Denna kandidatuppsats inom företagsekonomi berör ämnet varumärkeslojalitet och hur Generation Y, generationen född mellan år 1980-2000, förhåller sig till fenomenet. Studiens övergripande syfte är att undersöka huruvida Generation Y är lojal eller inte och vad anledningarna är till varför de blir lojala eller väljer att byta varumärke. Det finns ingen bestämd definition av begreppet varumärkeslojalitet, men man kännetecknar det bland annat som återkommande köp, benägenhet att rekommendera och en positiv attityd till varumärket. Tidigare forskning inom området påstår att Generation Y är en illojal generation som ständigt är på jakt efter det senaste på markanden och utan eftertanke byter varumärken. Vi upplever att forskningen som berör ämnet är begränsad och att de egentliga orsakerna till varför Generation Y beter sig som de gör i sitt konsumtions- och lojalitetsbeteende inte tydliggörs. Vår studie har syftet att fördjupa sig i frågan och ge en ökad förståelse för Generation Y och deras beteende.Studiens tre forskningsfrågor är: Är Generation Y en illojal generation? Vad krävs för att Generation Y ska vara lojal? Varför slutar Generation Y konsumera ett varumärke? För att möta studiens syfte har en kvalitativ undersökningsmetod valts och för att besvara studiens frågeställningar har kvalitativa intervjuer genomförts. 15 semistrukturerade intervjuer med personer i olika åldrar, födda mellan år 1980-2000 gjordes. Därmed kunde vi täcka kvoten för Generation Y. Till intervjupersonerna ställdes frågor angående konsumtion, lojalitet och byte för att få en övergripande bild av hur deras konsumtionsbeteende ser ut.Från intervjuerna och den teoretiska referensramen har vi sammanställt ett resultat som ger en övergripande bild av Generation Y och generationens förhållande till varumärkeslojalitet. Resultatet som framgår av studien visar att Generation Y är benägen till återkommande köp av varumärken, rekommendation och har en god attityd mot varumärken. Med detta kan slutsatsen dras att Generation Y är lojal. Dock finns en skiljelinje. Om lojalitet kräver exklusivitet, att man bara konsumerar från ett varumärke ur en bransch, är generationen generellt sett illojal. Om man istället utgår från att lojalitet kan vara multipel, att man regelbundet konsumerar ett antal varumärken ur en bransch, kan man dra slutsatsen att Generation Y är lojal. Ur studien framgår vad som påverkar varför en person ur Generation Y blir lojal. Det faktorer som främst leder till lojalitet hos Generation Y är bra service och god kvalitet. En kombination av de två faktorerna förstärker lojaliteten och ökar chansen för att den ska uppstå och bestå. Studien redovisar även de främsta orsakerna till varför Generation Y byter varumärke. Byte beror främst på olika typer av missnöjdhet. Byten utan upplevd missnöjdhet beror främst på ett stimuleringsbehov, viljan att testa något nytt och rekommendationer från betrodda personer i omgivningen. / This business bachelor thesis deals with the subject of brand loyalty and investigates how Generation Y (born 1980-2000) relates to this phenomenon. Conducted in Gothenburg, Sweden and published in Swedish the overall purpose of this study is to investigate whether Generation Y are loyal or not and identify the reasons for why one remains loyal or chooses to change to a different brand. There is no specific definition for the term brand loyalty, but it is commonly characterized as a tendency to recommend, to repurchase and having a positive attitude towards a brand. Previous research in this area states that Generation Y are disloyal and constantly on the lookout for the latest product on the market and that without reflection change brands. The research on the subject is limited and the root causes for this behavior within consumption and loyalty are not clearly explained. The aim of this study is to complete further research and provide a better understanding of Generation Y and their behavior with regards brand loyalty.The research questions of this study are: Are Generation Y disloyal? What is required for Generation Y to become loyal? What are the reasons for Generation Y demonstrating disloyalty towards brands? To this end a qualitative method was chosen along with the conduction of qualitative interviews. 15 semi-structured interviews were completed including people of different ages, born between 1980 and 2000. This allowed us to cover the full age spectrum of Generation Y. Questions asked to all respondents were focused towards consumption, loyalty and the switching of brands.From the interviews and the theoretical framework we have compiled a result which gives an overall picture of Generation Y and its relation to brand loyalty. The results of this study show that Generation Y are prone to repurchase, recommend brands and also show a good attitude towards brands. It can therefore be concluded that Generation Y are loyal. However, there is a dividing factor. If loyalty requires exclusivity, consuming one brand per industry, Generation Y are generally not loyal. If we instead assume that loyalty can be multiple, to regularly consume a number of brands within an industry, it can be concluded that Generation Y are loyal. This study documents the factors that influence whether a person from Generation Y is loyal. The main influencers that lead to loyalty among Generation Y are good service and good quality. A combination of these two reinforce loyalty and increase the chance for it to occur and persist. The study also summarizes the main reasons Generation Y switch brands. Switching is most often caused due to a form of dissatisfaction. Switching without perceived dissatisfaction is mainly influenced from a stimulation need, the willingness to try something new and alternative recommendations from a trusted advisor.

This paper studies the predictive performance and in-sample dynamics of three regime switching models for Swedish macroeconomic time series. The models discussed are threshold autoregressive (TAR), Markov switching autoregressive (MSM-AR), and smooth-transition autoregressive (STAR) regime switching models. We perform recursive out-of-sample forecasting to study the predictive performance of the models. We also assess the in-sample dynamics correspondence to the forecast performance and find that there is not always a relationship. Furthermore, we seek to explore if these unrestricted models yield interpretable results regarding the regimes from an macroeconomic standpoint. We assess GDP-growth, the unemployment rate, and government bond yields and find evidence of Teräsvirta's claims that even when the data has non-linear dynamics, non-linear models might not improve the forecast performance of linear models when the forecast window is linear.

無 / The purpose of this study is; to review literature on bilingual speech and advertising and summarize the functions of the use of English in advertising; and conduct a content analysis to study the functions in print advertisements in two Taiwanese magazines (ViVi and Business Weekly) as well as to find correlations between advertisement attributes (country-of-origin, parts of an ad, product categories, and advertising appeals) and the functions. First, past literature in advertising and linguistics are reviewed. In summary, there are six code-mixing functions of the use of English in advertising in linguistic aspects, which include: 1) Referential Function, 2) Poetic Function, 3) Direct Quotation Function, 4) Reiteration Function, 5) Ease of Expression Function, and 6) Euphemism Function. Then, print advertisements in two Taiwanese magazines (ViVi and Business Weekly) will be analyzed in the content analysis. There are five research questions: 1) To what extent are the functions of the use of English present in print ads in magazines?, 2) Are there any correlations between country-of-origin and the functions?, 3) Are there any correlations between the parts of an ad and the functions?, 4) Are there any correlations between product categories and the functions?, 5) Are there any correlations between advertising appeals and the functions? The content analysis showed that all six functions were present in print advertising in Taiwan, with Ease of Expression Function to be the most frequent one, and Euphemism to be the least. The results also showed that there are correlations between the parts of an ad (slogan, headlines and subheadlines, and body copy) and the functions, but no correlations were found between country-of-origin and the functions, or between advertising appeals and the functions.

A elevada introdução de antibióticos no ambiente aquático tem aumentado a preocupação em relação ao desenvolvimento de microrganismos resistentes aos agentes antimicrobianos e seu potencial impacto na biota aquática. Com o objetivo de monitorar a presença, persistência e destinação desses fármacos no meio ambiente, há a necessidade de se desenvolver métodos analíticos altamente sensíveis a baixas concentrações desses antibióticos, na ordem de ng L-1 a μg L-1. Nesse contexto o trabalho tem como objetivo a síntese de sorventes seletivos como polímeros molecularmente impressos (MIP) e polímeros molecularmente impressos com acesso restrito (RAMIP) para a análise de amostras aquosas complexas contendo fluoroquinolonas, empregando extração em fase sólida (SPE) online acoplada por column-switching (CS) à LC-MS/MS. Dois MIPs (MIP1 e MIP2) foram sintetizados utilizando ofloxacino como molécula molde, ácido metacrílico como monômero e, etileno glicol dimetacrilato (MIP1) ou trimetilpropano trimetacrilato (MIP2) como agente de ligação cruzada. O glicerol dimetacrilato e hidroximetil dimetacrilato foram utilizados para promover a formação de uma superfície hidrofílica sobre os MIP1 e MIP2 (RAMIP1 e RAMIP2). Os polímeros sintetizados (MIP1, MIP2, RAMIP1 e RAMIP2) foram acondicionados em colunas de 21,7 x 2,0 mm e empregados para análise direta das matrizes em um sistema de CS-LC-MS/MS online, para avaliação da seletividade, exclusão de macromoléculas e recuperação relativa do processo. As fases sintetizadas foram recobertas com ácidos húmicos (MIP1-AH, MIP2-AH, RAMIP1-AH, RAMIP2-AH) e foram comparadas a fase extratora HLB-AH quanto a seletividade e capacidade de exclusão de proteínas e ácidos húmicos. Os polímeros sintetizados mostraram-se seletivos para a análise de fluoroquinolonas quando comparados com possíveis interferentes, em especial o MIP1 e MIP-AH, com seletividade maior em relação à apresentada pelas fases comerciais HLB Oasis® e StrataX®. Além disso, foi possível eliminar cerca de 92-100% de proteína quando percolada uma solução aquosa de 44 mg mL-1 de albumina sérica bovina (BSA) e de 94-96% quando percolada uma solução aquosa de 6 mg mL-1 de ácido húmico. A eficiência relativa do processo de preparo de amostra apresentada pelos polímeros sintetizados foi comparável à da fase comercial, no entanto o desvio padrão relativo (DPR) apresentado pela fase HLB foi maior. O polímero MIP1-AH apresentou melhor eficiência no processo de extração para a maioria dos analitos quando analisado em matriz de esgoto preparado em laboratório e esgoto sanitário enquanto que as fases MIP2 e RAMIP1 apresentaram um melhor desempenho na extração dos analitos em matriz de efluente de ETE. Em suma, o efeito matriz mostrou-se ainda persistente devido à complexidade das matrizes avaliadas, o que foge à idealidade para que se tenha detecção de fluoroquinolonas em baixíssimas concentrações, como objetivo desse trabalho. Dessa forma, para que o método possa ser utilizado para análise de amostras reais é necessária a compatibilização das matrizes durante a validação do método. / The increased use of antibiotics has led to a higher presence of these molecules into environment. Therefore, there is a raising concern on this matter, since antibiotics may yield microorganisms resistant to their effects. Aiming to monitoring the presence, persistence and destination of these drugs on the environment, there is an urge for the development of highly sensitive analytical methods, capable of detecting at the μg L-1 to the ng L-1 concentration levels. In this fashion, this thesis focuses on the synthesis of selective sorbents such as molecular imprinted polymers (MIP) and restricted access molecular imprinted polymers (RAMIP) for the analysis of complex water samples containing fluoroquinolones. Additionally, it includes the use of these sorbents by online solid phase extraction (SPE) coupled to LC-MS/MS, using a column-switching (CS) setup. Two MIPs (MIP1 and MIP2) were synthesized using ofloxacin as template, methacrylic acid as monomer and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (MIP1) or trimethylpropane trimethacrylate (MIP2) as cross-linking agent. The glycerol dimethacrylate and hydroximethyl dimethacrylate were employed to promote the formation of a hydrophilic surface layer on MIP1 and MIP2 (RAMIP1 and RAMIP2). The synthesized polymers (MIP1, MIP2, RAMIP1, RAMIP2) were packed into 21,7 x 2,0 mm columns and used for the direct analysis of complex water matrices using an online CS-LC-MS/MS system, for the evaluation of the selectivity, macromolecules exclusion and relative process efficiency. The synthesized phases were coated with humic acids (MIP1-AH, MIP2-AH, RAMIP1-AH, RAMIP2-AH) and were compared to the extraction phase HLB-AH regarding its selectivity and capability of proteins and humic acid exclusion. The synthesized polymers displayed selectivity for the analysis of fluoroquionolones when compared to the possible interferents, specially the MIP1 and MIP1-AH, with a higher selectivity when compared with the commercial phases Oasis® HLB and Strata X®. Additionally, when percolating an aqueous solution containing 44 mg mL-1 of bovine seric albumin (BSA) it was possible to eliminate ca. 92-100% of the proteins and 94-96% of exclusion was obtained when percolating an aqueous solution containing 6 mg mL-1 of humic acid. The relative process efficiency of sample preparation resulted from the synthesized polymers was comparable to that of the commercial phase, however the relative standard deviation (RSD) for the HLB phase was higher. The polymer MIP1-AH displayed better efficiency for the extraction process for most of the analytes on both sewage matrices, the one prepared on the laboratory and the sanitary one. The phases MIP2 and RAMIP1 presented a better performance for the extraction of analytes in effluents of a wastewater treatment plant. In conclusion, the matrix effect showed to be a persistent effect, given the complexity of the matrices analyzed. This fact is far from an ideal condition of detecting fluoroquinolones in real-life application where they are present at very low concentrations. In this sense, for the application of this method for real samples, a strategy of matrix matching would be needed during the validation of the method.

Brian Chan Hok-shing. / Thesis (M.A.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1992. / Includes bibliographical references. / Abstract / Acknowledgements / Chapter 1. --- Introduction / Chapter 1.1 --- "Defining ""Code´ؤmixing""" / Chapter 1.2 --- Code-mixing in Hong Kong / Chapter 1.3 --- Aims and Objectives / Chapter 2. --- Syntactic Constraints on CM / Chapter 2.1 --- Language-universal constraints / Chapter 2.1.1 --- The Free Morpheme constraint / Chapter 2.1.2 --- The Equivalence constraint / Chapter 2.1.3 --- The Government constraint / Chapter 2.1.4 --- The Matrix Code Principle / Chapter 2.1.5 --- The Dual Structure Principle / Chapter 2.2 --- Language´ؤspecific constraints / Chapter 2.2.1 --- """Closed-Class"" word constraint" / Chapter 2.2.2 --- "The ""fragment"" constraint" / Chapter 2.2.3 --- "The ""innermost"" constituent constraint" / Chapter 3. --- A Linguistic Description of Cantonese -English code- mixing / Chapter 3.1 --- Data / Chapter 3.2 --- The major patterns and the minor patterns / Chapter 3.3 --- The major patterns: single word cases / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Verb-mixing / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Noun-mixing / Chapter 3.3.3 --- Adjective or adverb-mixing / Chapter 3.3.4 --- Preposition or conjunction-mixing / Chapter 3.4 --- The minor patterns: fragments / Chapter 3.4.1 --- Form and structure / Chapter 3.4.2 --- Cantonese fragments under English phrase structure / Chapter 4. --- Critique of the major constraints and principles / Chapter 4.1 --- The Free Morpheme constraint / Chapter 4.2 --- The Equivalence constraint / Chapter 4.3 --- The Government constraint / Chapter 4.4 --- The Matrix Code principle / Chapter 4.5 --- The Dual Structure principle / Chapter 5. --- Revised constraints / Chapter 5.1 --- The Category Equivalence constraint / Chapter 5.1.1 --- Generalizations from the patterns / Chapter 5.1.2 --- Rationale of the Category Equivalence constraint / Chapter 5.1.3 --- Categorical non-equivalence / Chapter 5.1.4 --- Insufficiency / Chapter 5.2 --- The Bound Morpheme constraint / Chapter 5.3 --- The Specifier constraint / Chapter 6. --- Processes / Chapter 6.1 --- Previous Models / Chapter 6.1.1 --- The Equivalence model / Chapter 6.1.2 --- The Matrix Code model / Chapter 6.1.3 --- The Dual Structure model / Chapter 6.2 --- A revised model / Chapter 6.2.1 --- Assumptions / Chapter 6.2.1.1 --- The Distinction between the matrix code (MC) and the embedded code (EC) / Chapter 6.2.1.2 --- Interface between MC grammar and EC lexicon / Chapter 6.2.1.3 --- "Interface between EC lexicon, EC grammar and MC grammar" / Chapter 6.2.1.4 --- Other interfaces not activated / Chapter 6.3 --- Constraints revisited / Chapter 7. --- The Case of Nonce Borrowing / Chapter 7.1 --- Definitions / Chapter 7.2 --- Objections / Notes / Chapter Appendix: --- A Database of Cantonese-English Code´ؤmixing / Bibliography

by Kwok Siu Yu. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2000. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 48-49). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Background of switching networks --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Nonblocking properties of 3-stage networks --- p.5 / Chapter 1.3 --- Wide-sense nonblocking networks --- p.10 / Chapter 1.4 --- Routing algorithms by packing --- p.12 / Chapter 2 --- The Concept of the Upper Ideals --- p.15 / Chapter 3 --- "Routing algorithm over the network [6x10, 3x3, 10x6]" --- p.26 / Chapter 4 --- Simulation Program (SP) --- p.30 / Chapter 5 --- "Nonexistence of routing algorithm over the network [5x8, 3x3, 8x5]" --- p.35 / Chapter 6 --- Packing algorithms --- p.42 / Chapter 7 --- Summary and directions of further study --- p.47

by Soung-yue Liew. / "June 1999." / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1999. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 159-169). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Mode of access: World Wide Web. / Abstracts in English and Chinese.

Chan Yeuk Chi Joyce. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2005. / Includes bibliographical references. / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Background --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Previous Work on Code-switching Speech Recognition --- p.2 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- Keyword Spotting Approach --- p.3 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- Translation Approach --- p.4 / Chapter 1.2.3 --- Language Boundary Detection --- p.6 / Chapter 1.3 --- Motivations of Our Work --- p.7 / Chapter 1.4 --- Methodology --- p.8 / Chapter 1.5 --- Thesis Outline --- p.10 / Chapter 1.6 --- References --- p.11 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- Fundamentals of Large Vocabulary Continuous Speech Recognition for Cantonese and English --- p.14 / Chapter 2.1 --- Basic Theory of Speech Recognition --- p.14 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Feature Extraction --- p.14 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- Maximum a Posteriori (MAP) Probability --- p.15 / Chapter 2.1.3 --- Hidden Markov Model (HMM) --- p.16 / Chapter 2.1.4 --- Statistical Language Modeling --- p.17 / Chapter 2.1.5 --- Search A lgorithm --- p.18 / Chapter 2.2 --- Word Posterior Probability (WPP) --- p.19 / Chapter 2.3 --- Generalized Word Posterior Probability (GWPP) --- p.23 / Chapter 2.4 --- Characteristics of Cantonese --- p.24 / Chapter 2.4.1 --- Cantonese Phonology --- p.24 / Chapter 2.4.2 --- Variation and Change in Pronunciation --- p.27 / Chapter 2.4.3 --- Syllables and Characters in Cantonese --- p.28 / Chapter 2.4.4 --- Spoken Cantonese vs. Written Chinese --- p.28 / Chapter 2.5 --- Characteristics of English --- p.30 / Chapter 2.5.1 --- English Phonology --- p.30 / Chapter 2.5.2 --- English with Cantonese Accents --- p.31 / Chapter 2.6 --- References --- p.32 / Chapter Chapter 3 --- Code-mixing and Code-switching Speech Recognition --- p.35 / Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.35 / Chapter 3.2 --- Definition --- p.35 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Monolingual Speech Recognition --- p.35 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Multilingual Speech Recognition --- p.35 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Code-mixing and Code-switching --- p.36 / Chapter 3.3 --- Conversation in Hong Kong --- p.38 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Language Choice of Hong Kong People --- p.38 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Reasons for Code-mixing in Hong Kong --- p.40 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- How Does Code-mixing Occur? --- p.41 / Chapter 3.4 --- Difficulties for Code-mixing - Specific to Cantonese-English --- p.44 / Chapter 3.4.1 --- Phonetic Differences --- p.45 / Chapter 3.4.2 --- Phonology difference --- p.48 / Chapter 3.4.3 --- Accent and Borrowing --- p.49 / Chapter 3.4.4 --- Lexicon and Grammar --- p.49 / Chapter 3.4.5 --- Lack of Appropriate Speech Corpus --- p.50 / Chapter 3.5 --- References --- p.50 / Chapter Chapter 4 --- Data Collection --- p.53 / Chapter 4.1 --- Data Collection --- p.53 / Chapter 4.1.1 --- Corpus Design --- p.53 / Chapter 4.1.2 --- Recording Setup --- p.59 / Chapter 4.1.3 --- Post-processing of Speech Data --- p.60 / Chapter 4.2 --- A Baseline Database --- p.61 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Monolingual Spoken Cantonese Speech Data (CUMIX) --- p.61 / Chapter 4.3 --- References --- p.61 / Chapter Chapter 5 --- System Design and Experimental Setup --- p.63 / Chapter 5.1 --- Overview of the Code-mixing Speech Recognizer --- p.63 / Chapter 5.1.1 --- Bilingual Syllable / Word-based Speech Recognizer --- p.63 / Chapter 5.1.2 --- Language Boundary Detection --- p.64 / Chapter 5.1.3 --- Generalized Word Posterior Probability (GWPP) --- p.65 / Chapter 5.2 --- Acoustic Modeling --- p.66 / Chapter 5.2.1 --- Speech Corpus for Training of Acoustic Models --- p.67 / Chapter 5.2.2 --- Features Extraction --- p.69 / Chapter 5.2.3 --- Variability in the Speech Signal --- p.69 / Chapter 5.2.4 --- Language Dependency of the Acoustic Models --- p.71 / Chapter 5.2.5 --- Pronunciation Dictionary --- p.80 / Chapter 5.2.6 --- The Training Process of Acoustic Models --- p.83 / Chapter 5.2.7 --- Decoding and Evaluation --- p.88 / Chapter 5.3 --- Language Modeling --- p.90 / Chapter 5.3.1 --- N-gram Language Model --- p.91 / Chapter 5.3.2 --- Difficulties in Data Collection --- p.91 / Chapter 5.3.3 --- Text Data for Training Language Model --- p.92 / Chapter 5.3.4 --- Training Tools --- p.95 / Chapter 5.3.5 --- Training Procedure --- p.95 / Chapter 5.3.6 --- Evaluation of the Language Models --- p.98 / Chapter 5.4 --- Language Boundary Detection --- p.99 / Chapter 5.4.1 --- Phone-based LBD --- p.100 / Chapter 5.4.2 --- Syllable-based LBD --- p.104 / Chapter 5.4.3 --- LBD Based on Syllable Lattice --- p.106 / Chapter 5.5 --- "Integration of the Acoustic Model Scores, Language Model Scores and Language Boundary Information" --- p.107 / Chapter 5.5.1 --- Integration of Acoustic Model Scores and Language Boundary Information. --- p.107 / Chapter 5.5.2 --- Integration of Modified Acoustic Model Scores and Language Model Scores --- p.109 / Chapter 5.5.3 --- Evaluation Criterion --- p.111 / Chapter 5.6 --- References --- p.112 / Chapter Chapter 6 --- Results and Analysis --- p.118 / Chapter 6.1 --- Speech Data for Development and Evaluation --- p.118 / Chapter 6.1.1 --- Development Data --- p.118 / Chapter 6.1.2 --- Testing Data --- p.118 / Chapter 6.2 --- Performance of Different Acoustic Units --- p.119 / Chapter 6.2.1 --- Analysis of Results --- p.120 / Chapter 6.3 --- Language Boundary Detection --- p.122 / Chapter 6.3.1 --- Phone-based Language Boundary Detection --- p.123 / Chapter 6.3.2 --- Syllable-based Language Boundary Detection (SYL LB) --- p.127 / Chapter 6.3.3 --- Language Boundary Detection Based on Syllable Lattice (BILINGUAL LBD) --- p.129 / Chapter 6.3.4 --- Observations --- p.129 / Chapter 6.4 --- Evaluation of the Language Models --- p.130 / Chapter 6.4.1 --- Character Perplexity --- p.130 / Chapter 6.4.2 --- Phonetic-to-text Conversion Rate --- p.131 / Chapter 6.4.3 --- Observations --- p.131 / Chapter 6.5 --- Character Error Rate --- p.132 / Chapter 6.5.1 --- Without Language Boundary Information --- p.133 / Chapter 6.5.2 --- With Language Boundary Detector SYL LBD --- p.134 / Chapter 6.5.3 --- With Language Boundary Detector BILINGUAL-LBD --- p.136 / Chapter 6.5.4 --- Observations --- p.138 / Chapter 6.6 --- References --- p.141 / Chapter Chapter 7 --- Conclusions and Suggestions for Future Work --- p.143 / Chapter 7.1 --- Conclusion --- p.143 / Chapter 7.1.1 --- Difficulties and Solutions --- p.144 / Chapter 7.2 --- Suggestions for Future Work --- p.149 / Chapter 7.2.1 --- Acoustic Modeling --- p.149 / Chapter 7.2.2 --- Pronunciation Modeling --- p.149 / Chapter 7.2.3 --- Language Modeling --- p.150 / Chapter 7.2.4 --- Speech Data --- p.150 / Chapter 7.2.5 --- Language Boundary Detection --- p.151 / Chapter 7.3 --- References --- p.151 / Appendix A Code-mixing Utterances in Training Set of CUMIX --- p.152 / Appendix B Code-mixing Utterances in Testing Set of CUMIX --- p.175 / Appendix C Usage of Speech Data in CUMIX --- p.202

Photovoltaic (PV) system is one of the most prominent energy sources, producing electricity directly from sunlight. In additionally, it is easy to install and is supported financially by many governments as part of their strategy to reduce CO2 gas emissions, and to achieve their agreed set of reduction targets by 2020. In the meantime, researchers have been working on the PV system to make it more efficient, easy to maintain, reliable to use and cost effective. In the stand-alone PV system, a battery is required. This is due to the fluctuating nature of the output energy delivered by the PV arrays owing to the weather conditions and the unpredictable behaviour of uses with regard to the consumption of energy. During the hours of sunshine, the PV system is directly feeding the load and any surplus electrical energy is stored in the battery at a constant current. During the night, or during a period of low solar irradiation, the energy is supplied to the load from the battery. However, the stand-alone PV system is designed to provide an acceptable balance between reliability and cost, which is a major challenge to the designer owing to the approaches used to size the PV arrays and the battery bank. As a result, the unpredictable, quick daily changes on the PV output is not dependable. Moreover, battery performance, length of life and energy efficiency depends on the rate at which it is discharged. Therefore, it is essential to use other methods to deal with any quick variation in energy. In this thesis, a super capacitor is used to solve this problem, as it can deal with the fast-changing weather, or a rapid variation in the energy requirements of the customer. A critical evaluation with in-depth analysis of the placement and the implementation for the super-capacitor in the PV standalone system has been carried out. The results show, super-capacitor capacitance and the converter efficiency affect the delivered load energy. However, the bi-directional topology performs better than uni-directional under the same conditions. Finally, a further improvement of the system at component level, has been developed through an energy recovery snubber for the switching transition and achieved a recovery of energy for the resistive load, 94.44% for the turn on transition and 92.86% for the turn off transition. Moreover, for the inductive load, 78.33% and 97.33% of energy has been recovered for the turn on and for the turn off transition respectively.

Choy Man Ting. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2003. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 66-69). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Acknowledgments --- p.ii / Abstract --- p.v / Table of Contents --- p.vii / List of figures --- p.viii / Chapter Chapter 1 --- p.12 / Chapter 1.1 --- OBS Network Architecture --- p.3 / Chapter 1.2 --- Offset Time and Reservation Schemes --- p.5 / Chapter 1.3 --- Research Objectives --- p.7 / Chapter 1.4 --- Overview --- p.8 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- p.9 / Chapter 2.1 --- WDM crossbar architectures --- p.9 / Chapter 2.2 --- Switch Based on Optical Crossbars --- p.10 / Chapter 2.3 --- Switch Based on Wavelength Grating Routers --- p.11 / Chapter Chapter 3 --- p.14 / Chapter 3.1 --- Basics of Dual Shuffle Exchange Network --- p.14 / Chapter 3.2 --- Dual Shuffle-exchange Network --- p.16 / Chapter 3.3 --- Proposed Architecture based on DSN --- p.19 / Chapter 3.4 --- Analysis on blocking due to output contention --- p.20 / Chapter 3.5 --- Implementation issues on the 4x4 switching module --- p.23 / Chapter 3.6 --- Analysis: Non-blocking versus banyan --- p.25 / Chapter Chapter 4 --- p.30 / Chapter 4.1 --- First Scheme --- p.30 / Chapter 4.2 --- Simulation on the first scheme --- p.33 / Chapter 4.3 --- Second Scheme: Tunable wavelength converter --- p.37 / Chapter 4.4 --- Third Scheme: Route to specific wavelength port --- p.42 / Chapter 4.5 --- Analysis on blocking due to insufficient stages --- p.46 / Chapter Chapter 5 --- p.49 / Chapter 5.1 --- Delay analysis of DSN --- p.49 / Chapter 5.2 --- Vertical Expansion --- p.51 / Chapter 5.3 --- Simulation results on vertical expansion --- p.52 / Chapter 5.4 --- Building DSN with 8x8 MEMS switches --- p.54 / Chapter 5.5 --- Prove of the proposed Quarter shuffle network --- p.56 / Chapter 5.6 --- Comparison between Quarter shuffle and doubled links approaches --- p.58 / Chapter Chapter 6 --- p.64 / Conclusion --- p.64 / Bibliography --- p.66