Annotating images with text is one of the approaches used to represent semantic meanings of images. Automatic image annotation is becoming increasingly accepted as the first step in keyword-based web-image search applications. Furthermore, the assigning of keywords to images is increasingly being addressed as a classification problem. However, there is no agreement on the best classification approach to use for image classification. Most research in this domain focuses on selecting one machine learning technique and applying it as part of the annotation algorithm. In this project, we start by reviewing five of the most popular classification methods, namely, Support Vector Machines, Multilayer Back-Propagation Neural Networks, Bagging, Nearest Neighbor and Decision Trees. The goal of this study is to find the optimal way to combine the predictions of the different classifiers into one final decision using a committee voting rule based on the predicted accuracy of each classifier. Ensemble methods have been used in the past to improve classification accuracy in many applications, and it is expected to lead to a similar improvement in automatic image annotation as well.

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This report will focus and analyze the differences in the educational system in various countries specifically Saudi Arabia and the United States of America. It will be composed of multiple aspects of research which will be implemented in the body of the report as well as offer solutions pertaining to the change of the Saudi Arabian educational system. The results of a survey will be included to better analyze the perspectives of the general public. Other countries' educational systems will be used in order to compare and broaden the research which will be used as key for better analysis of the problem following with solutions. The main objective of this report is to present a process for change of the educational system in Saudi Arabia by using other educational systems as various cases of study.

The objective of flawless execution for any manufacturing company is reached by having the right tools, people and processes. Starting with processes, people have to be disciplined to enable streamline execution of any plans. Within my job as a support person for a satellite development center, things move so quickly and dynamically that sometimes it is hard to keep up. I have experienced and encountered test delays due to anomalies because of test setup configuration errors. Calibration test data do not pass specifications due to lack of prior inspections or verifications. Attention to detail is not implemented in the process and quality of work has gone down. A System Approach to Satellite Test Equipment Readiness and Calibration Data Review is a process to minimize test phase anomalies by providing a guideline to help prepare necessary tools, people and processes. A structured flow of activities will encourage people to not skip a step in the process, therefore mitigating the risk of anomalies. A 30 day advance preparation is a suggested timeline. This is enough time to have recurring meetings with all departments involved to plan a successful test phase. The process provides flow charts of steps and actions needed to be taken before moving forward. In creating this guideline, I utilized the MIL-STD_ 499B Process for Systems Engineering by first receiving customer needs, requirements and objectives. Through an iterative process, I analyzed requirements and performed interface management and risk mitigations. I also applied the DODAF System Engineering Architecture in breaking down the current process and implementing improvements by understanding the involvement of other systems and people. In return, I was able to create a guideline and to provide a systems engineering approach to a satellite test phase preparation.

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As engineering in the 21st century becomes increasingly politically, socially and technically complex, systems engineering has become an effective tool in managing multidimensional problems involving people and the services they use. This project addresses how systems engineering principles are invoked throughout the development of the Computerized Provider Order Entry (CPOE) process, a subset of Electronic Medical Records (EMR) and presents factors necessary for the successful implementation of CPOE. Through the review of current literature and interviews with CPOE vendor implementers, this paper explains how systems engineering, which has historically been used in the development of systems, products, manufacturing and missions, is evolving into service-oriented industries such as healthcare to manage complex development of EMR systems. The goal of this paper is to show that CPOE implementation is a necessary change for healthcare providers, even though the task may seem daunting. This paper demonstrates that by studying the systems engineering strategies that have worked for CPOE implementation at other organizations, future organizations can also find success.

Food waste is a major problem in several countries, especially in Saudi Arabia. Of the total amount, 15 million tons of waste are generated annually in the country which gets transported to landfills; a total of 45% is organic or food waste. A study was conducted and using system engineering approach potential solutions were explored to reduce food waste and transport of same to landfills. System requirements were laid down and stakeholder involvement noted during the course of the study. Based on this background information, three solutions were proposed and calibrated against different measures of effectiveness. After performing a benefit -risk analysis, a combination of these three solutions was selected as the final recommended solution. The final recommended solution included the used composting facilities, and waste-to-energy generation plants that have the potential to produce useful by-products. The solution also included the use of targeted and nationwide public awareness media campaigns to create awareness at different levels. The recommended solution was then analyzed using a variety of systems engineering techniques to assess the relationship between different steps and stakeholders. The solution was also analyzed with respect to potential risks and heuristics. A verification of system requirements, lessons learned, ethical concerns and solutions are also presented as part of the study.

Breast Cancer is a disease that threatens the health of women throughout the world. It is the leading type of cancer among women, both throughout the world and in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). Early detection is critical to lowering the mortality rate for incidences of breast cancer, as the rate of mortality increases as the disease progresses. Research has identified that developed countries have been more effective at detecting breast cancer incidence at earlier stages of the disease, which has led to lower mortality due to current medical technologies and intervention. Undeveloped countries have been less successful and tend to identify breast cancer incidence in later stages of the disease, where the rate of mortality is dramatically higher. KSA however it has been unsuccessful at early detection of breast cancer. There are a variety of reasons that explain this, which can include lack of a national breast cancer screening program, lack of public education and awareness, cultural and societal factors, and lack of participation due to inability to meet the needs of participants. The goal of this project is to improve health outcomes of breast cancer incidence, by lowering the risk of mortality due to early detection of the disease and improvements to the public's understanding and awareness of the risks and factors related to the disease. This project uses a systems approach to this problem, using systems engineering principles to design and specify an optimal system solution that meets the needs of users and key stakeholders. Systems Engineering (SE) is used to ensure progress and guide the process of designing and implementing an optimal system solution.

For every space program, millions of dollars are wasted developing and redeveloping spacecraft qualified components unique to each program. This project attempted to reduce this redevelopment waste by developing a robust set of environmental requirements that can be used as part of a larger reuse/ standardization effort to develop and space-qualify components that can be used on multiple launch vehicles and for multiple missions. A survey approach was used to compare lift-off and ascent environments readily available through launch vehicle payload planner's guides and developing maximum enveloping environmental requirements that would provide design-to guidelines to spacecraft and component designers. This approach follows the model of a similar, successful approach used to develop standardize propulsion piece-parts and components. This effort is only a small part of an equivalent effort as similar approaches must be undertaken for other types of requirements such as Performance, Product and Mission Assurance, Integration and Test and Interface requirements in order to truly develop a re-usable space-qualified component.

The goal of this project is to address the KSA's water shortage by implementing an improved water treatment system across the country. This system, known as the KSA Water Treatment Program (KWTP), is a system of water use that is driven by integrated technology, empirical data, and optimized efficiency. In short, the KWTP is a multi-phase effort that uses new technologies to collect relevant data, and strategically utilizes that data to build and maintain an advanced system of water treatment plants and related infrastructure. The KWTP will strategically place water treatment plants, sustainable energy generators, and associated system infrastructure throughout the KSA in order to reach high quality, cost-efficient, and sustainable outcomes.