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Schizophrenia is a devastating mental illness characterized by a broad range of clinical manifestations including hallucinations, social cognitive impairments, and disordered thinking and behavior, all of which impair daily functioning. The immune molecule complement component 4 (C4), located in the major histocompatibility locus (MHC) on chromosome 6 in humans, is highly associated with schizophrenia such that specific structural variants and regulatory regions increase the expression of C4 and confer greater risk for this brain disorder. Besides their established role in brain immune defense, complement proteins play a role in various stages of brain development including neurogenesis, migration and synaptic development. However, C4 has never been experimentally upregulated to determine the impact of increased expression of this immune gene on brain development. Here, I study the role of C4 in layer 2/3 pyramidal neurons in the medial prefrontal cortex of mice to study the hypothesis that C4 overexpression causes circuit dysfunction by leading to the pathological elimination of synapses. Specifically, neuronal connectivity was assayed by measuring dendritic spine density using confocal microscopy and functional connectivity through whole-cell electrophysiology recordings. Additionally, the role of microglia in altering the developmental wiring of the brain was examined by quantifying microglia engulfment in the medial prefrontal cortex. Lastly, complement-induced changes to the prefrontal cortex were accompanied by deficits in social behavior in both juvenile and adult mice. Overall, these studies show that C4 affects brain connectivity by reducing dendritic spine density and excitatory drive through enhanced microglia-engulfment of synaptic material which was sufficient to cause lasting deficits in mouse social behavior.

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(医科学) / 甲第23115号 / 医科博第126号 / 新制||医科||8(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院医学研究科医科学専攻 / (主査)教授 伊佐 正, 教授 髙橋 良輔, 教授 井上 治久 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

Learning and memory are important processes that occur in the brain. The brain is comprised of neurons that make connections with each other known as synapses. Synaptic plasticity is widely believed to be the physiologic mechanism by which learning and memory occur. Synapses can either be strengthened through a process known as long-term potentiation (LTP) or weakened through long-term depression (LTD). The area of the brain that is most studied for its role in learning and memory is the hippocampus, which has been shown to be involved in memory consolidation. The detection of endocannabinoids and their receptors has opened a whole new field of study in regards to synaptic plasticity. Cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1) and transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) are among the commonly studied endocannabinoid receptors found in the central nervous system. In the brain, these receptors' natural ligands, anandamide and 2-arachidonylglycerol (2-AG), are found in abundance. Yet not all forms of observed plasticity are accounted for by just these two receptors, so studies into other G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) continues. One GPCR, GPR55 is found in many regions of the brain, as well as lysophosphatidylinositol (LPI), its specific ligand. Here we have researched the role of GPR55 in modulating synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus. Using quantitative reverse transcription PCR and immunohistochemistry, we have found GPR55 to be expressed in the hippocampus with highest expression in pyramidal cells, the main excitatory neurons in the hippocampus. Using field and whole cell electrophysiology, we have investigated its effects on synaptic plasticity, discovering that activation of GPR55 by LPI significantly enhances LTP. In memory behavioral assays there are no significant differences between GPR55 KO mice and wild type littermates, indicating that it may not be involved in endogenous memory processes. However, our electrophysiology data makes GPR55 a potential target for treating memory disorders such as dementia. We have also investigated GPR18 and GPR119 for their potential roles in synaptic plasticity. First, we confirmed their expression in the hippocampus and then investigated the effects of their agonists on plasticity. Another receptor, TRPV1 has been studied to alter plasticity. However, the study of how protein translation and RNA transcription involvement in TRPV1 plasticity in mammals has not been investigated. While translation and transcription are known to be important in many forms of LTP, it is unknown whether these processes are important for TRPV1-induced LTD. We are investigating their necessity via whole cell patching and using translation and transcription inhibitors Anisomycin and Actinomycin D, both previously used in slice electrophysiology.

Mutations in TSC2 cause the disorder tuberous sclerosis (TSC), which has a high incidence of autism and intellectual disability. TSC2 regulates mRNA translation required for group 1 metabotropic glutamate receptor-dependent synaptic long-term depression (mGluR-LTD), but the identity of mRNAs responsive to mGluR-LTD signaling in the normal and TSC brain is largely unknown. We generated Tsc2+/- mice to model TSC autism and performed ribosome profiling to identify differentially expressed genes following mGluR-LTD in the normal and Tsc2+/- hippocampus. Ribosome profiling reveals that in Tsc2+/-mice, RNA-binding targets of Fragile X Mental Retardation Protein (FMRP) are increased. In wild-type hippocampus, induction of mGluR-LTD caused rapid changes in the steady state levels of hundreds of mRNAs, many of which are FMRP targets. Moreover, mGluR-LTD signaling failed to promote phosphorylation of eukaryotic elongation factor 2 (eEF2) in Tsc2+/- mice, and chemically mimicking phospho-eEF2 with low cycloheximide enhances mGluR-LTD in the Tsc2+/- brain. These results suggest a molecular basis for bidirectional regulation of synaptic plasticity by TSC2 and FMRP. Furthermore, deficient mGluR-regulated translation elongation contributes to impaired synaptic plasticity in Tsc2+/- mice.

Les formes oligomériques du peptideβ-amyloïde (oAβ) sont toxiques pour les synapses et engendrent la perte de mémoire lors de la phase précoce de la maladie d’Alzheimer (MA). La MA est aussi associée à une dérégulation de l’axe du stress engendrant une augmentation des glucocorticoïdes (GCs) qui activent les récepteurs associés (GRs). Nous avons montré que, dans un modèle murin de la MA, les Tg2576 (Tg+), l’inhibition des GRs prévient les déficits de mémoire et de plasticité synaptique (Lanté et al. 2015). Nous avons continué à étudier le rôle des GRs dans la physiopathologie de la MA. La dérégulation de l’axe du stress dans les souris Tg+ est caractérisée par des niveaux élevés de GCs et la perte de la boucle de rétroaction négative. Aussi, nous avons croisé les souris Tg+ avec des souris GR floxées pour générer des double mutants GRlox/lox Tg+. Ces souris exhibaient plusieurs phénotypes non-anticipés et nous avons décidé de mettre fin à cette lignée de souris. Nous avons aussi analysé la relation fonctionnelle spécifique entre les GRs et oAβ à la synapse en utilisant un traitement aigu d’oAβ. Dans des cultures de neurones, ce traitement a favorisé une augmentation des niveaux de GRs à la synapse. Aussi, nous avons montré que bloquer l’activité des GRs par pharmacologie ou par ablation génétique neutralise l’effet inhibiteur d’oAβ sur la potentialisation synaptique étudiée sur tranches d’hippoccampe. En conclusion, nos résultats sur souris Tg+ suggèrent la présence d’une dérégulation en début de MA. Aussi, nous mettons en évidence une relation fonctionnelle entre oAß et GRs à la synapse, les GRs jouant en rôle clé dans la synapto-toxicité induite par oAß. / Strong evidence shows that oligomeric forms of the amyloid-ß peptide (oAß) cause synapse dysfunction promoting loss of hippocampus-dependent memories in the early phase of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). AD is also associated with Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis dysfunction which results in an increase of glucocorticoids (CORT) activating glucocorticoid receptors (GRs). We showed that subchronic GR antagonist in 4 month Tg2576 (Tg+) mice could rescue the synaptic deficit and memory impairment (Lanté et al., 2015).In this context, we studied the contribution of GRs to AD physiopathology. Dysregulated HPA axis was characterized by increased CORT levels at 4 and 6 months of age and by loss of CORT feedback inhibition in the Tg+ mice. We further crossed the Tg+ with GRlox/lox to produce GRlox/loxTg+ mice. These mice innately exhibited high CORT levels from weaning period and due to other several unforeseen reasons, we discontinued using this new mouse model. Instead, to identify the functional relationship between the GRs and oAß at synapses, we shifted to acute oAß treatment in neurons in vitro and ex-vivo hippocampus slices. In neuron cultures, GR levels increased in the post synaptic density upon acute oAß treatment. Further, treatment of oAß on ex-vivo hippocampus slices after either pharmacological blocking of GR or genetic ablation, prevented the oAβ-dependent LTP impairment. To conclude, our results with the Tg+ mice suggest that a neuroendocrine dysregulation occurs during the onset of AD pathology. Additionally, we have evidence for a functional relationship between oAß and GRs with GRs at the synapse playing an important role in acute Aß-induced synapto-toxicity.

La Maladie d’Alzheimer (MA) est la première cause de démence au monde. Un fort coût de prise en charge, associé une faible efficacité des traitements actuels font de la découverte d’une thérapie efficace une priorité. Dans ce contexte les récepteurs sérotoninergiques de type 4 (5-HT4R) représentent une cible prometteuse. En effet, l’utilisation d’agonistes des 5-HT4R chez l’animal entraîne à la fois des effets pro-mnésiants et anti-amnésiants et une action sur la physiopathologie de cette maladie. Par ailleurs, l’aspect multifactoriel de la MA a conduit à faire émerger ces derniers années un consensus quant à la nécessité du développement de stratégie thérapeutique multi-cibles. Dans un premier temps, nous avons démontré l’intérêt de l’association d’un inhibiteur de l’acétylcholinestérase (IAChE) - l’un des rares médicaments disponibles, à un agoniste des 5-HT4R (RS67333) sur les performances de mémoire de travail et de référence chez la souris. Par la suite et afin de mieux comprendre les mécanismes mises en jeu dans les effets anti-amnésiant du RS67333, nous avons étudié les effets de la stimulation des 5-HT4R sur la plasticité synaptique mesurée au moyen d’une approche ex vivo au niveau de la région CA1 de l’hippocampe chez la souris saine NMRI. En effet, la plasticité synaptique, est un élément essentiel des processus d’apprentissage et de mémoire. Une première étude chez la souris saine a montré que la stimulation des 5-HT4R inhibait la potentialisation à long terme (LTP) induite par stimulation thêta-burst (TBS). Nos résultats suggèrent que l’inhibition de la LTP par l’agoniste est médiée par une modification de la neurotransmission GABAergique. La dernière partie de mes travaux a porté sur un modèle transgénique murins mimant certains des aspects de la MA (souris 5xFAD). Ainsi, si la stimulation des 5-HT4R conduisait à des résultats similaires en terme de transmission synaptique de base ou de plasticité à long-terme, elle modifie de façon importante la plasticité à court terme. L’ensemble de ces résultats obtenus ex vivo nécessiteraient d’être associé à des mesures in vivo, pour faire le lien entre les effets sur la plasticité synaptique et les performances de mémoire. Nos travaux montrent l’existence d’une association entre les 5-HT4R et la transmission GABAergique dans la modulation de la plasticité synaptique hippocampique de la région CA1. Plus généralement, ils renforcent l’intérêt de stratégies multi-cibles contenant notamment un agoniste des 5-HT4R. / Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the first cause of dementia in the world. Due to its high cost of care combined with the lack of efficient treatment, the discovery of an effective therapy is a priority. In that regard, 5-HT4R are a promising target. Indeed, preclinical studies showed promnesic and anti-amnesic effect of 5-HT4R agonist as well as a disease-modifying effect on amyloid processing. Furthermore, given the multifactorial aspect of AD pathophysiology, there is a consensus concerning the necessity for multi-target therapy to treat effectively this disease. First, we confirmed the beneficial effect of a combined treatment with galantamine, an IAChE, and RS67333, a 5-HT4R agonist, on working and reference memory performances in a pharmacological model of scopolamine-induced amnesia. Then, for a better understanding of the mechanisms involved in 5-HT4R stimulation-induced increase in memory performances, we investigated the effects of such stimulation on CA1 area synaptic plasticity. Indeed, synaptic plasticity is a key component of learning and memory processes. Through ex-vivo electrophysiological recordings, we demonstrated that 5-HT4R activation impairs TBS-induced LTP in wild-type healthy mice. Further experiments suggested that such impairment involves a modulation of GABAergic neurotransmission. In addition, a third study on a transgenic model of AD (5xFAD mice) showed similar results. These results, obtained exclusively ex vivo, need to be associated with in vivo experiments to close the gap with behavioral experiments and allow an interpretation of memory performances through synaptic plasticity modifications. Our work shows the existence of an interplay between 5-HT4R and GABAergic transmission in the regulation of synaptic plasticity in hippocampal CA1 area. Furthermore, we strengthen the interest toward multi-target treatment involving 5-HT4R agonists in the field of AD.

Die Funktion unseres Zentralnervensystems beruht auf der zeitlich präzisen Übertragung elektrischer Signale zwischen Neuronen. Diese synaptische Übertragung findet in weniger als einer tausendstel Sekunde statt. Eine schnelle und hochfrequente Signalübertragung erweitert die Kodierungskapazität und beschleunigt die Verarbeitung von Informationen. Obwohl viele der an synaptischer Übertragung beteiligten Prozesse und Proteine bekannt sind, ist das Verständnis der Mechanismen, die für eine schnelle und hochfrequente Signalübertragung verantwortlich sind, bisher unvollständig. Um die Mechanismen hochfrequenter synaptischer Übertragung zu untersuchen, wurden in dieser Arbeit prä- und postsynaptische Patch-Clamp Ableitungen an der zerebellären Moosfaser-Körnerzell-Synapse in akuten Hirnschnitten der Maus eingesetzt. Es zeigte sich, dass diese Synapse präsynaptische Aktionspotenziale mit einer Frequenz über einem Kilohertz feuern kann und dass Informationen in diesem Frequenzbereich an die postsynaptische Zelle übertragen werden können. Hierbei vermitteln besonders schnelle Natrium- und Kalium-Kanäle eine extrem kurze Dauer der Aktionspotenziale, die dennoch metabolisch relativ effizient sind. Schnelle Kalzium-Kanäle und eine schwache präsynaptische Kalzium-Pufferung ermöglichen eine synchrone Vesikelfreisetzung mit hohen Frequenzen. Zusätzlich greift die Präsynapse auf einen großen Vorrat an freisetzbaren Vesikeln zurück, dessen Auffüllung besonders schnell stattfindet. Aufgrund der hochfrequenten synaptischen Übertragung ist die Moosfaser- Körnerzell-Synapse ideal, um zu untersuchen, wie schnell die auf eine Vesikelfreisetzung folgende Endozytose vonstatten geht. Mit optimierten, hochauflösenden Kapazitätsmessungen konnte an der Moosfaser-Körnerzell- Synapse eine sehr schnelle Endozytose nach einzelnen Aktionspotenzialen gezeigt werden. Die hohe Geschwindigkeit der Endozytose unterstützt somit eine hochfrequente synaptische Übertragung. Diese schnelle Endozytose wird durch die Moleküle Dynamin und Actin vermittelt und ist unabhängig von einer Wirkung von Clathrin. Stärkere Stimuli wie längere Depolarisationen evozieren eine langsamere Form der Endozytose, die zusätzlich Clathrin-abhängig ist. Durch die mechanistische Beschreibung hochfrequenter Signalübertragung an einer zentralen Synapse erweitern die Ergebnisse der vorliegenden Arbeit unser Verständnis von synaptischer Übertragung und Informationsverarbeitung im Zentralnervensystem.

The cells are communicating with each other using membrane-bound receptors. These receptors can recognize various ligands. Signalling via receptors allows the cell to control energy homeostasis, cell growth, differentiation, signalling and migration. Many of membrane-bound receptors are dynamically exchanged between plasma membrane and internal endosomal compartments by exo- and endocytosis. The most studied mechanism of endocytosis is clathrin-mediated endocytosis. There are many proteins involved in the sophisticated endocytic machinery. So called adaptor proteins allow and/or facilitate proper selection of cargo, which should be internalized. Some of them help to curve the membrane and form a vesicle, some of them may have opposite effect. "Src Homology 3-Domain Growth Factor Receptor-Bound 2-Like (Endophilin) Interacting Protein 1" (SGIP1) might fall in this category. This protein influences endocannabinoid signalling probably via its effect on cannabinoid receptors endocytosis. SGIP1 was recently identified as a gene involved in regulation of energy metabolism with overexpression leading to obesity. The aim of this work is structural and functional analysis of SGIP1 membrane phospholipid-binding domain (MP-domain). This domain shares no sequence homology with any of known proteins. In this...

NMDA receptors belong to the family of ionotropic glutamate receptors, and are involved in synaptic plasticity, learning and memory. However, overactivation by the agonist glutamate can lead to neuronal death - excitotoxicity. Exitotoxicity is a result of excessive calcium influx into the cell through NMDA receptors, and is associated with many cental nervous system (CNS) diseases. Neurosteroids are endogenous compounds capable of NMDA receptor modulation, thus they may have pharmacological potential in the treatment of CNS disorders. The aim of this work was to investigate how pregnanolone sulfate (PA-S) and pregnanolone hemipimelate (PA-hPim) influence somatic calcium and excitotoxicity. We used fluorescence microscopy for recording changes in somatic calcium concentration. We observed that PA-S had no influence on relative somatic calcium concentration. Synthetic analog PA-hPim increased somatic calcium levels slightly. Next, we used oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) in vitro to study the influence of neurosteroids on excitotoxicity. Both PA-S and PA-hPim were neuroprotective in the model of acute OGD in vitro. Moreover, PA-S or PA-hPim pretreatment induced ischemic tolerance to a subsequent OGD episode. Our results suggest that neurosteroids PA-S and PA-hPim are potential candidates for the development...