Nowadays, reducing the energy consumption of large scale and distributed infrastructures has truly become a challenge for both industry and academia. This is corroborated by the many efforts aiming to reduce the energy consumption of those systems. Initiatives for reducing the energy consumption of large scale and distributed infrastructures can without loss of generality be broken into hardware and software initiatives.Unlike their hardware counterpart, software solutions to the energy reduction problem in large scale and distributed infrastructures hardly result in real deployments. At the one hand, this can be justified by the fact that they are application oriented. At the other hand, their failure can be attributed to their complex nature which often requires vast technical knowledge behind proposed solutions and/or thorough understanding of applications at hand. This restricts their use to a limited number of experts, because users usually lack adequate skills. In addition, although subsystems including the memory are becoming more and more power hungry, current software energy reduction techniques fail to take them into account. This thesis proposes a methodology for reducing the energy consumption of large scale and distributed infrastructures. Broken into three steps known as (i) phase identification, (ii) phase characterization, and (iii) phase identification and system reconfiguration; our methodology abstracts away from any individual applications as it focuses on the infrastructure, which it analyses the runtime behaviour and takes reconfiguration decisions accordingly.The proposed methodology is implemented and evaluated in high performance computing (HPC) clusters of varied sizes through a Multi-Resource Energy Efficient Framework (MREEF). MREEF implements the proposed energy reduction methodology so as to leave users with the choice of implementing their own system reconfiguration decisions depending on their needs. Experimental results show that our methodology reduces the energy consumption of the overall infrastructure of up to 24% with less than 7% performance degradation. By taking into account all subsystems, our experiments demonstrate that the energy reduction problem in large scale and distributed infrastructures can benefit from more than "the traditional" processor frequency scaling. Experiments in clusters of varied sizes demonstrate that MREEF and therefore our methodology can easily be extended to a large number of energy aware clusters. The extension of MREEF to virtualized environments like cloud shows that the proposed methodology goes beyond HPC systems and can be used in many other computing environments.

De nos jours, réduire la consommation énergétique des infrastructures de calcul à grande échelle est devenu un véritable challenge aussi bien dans le monde académique qu’industriel. Ceci est justifié par les nombreux efforts visant à réduire la consommation énergétique de ceux-ci. Ces efforts peuvent sans nuire à la généralité être divisés en deux groupes : les approches matérielles et les approches logicielles.Contrairement aux approches matérielles, les approches logicielles connaissent très peu de succès à cause de leurs complexités. En effet, elles se focalisent sur les applications et requièrent souvent une très bonne compréhension des solutions proposées et/ou de l’application considérée. Ce fait restreint leur utilisation à un nombre limité d’experts puisqu’en général les utilisateurs n’ont pas les compétences nécessaires à leurs implémentation. Aussi, les solutions actuelles en plus de leurs complexités de déploiement ne prennent en compte que le processeur alors que les composants tel que la mémoire, le stockage et le réseau sont eux aussi de gros consommateurs d’énergie. Cette thèse propose une méthodologie de réduction de la consommation énergétique des infrastructures de calcul à grande échelle. Elaborée en trois étapes à savoir : (i) détection de phases, (ii) caractérisation de phases détectées et (iii) identification de phases et reconfiguration du système ; elle s’abstrait de toute application en se focalisant sur l’infrastructure dont elle analyse le comportement au cours de son fonctionnement afin de prendre des décisions de reconfiguration.La méthodologie proposée est implémentée et évaluée sur des grappes de calcul à haute performance de tailles variées par le biais de MREEF (Multi-Resource Energy Efficient Framework). MREEF implémente la méthodologie de réduction énergétique de manière à permettre aux utilisateurs d’implémenter leurs propres mécanismes de reconfiguration du système en fonction des besoins. Les résultats expérimentaux montrent que la méthodologie proposée réduit la consommation énergétique de 24% pour seulement une perte de performance de moins de 7%. Ils montrent aussi que pour réduire la consommation énergétique des systèmes, on peut s’appuyer sur les sous-systèmes tels que les sous-systèmes de stockage et de communication. Nos validations montrent que notre méthodologie s’étend facilement à un grand nombre de grappes de calcul sensibles à l’énergie (energy aware). L’extension de MREEF dans les environnements virtualisés tel que le cloud montre que la méthodologie proposée peut être utilisée dans beaucoup d’autres environnements de calcul. / Nowadays, reducing the energy consumption of large scale and distributed infrastructures has truly become a challenge for both industry and academia. This is corroborated by the many efforts aiming to reduce the energy consumption of those systems. Initiatives for reducing the energy consumption of large scale and distributed infrastructures can without loss of generality be broken into hardware and software initiatives.Unlike their hardware counterpart, software solutions to the energy reduction problem in large scale and distributed infrastructures hardly result in real deployments. At the one hand, this can be justified by the fact that they are application oriented. At the other hand, their failure can be attributed to their complex nature which often requires vast technical knowledge behind proposed solutions and/or thorough understanding of applications at hand. This restricts their use to a limited number of experts, because users usually lack adequate skills. In addition, although subsystems including the memory are becoming more and more power hungry, current software energy reduction techniques fail to take them into account. This thesis proposes a methodology for reducing the energy consumption of large scale and distributed infrastructures. Broken into three steps known as (i) phase identification, (ii) phase characterization, and (iii) phase identification and system reconfiguration; our methodology abstracts away from any individual applications as it focuses on the infrastructure, which it analyses the runtime behaviour and takes reconfiguration decisions accordingly.The proposed methodology is implemented and evaluated in high performance computing (HPC) clusters of varied sizes through a Multi-Resource Energy Efficient Framework (MREEF). MREEF implements the proposed energy reduction methodology so as to leave users with the choice of implementing their own system reconfiguration decisions depending on their needs. Experimental results show that our methodology reduces the energy consumption of the overall infrastructure of up to 24% with less than 7% performance degradation. By taking into account all subsystems, our experiments demonstrate that the energy reduction problem in large scale and distributed infrastructures can benefit from more than “the traditional” processor frequency scaling. Experiments in clusters of varied sizes demonstrate that MREEF and therefore our methodology can easily be extended to a large number of energy aware clusters. The extension of MREEF to virtualized environments like cloud shows that the proposed methodology goes beyond HPC systems and can be used in many other computing environments.