The rate of residential water consumption m Saudi Arabia are unsustainable given the country's limited freshwater supply and steady population growth; currently, water consumption per capita is 91 % above the global average. To address this growing problem, several possible solutions are considered: Better informing the public about the need for conservation, increasing and restructuring the pricing of residential water, and implementing "greywater" recycling systems at the individual household level. Based upon surveyed residents' preferences, the implementation of greywater recycling systems is demonstrated to be the preferred solution. Implementation of these systems nation-wide requires the coordination of the Ministry of Water and Electricity and the National Water Company, which would be presented in an appropriate system architecture, and several risks need to be mitigated. If these concerns are addressed, the proposed solution would be effective at addressing the water needs of the country for the future.

This project is put together with a unique warehouse roof design, and coupled with the city's permitting and inspection requirements. The modules will be mounted on the roof and are wired into series strings. Individual strings are grouped into sub-arrays, which supply DC power to one 500 KW inverter. Once in place the application would be tied into a monitoring system that indicates how much energy the system produces and the potential increased savings. Alarms will be triggered when anomalies occur. This data can be compared to the expected output. By monitoring the demand, a profile for the facility's use is generated that makes it easier to ascertain unnecessary energy usage and help with trouble shooting problems.

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The Lockheed Martin/Northrop Grumman/BAE team was selected as the winning team to build what is considered the last manned combat aircraft, the F-35 Lightning II. The design was based on a commonality of parts between the three variants that will be used by the Air Force, Marines, and Navy. In building these air vehicles there are parts with a criticality rating requiring that they be traced from raw stock to assembly into the air vehicle. This record must be maintained for the life of the air vehicle. The Department of Defense (DoD) requirement, first published in 2003, stipulates that all defense contractors, including Northrop Grumman (NGC), serially label nearly every component and subsystem supplied to the DoD. The last air vehicle delivered to prime contractor Lockheed Martin Fort Worth (LM Aero) was delivered with 64 parts unaccounted for. NGC is currently preparing to ship the next air vehicle to Lockheed and is missing serial numbers on sixteen critical parts. When looking to see what the root cause may be, it became clear that this was not a one-dimensional problem, but actually three: Criticality Traceability, Parts Traceability as a whole, and Identification of each part per DoD mandate. Secondary problems were experienced by the misplaced parts such as: Schedule Delays, Added Resources and Increased Costs. The misplacement caused line personnel and their associated leads to resolve the issue and locate the part(s), thus impacting schedule and driving up costs. This project dealt with identifying and assessing the systems engineering processes required to create a system that would allow 100% traceability of all traceable parts produced and supplied to Northrop Grumman Integrated Systems, through production, and then final delivery to prime. The report examines five key systems engineering principles: Requirements Definition and Management. The system will be required to interface with all current databases and processes to ensure that all parts meeting DoD mandates for Identification and requiring traceability are automatically tracked from raw stock to delivery to prime. System Architecture. The proposed system will be an N-Tiered Web-based system that still retains existing databases using Microsoft Windows and browser-based clients. The ideal system will work by integrating all existing databases under one all encompassing system using API as the interprocess communicator. System/Subsystem Design. There will be three layers in the system, Application, Infrastructure, and Data which will be accessed by use of DAA, IDL, and CORBA with Java and guard technology used to give access rights to all requiring access to the system. System Integration. The system will be capable of interfacing with other applications throughout NGIS' supply chain including the Federal Government for transfer of content, for retrieval of content, and for content management lifecycle processes in which NGIS interacts. Validation and Verification. The test methodology should support a building block process for the integration of the systems. This should be a serial approach with strict entrance and exit criteria building upon each other.

The Veterans Health Administration of the United States Department of Veteran Affairs has been reported to have a large backlog of patients waiting for healthcare services. The root cause of the issue has been pinpointed to flaws in the VHA's Healthcare Eligibility Center process and software systems. But moreover, the issues within the VHA stem from a lack of management oversight and lack of ownership of the products and services. It is suggested in the following document that the VHA apply Systems Engineering and Lean Healthcare initiatives in order to: baseline the current process and system, generate new process and system requirements aimed at meeting patient's expectations, and use Measures of Effectiveness to validate that the positive impact of the changes. The goal of this report is to provide solutions for the VHA fix the patient enrollment process and software systems. The VHA already has a group of Systems Engineers (called the Veterans Administration - Center for Applied Systems Engineering) that is currently working to promote Systems and ·Lean Engineering within the VHA, however they are focusing on general training as opposed to fixing the immediate issue presented in this report.

With the increasing growth in computer processing power, computer based computational fluid dynamics simulations are finding increasing acceptance and use in the field of internal combustion engine development. Once fully developed, such simulations provide detailed and expedient tools for testing existing theories, as well as new ideas. While numerous studies on wave propagation and fluid flow in intakes manifolds exist, most restrict the analysis to a single intake runner and port, examining only the dynamics from the runner-to-plenum junction downstream to the valve. While such analyses provide comprehensive models for wave propagation dynamics in the runner, little is published on the fluid dynamics and wave propagation in the plenum, and the interactions between runners when an intake manifold's geometric constraints prevent symmetry in the manifold. This paper will examine the modeling of a 2003 specification Dodge Motorsports NASCAR Restrictor Plate engine using Ricardo's WAVE engine simulation computational fluid dynamics software. This examination will include an introduction to the software and required engine data for constructing a comprehensive model, the process used to validate the simulation's output with acquired engine performance data, and the use of response surface methodology to optimize the dimensions of the plenum insert associated junction. Additionally, an analysis of the problems with modeling this area of the manifold using one-dimensional CFD will be conducted, as well as a discussion of the theories surrounding the insert. Finally, a new hypothesis regarding the insert as well as future work to examine this hypothesis will be introduced.

Systems engineering is a methodical multi-disciplinary approach to design, build, and operate complex systems. Launch vehicles are considered by many extremely complex systems that have greatly impacted where the systems engineering industry is today. Launch vehicles are used to transport payloads from the ground to a location in space. Satellites launched by launch vehicles can range from commercial communications to national security payloads. Satellite costs can range from a few million dollars to billions of dollars. Prior research suggests that lack of systems engineering rigor as one of the leading contributors to launch vehicle failures. A launch vehicle failure could have economic, societal, scientific, and national security impacts. This is why it is critical to understand the factors that affect systems engineering rigor in U.S. launch vehicle organizations. The current research examined organizational factors that influence systems engineering rigor in launch vehicle organizations. This study examined the effects of the factors of systems engineering culture and systems engineering support on systems engineering rigor. Particularly, the effects of top management support, organizational commitment, systems engineering support, and value of systems engineering were examined. This research study also analyzed the mediating role of systems engineering support between top management support and systems engineering rigor, as well as between organizational commitment and systems engineering rigor. A quantitative approach was used for this. Data for the study was collected via survey instrument. A total of 203 people in various systems engineering roles in launch vehicle organizations throughout the United States voluntarily participated. Each latent construct of the study was validated using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to examine the relationships between the variables of the study. The IBM SPSS Amos 25 software was used to analyze the CFA and SEM.

For critical systems, timely recognition of an anomalous condition immediately starts the evaluation process. For complex systems, isolating the fault to a component or subsystem results in corrective action sooner so that undesired consequences may be minimized. There are many unique anomaly detection and fault isolation capabilities available with innovative techniques to quickly discover an issue and identify the underlying problems. This research develops a framework to aid in the selection of appropriate anomaly detection and fault isolation technology to augment a given system. To optimize this process, the framework employs a model based systems engineering approach. Specifically, a SysML model is generated that enables a system-level evaluation of alternative detection and isolation techniques, and subsequently identifies the preferable application(s) from these technologies A case study is conducted on a cryogenic liquid hydrogen system that was used to fuel the Space Shuttles at the Kennedy Space Center, Florida (and will be used to fuel the next generation Space Launch System rocket). This system is operated remotely and supports time-critical and highly hazardous operations making it a good candidate to augment with this technology. As the process depicted by the framework down-selects to potential applications for consideration, these too are tested in their ability to achieve required goals.

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