abstract: The symphonies of Gustav Mahler (1860 - 1911) constitute an essential element of the orchestral repertory; they are therefore essential for young conductors to understand and for instrumentalists to play. Yet they are impractical in many school situations because they call for large orchestras. One solution to this problem is for the conductor to study the original, full version of the works as Mahler composed them, but to consider performing one of the reduced instrumentations now available. A smaller-scale version provides an opportunity for both the conductor and the instrumentalists to confront the challenges of performing Mahler's music and to explore Mahler's musical language and style in a more manageable setting. This project focuses on Mahler's Fourth Symphony, which is available in two reduced orchestrations: one by Erwin Stein made in 1921 and another by Klaus Simon from 2007. This paper is part of a larger project that includes a lecture-recital with commentary and a performance of the symphony in the more recent Simon arrangement (documented on video). It presents some background on Mahler's Fourth Symphony and compares the two reduced instrumentations to Mahler's original and to one another. Taken together, the parts of this project demonstrate an approach to learning and performing Mahler's music in a more accessible and practical setting for student conductors. / Dissertation/Thesis / Video recording on Lecture Recital: Mahler symphony No.4, Arr. Klaus Simon / Doctoral Dissertation Music 2016

Vermittelnd zwischen Konvention und dem im Notentext kaum dokumentierbaren Klang sind spätestens seit dem Ende des 18. Jahrhunderts Wendungen zu finden, die eine Vertiefung von satztechnischem Regelwerk im Orchesterklang annehmen lassen. Greifbar wird dies an zwar in der historischen Kompositionslehre, aber kaum in der Instrumentationslehre erfassten Topoi. Sei es, dass Trugschlüsse durch instrumentale Oberton-Effekte dissonanter, dass Dissonanzen in der klanglichen Entwicklung weicher, dass konsonante Klänge durch die Instrumentation dissonant klingen oder dass Dissonanzen eher ausgeblendet als konturiert aufgelöst werden, in all diesen Fällen erfahren musiktheoretische Problemstellungen erst jenseits des Notentextes ihre eigentliche Prägung. Solche ›Phantom-Kontrapunkte‹ sind in tonaler Musik selten Gegenstand wissenschaftlicher Betrachtung. An Beispielen von Beethoven, Mendelssohn und Haydn wird versucht, die Spannung zwischen satztechnischen und instrumentalen Konventionen und der klanglichen Gestaltung höranalytisch als musiktheoretisches Problem und künstlerische Intention zu rekonstruieren und der Lehre zugänglich zu machen. / Since the late 1790s, some features of orchestral music may have been understood as intensifying links between the conventions of musical composition and the rather fluid elements of the sound itself. In the history of music theory, those links can be found in literature about composition rather than in schools or textbooks for instrumentation. When a false cadence is made more dissonant by the effects of harmonics, when dissonant sounds seem to become softer during their development in the orchestral sound, when consonant sounds are made dissonant by means of the instrumentation, or finally, when dissonances are not properly resolved but rather faded out, we are confronted with problems of music theory that go beyond the score. Such a ›phantom counterpoint‹ as an issue of tonal music has not yet been examined in musicology. This article will approach the tension between conventions of composition, voiceleading, style, and instrumentation in order to reconstruct the musical ideas as theoretical background and creative intention and to develop a new tool for music analysis.