons, an efficient swine wastewater treatment process should be established. In this study, we replace the activated sludge system in three-process treatment with the horizontal biofilter (HBF) and subsurface system constructed wetland (SFSCW) to assess the practicability of improving the traditional process. HBF is a fix-biofilm system which is superior to the suspended growth of activated sludge system by its simple operation and no need to return the sludge from the final clarifier. Porosity in the gravel of SFSCW and the root zone of Canna indica can also help to remove the nutrients from the outflow of HBF. The tested HRT (hydraulic retention time) has been controlled at about 30 hours and results show that SS, BOD and COD removal efficiencies as 84.07%, 86.48%, and 68.45%, respectively. HBF and SFSCW provided approximate 70~80% and 10~20% removal efficiencies, respectively. This design of combining HBF and SFSCW system has high potential to treat the swine wastewater, and adding the backwash unit may further facilitate the operation in the future.

Os dejetos suínos são caracterizados pelo elevado teor de sólidos, matéria orgânica, nutrientes (nitrogênio e fósforo), substâncias patogênicas, cor e odor, e, desta forma, se não forem corretamente tratados, tornam-se um poderoso poluidor ambiental e podendo acarretar risco potencial à saúde humana e ao meio ambiente. Neste contexto, surgem os chamados Processos Oxidativos Avançados (POA), que são métodos eficientes para a degradação de compostos orgânicos. No presente trabalho foi empregado um processo híbrido (físico e químico), principalmente a utilização da ozonização, potencializando o processo de tratamento com outros reagentes relevantes no tratamento de águas residuárias de suinocultura do Instituto Federal do Rio de Janeiro (IFRJ), campus Pinheiral-RJ. A caracterização do efluente de suinocultura in natura, pré-tratado e tratado foi realizada empregando-se métodos consolidados [DQO, COT, DBO5, surfactantes aniônicos, óleos e graxas, fenol, peróxido de hidrogênio, Nitrogênio (orgânico), Sólidos (ST, STV e STF) e elementos metálicos]. Primeiramente, somente processos químicos exploratórios de ozonização (sem e com Fe2+) foi testado e, devido à pouca eficiência deste tratamento (25,3 % e 21,1 % para COT e DQO, respectivamente), foi necessário um pré-tratamento físico-químico por meio da ozonização com cal hidratada, avaliando fatores como quantidade de cal, quantidade de floculante polimérico e tempo reacional, com resultados de 43,7 % para COT e 42,9 % para DQO. Posteriormente, o sobrenadante deste pré-tratamento (O3 + cal) foi usado em novos experimentos utilizando o processo de ozonização combinado com Fenton partindo do efluente pré-tratado, resultando na redução de 95,6 %, para COT, e 96,3 % para DQO, comparados com o efluente pré-tratado com ozônio e cal. A estimativa de custos operacionais e reacionais para o tratamento combinado (POA com Cal/POA com Fenton) totalizou em R$ 0,1016 por litro de efluente tratado. Também, os resíduos provenientes dos tratamentos POA com cal e POA com Fenton mostraram-se ser potenciais fertilizantes nos testes preliminares seguindo as normas da EMBRAPA, sendo testados para o solo Argissolo e para a espécie de planta Schinus molle. Após um período de 60 dias, visualmente as plantas com as presenças do fertilizante de Cal e fertilizante Cal + Ferro apresentaram maior crescimento. / Swine manure is characterized by high solids content, organic matter, nutrientes (nitrogen and phosphorus), pathogenic substances, color and odor. If not properly treated, they become a powerful environmental polluter and may result in a potential risk to human health and the environment. In this context, arise the Advanced Oxidation Processes (POAs), which are efficient methods for the degradation of organic compounds. In the present work a hybrid process (physical and chemical) was employed, mainly the use of ozonation, potentiating the treatment process with factors of greater relevance in the treatment of swine wastewater of Instituto Federal do Rio de Janeiro (IFRJ), campus Pinheiral-RJ. The in natura and treated swine effluent characterization was carried out using consolidated methods [COD, COT, BOD5, anionic surfactants, oils and greases, phenol, hydrogen peroxide, Nitrogen (organic), Solids (ST, STV and STF) and metal elements]. First, only ozonation chemical processes (without and with Fe2+) were tested and, due to the low efficiency of this treatment (25.3% and 21.1% for TOC and COD, respectively). It was necessary a physical-chemical pretreatment using ozonation with hydrated lime evaluating factors such as amount of lime, amount of polymeric flocculant and reaction time, with results of 43.7% for TOC and 42.9% for COD. Afterwards, the supernatant from this pretreatment (O3 + lime) was used in new experiments using the ozonation process combined with Fenton starting from the pretreated effluent, resulting in reductions of 95.6% for TOC and 96.3% for COD, compared to the effluent pretreated with ozone and lime. The estimate of operational and reactional costs for the combined treatment (POA with Lime/POA with Fenton) totaled R$ 0.1016 per liter of treated effluent. In addition, the residues from the POA with Lime and POA with Fenton treatments proved to be potential fertilizers in the preliminary tests following EMBRAPA standards, being tested for the Argissolo soil and for the Schinus molle plant species. After a period of 60 days, visually the plants with the presence of Lime fertilizer and Lime + Iron fertilizer showed higher growth.

Foram operados dois reatores UASB de bancada (volumes de 39,0 e 10,5 L) instalados em série, alimentados com águas residuárias de suinocultura com concentração de sólidos suspensos totais (SST), no primeiro reator, em torno de 5000 mg/L, com temperatura controlada (de 25 a 30 graus Celsius) e com tempo de detenção hidráulica (TDH) no primeiro reator de 62 a 16 h e no segundo de 16 a 4 h. O objetivo foi avaliar o desempenho e caracterizar física e microbiologicamente o lodo dos reatores UASB operados em dois estágios. Os resultados obtidos no ensaio 1, com TDH de 62 h no primeiro reator e SST no afluente de 5240 mg/L, mostraram eficiências de remoção de DQO total de 86% e 59% e SST de 82% e 57%, no primeiro e segundo reatores, respectivamente. A eficiência de remoção de DQO total e SST no sistema, no ensaio 1, foi de 95% e 94%. No ensaio 2, com TDH de 31 h no primeiro reator e SST de 5000 mg/L no afluente, observou-se eficiência de remoção de DQO total de 86% e 43% e SST de 85% e 58%, no primeiro e segundo reatores, respectivamente. A eficiência de remoção de DQO total e SST no sistema, no ensaio 2, foi de 92% e 94%. No ensaio 3, com TDH de 16 h no primeiro reator e SST de 5490 mg/L no afluente, observou-se eficiência de remoção de DQO total de 73% e 23% e SST de 65% e 20%, no primeiro e segundo reatores, respectivamente. A eficiência de remoção de DQO total e SST no sistema, no ensaio 3, foi de 79% e 73%. A TCOV aplicada no primeiro reator, no ensaio 1, foi de 4,55 kg DQO total/\'M POT.3\'.d, no ensaio 2 de 8,75 kg DQO total/\'M POT.3\'.d e no ensaio 3 de 18,65 kg DQO total/\'M POT.3\'.d. A produção de \'CH IND.4\' no primeiro reator foi de 17,50 a 68,20 L \'CH IND.4\'/d e no segundo reator de 1,62 a 5,50 L \'CH IND.4\'/d com a diminuição do TDH. Os reatores UASB instalados em série foram eficientes na remoção da fração dissolvida e, principalmente, da fração devido à concentração de SST do afluente. Para TCOV de 4,55 kg DQO/\'M POT.3\'.d no primeiro reator, pôde-se obter eficiências de remoção de DQO total e de SST acima de 90% e de DQO dissolvida acima de 85%. Para TCOV de 18,65 kg DQO/\'M POT.3\'.d no primeiro reator, as eficiências de remoção de DQO total e de SST foram acima de 70% e DQO dissolvida acima de 75%. As maiores produções específicas de metano foram obtidas com TCOV de 2,55 kg DQO/\'M POT.3\'.d para o segundo reator e de 8,65 kg DQO/\'M POT.3\'.d para o primeiro reator. A operação dos reatores UASB com valores de concentração de SST no afluente em torno de 5000 mg/L foram prejudiciais ao processo de granulação do lodo. Os grânulos apresentaram distribuição dispersa das morfologias microbianas ao longo da parede, não caracterizando a divisão em camadas definidas. As arqueas metanogênicas predominantes foram as semelhantes à Methanosaeta. / Two bench scale UASB reactors (volumes of 39,0 and 10,5 L) were operated in sequence, fed with swine wastewater with total suspended solids (TSS) concentration around 5000 mg/L in the first reactor, with controlled temperature (from 25 to 30 Celsius degrees) and operating with hydraulic detention time (HDT) in the first reactor varying from 62 to 16 h and in the second reactor from 16 to 4 h. The objective was to evaluate the performance and to characterize physically and microbiologically the sludge from UASB reactors operated in two stages treating swine wastewater. The results obtained in phase 1, with HDT of 62 h in the first reactor and TSS in the influent of 5240 mg/L, presented total COD removal efficiencies of 86% and 59% and TSS reduction efficiency of 82% and 57%, in the first and second reactors, respectively. The removal efficiency of total COD and TSS in the system, in phase 1, was 95% and 94%, respectively. In the phase 2, using HDT of 31 h in the first reactor and TSS of 5000 mg/L in the influent, it was observed a total COD removal efficiency of 86% and 43% and TSS reduction efficiency of 85% and 58%, in the first and second reactors, respectively. The system removal efficiency of total COD and TSS in phase 2, was 92% and 94%, respectively. In phase 3, with a HDT of 16 h in the first reactor and TSS of 5490 mg/L in the influent, it was observed a total COD removal efficiency of 73% and 23% and TSS reduction efficiency of 65% and 20%, in the first and second reactors, respectively. The total COD removal efficiency and TSS reduction efficiency in the system, in phase 3, was 79% and 73%, respectively. The volumetric organic loading rate (VOLR) applied in the first reactor, in phase 1, was 4,55 kg total COD/\'M POT.3\'.d, in phase 2 was 8,75 kg total COD/\'M POT.3\'.d and in phase 3 was 18,65 kg total COD/\'M POT.3\'.d. The \'CH IND.4\' production in the first reactor was from 17,50 to 68,20 L \'CH IND.4\'/d and in the second reactor from 1,62 to 5,50 L \'CH IND.4\'/d decreasing the HDT in the experiment phases. The UASB reactor installed in sequence were efficient in the dissolved fraction removal and, mainly, to the fraction due to the TSS influent concentration. The total VOL value of 4,55 kg COD/\'M POT.3\'.d was measured in the first reactor, it was achieved TSS and total COD removal efficiencies above 90% and dissolved COD above 85%. For the OVL of 18,65 kg COD/\'M POT.3\'.d in the first reactor the TSS and total COD removal were above 70% and dissolved COD above 75%. The larger methane specific production was obtained with a total VOL of 2,55 kg COD/\'M POT.3\'.d in the second reactor and 8.65 kg COD/\'M POT.3\'.d in the first reactor. The UASB reactors operation with the TSS concentration values of 5000 mg/L in the influent was prejudicing the sludge granulation process. The granules present a microbial morphology disperse distribution that doesn\'t characterize a layers defined distribution. The predominant metonogenic archeas were similar to Methanosaeta.

A contaminação ambiental por antibióticos e antimicrobianos quimioterápicos despertou o interesse da comunidade científica devido à possibilidade do desenvolvimento de resistência bacteriana e de efeitos ecotóxicos sobre organismos não-alvo. As águas residuárias contaminadas representam a principal fonte de dispersão desses fármacos para o meio ambiente. Enquanto as tecnologias anaeróbias têm sido crescentemente aplicadas para o tratamento de águas residuárias de origem agroindustrial, frequentemente contaminadas com antimicrobianos, pouco se sabe sobre as transformações que esses micropoluentes podem sofrer durante o tratamento. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi a investigação da degradação do antimicrobiano veterinário sulfametazina (SMZ) durante o tratamento anaeróbio de água residuária de suinocultura. Para tanto, foram conduzidas três fases experimentais. Na primeira fase, ensaios em batelada foram realizados com o intuito de avaliar a contribuição da biodegradação anaeróbia e de outros fenômenos na remoção de SMZ da fase líquida. A segunda fase envolveu a operação de três reatores anaeróbios contínuos em escala de bancada alimentados com água residuária sintética contaminada com SMZ, um reator anaeróbio horizontal de leito fixo (RAHLF), um reator anaeróbio de mistura e biomassa imobilizada (RAMBI) e um reator anaeróbio de fluxo ascendente e manta de lodo (UASB). Avaliou-se o efeito da variação da DQO total afluente e do TDH na eficiência de remoção de SMZ. Na terceira fase, o RAHLF foi alimentado com água residuária de suinocultura real présedimentada e acrescida de SMZ. Os resultados obtidos durante a primeira fase permitiram o desenvolvimento de um modelo matemático de dois compartimentos que apontou a fase aquosa como o compartimento biodisponível para a degradação de SMZ. Não foram observadas diferenças expressivas de desempenho dos reatores anaeróbios na remoção de SMZ para as condições experimentais ensaiadas na segunda fase. As condições operacionais que permitiram máxima remoção de SMZ foram TDH de 24 h e DQO total afluente de 3000 mg O2.L-1, que resultaram em eficiências médias de remoção de SMZ de 74%, 71% e 70% para os reatores RAHLF, RAMBI e UASB, respectivamente. Observou-se que a biodegradação anaeróbia de SMZ é favorecida pelo aumento da velocidade de degradação de matéria orgânica, como esperado para uma transformação cometabólica. Embora a degradação de SMZ tenha sido interrompida durante a alimentação do RAHLF com água residuária de suinocultura, os resultados obtidos mostraram que a biodegradação de SMZ pode acontecer em reatores anaeróbios e pode ser favorecida por meio do controle de parâmetros de operação adequados, demonstrando o potencial de aplicação dessa tecnologia no abatimento de emissões desse fármaco. / Environmental contamination by antibiotics and antimicrobial chemotherapeutics has drawn the attention of the scientific community because of the possibility of bacterial resistance development and toxic effects on non-target organisms. Contaminated wastewaters are the main sources of antimicrobial dispersion to the environment. While anaerobic technologies have been increasingly applied to the treatment of agricultural wastewaters, which are often contaminated with antimicrobials, little is known about the changes that these micropollutants can undergo during treatment. The objective of this study was to investigate the degradation of the veterinary antimicrobial sulfamethazine (SMZ) during the anaerobic treatment of swine wastewater. Three experimental phases were performed. In the first phase, batch tests were performed in order to evaluate the contribution of anaerobic biodegradation and other phenomena to the overall removal of SMZ from the liquid phase. The second phase involved the operation of three continuous, bench-scale anaerobic reactors fed with SMZ-contaminated synthetic wastewater: a horizontal-flow anaerobic immobilized biomass (HAIB) reactor, an anaerobic stirred reactor with immobilized biomass (ASRIB) and an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor. The effect of varying the total influent COD and the HRT on SMZ removal efficiency was evaluated. In the third phase, the HAIB was fed with real presedimented swine wastewater contaminated with SMZ. The results obtained during the first phase allowed the development of a two-compartment mathematical model which established the aqueous phase as the bioavailable compartment for SMZ degradation. No significant differences in SMZ removal performance between the three reactors were observed in the second phase. The maximum removal of SMZ was observed for a HRT of 24 h and total influent COD of 3000 mg O2.L-1, which resulted in average SMZ removal efficiencies of 74%, 71% and 70% for the HAIB, ASRIB and UASB reactors, respectively. It was observed that the anaerobic biodegradation SMZ is favored by increasing the organic matter degradation rate, as expected for cometabolic transformations. Although SMZ degradation ceased when the HAIB was fed with swine wastewater, the experimental results showed that the biodegradation of SMZ occurs in anaerobic reactors and can be enhanced by controlling appropriate operating parameters, demonstrating the potential of this technology for the abatement of SMZ emission.

A contaminação ambiental por antibióticos e antimicrobianos quimioterápicos despertou o interesse da comunidade científica devido à possibilidade do desenvolvimento de resistência bacteriana e de efeitos ecotóxicos sobre organismos não-alvo. As águas residuárias contaminadas representam a principal fonte de dispersão desses fármacos para o meio ambiente. Enquanto as tecnologias anaeróbias têm sido crescentemente aplicadas para o tratamento de águas residuárias de origem agroindustrial, frequentemente contaminadas com antimicrobianos, pouco se sabe sobre as transformações que esses micropoluentes podem sofrer durante o tratamento. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi a investigação da degradação do antimicrobiano veterinário sulfametazina (SMZ) durante o tratamento anaeróbio de água residuária de suinocultura. Para tanto, foram conduzidas três fases experimentais. Na primeira fase, ensaios em batelada foram realizados com o intuito de avaliar a contribuição da biodegradação anaeróbia e de outros fenômenos na remoção de SMZ da fase líquida. A segunda fase envolveu a operação de três reatores anaeróbios contínuos em escala de bancada alimentados com água residuária sintética contaminada com SMZ, um reator anaeróbio horizontal de leito fixo (RAHLF), um reator anaeróbio de mistura e biomassa imobilizada (RAMBI) e um reator anaeróbio de fluxo ascendente e manta de lodo (UASB). Avaliou-se o efeito da variação da DQO total afluente e do TDH na eficiência de remoção de SMZ. Na terceira fase, o RAHLF foi alimentado com água residuária de suinocultura real présedimentada e acrescida de SMZ. Os resultados obtidos durante a primeira fase permitiram o desenvolvimento de um modelo matemático de dois compartimentos que apontou a fase aquosa como o compartimento biodisponível para a degradação de SMZ. Não foram observadas diferenças expressivas de desempenho dos reatores anaeróbios na remoção de SMZ para as condições experimentais ensaiadas na segunda fase. As condições operacionais que permitiram máxima remoção de SMZ foram TDH de 24 h e DQO total afluente de 3000 mg O2.L-1, que resultaram em eficiências médias de remoção de SMZ de 74%, 71% e 70% para os reatores RAHLF, RAMBI e UASB, respectivamente. Observou-se que a biodegradação anaeróbia de SMZ é favorecida pelo aumento da velocidade de degradação de matéria orgânica, como esperado para uma transformação cometabólica. Embora a degradação de SMZ tenha sido interrompida durante a alimentação do RAHLF com água residuária de suinocultura, os resultados obtidos mostraram que a biodegradação de SMZ pode acontecer em reatores anaeróbios e pode ser favorecida por meio do controle de parâmetros de operação adequados, demonstrando o potencial de aplicação dessa tecnologia no abatimento de emissões desse fármaco. / Environmental contamination by antibiotics and antimicrobial chemotherapeutics has drawn the attention of the scientific community because of the possibility of bacterial resistance development and toxic effects on non-target organisms. Contaminated wastewaters are the main sources of antimicrobial dispersion to the environment. While anaerobic technologies have been increasingly applied to the treatment of agricultural wastewaters, which are often contaminated with antimicrobials, little is known about the changes that these micropollutants can undergo during treatment. The objective of this study was to investigate the degradation of the veterinary antimicrobial sulfamethazine (SMZ) during the anaerobic treatment of swine wastewater. Three experimental phases were performed. In the first phase, batch tests were performed in order to evaluate the contribution of anaerobic biodegradation and other phenomena to the overall removal of SMZ from the liquid phase. The second phase involved the operation of three continuous, bench-scale anaerobic reactors fed with SMZ-contaminated synthetic wastewater: a horizontal-flow anaerobic immobilized biomass (HAIB) reactor, an anaerobic stirred reactor with immobilized biomass (ASRIB) and an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor. The effect of varying the total influent COD and the HRT on SMZ removal efficiency was evaluated. In the third phase, the HAIB was fed with real presedimented swine wastewater contaminated with SMZ. The results obtained during the first phase allowed the development of a two-compartment mathematical model which established the aqueous phase as the bioavailable compartment for SMZ degradation. No significant differences in SMZ removal performance between the three reactors were observed in the second phase. The maximum removal of SMZ was observed for a HRT of 24 h and total influent COD of 3000 mg O2.L-1, which resulted in average SMZ removal efficiencies of 74%, 71% and 70% for the HAIB, ASRIB and UASB reactors, respectively. It was observed that the anaerobic biodegradation SMZ is favored by increasing the organic matter degradation rate, as expected for cometabolic transformations. Although SMZ degradation ceased when the HAIB was fed with swine wastewater, the experimental results showed that the biodegradation of SMZ occurs in anaerobic reactors and can be enhanced by controlling appropriate operating parameters, demonstrating the potential of this technology for the abatement of SMZ emission.