<p>Då man arbetar objektorienterat inom systemutvecklingen sägs det att återanvändning är en av fördelarna med detta arbetssätt. Mitt syfte i denna uppsats var att undersöka hur systemutvecklingsföretag som arbetar objektorienterat ser på fenomenet objektorientering och återanvändning. Studien skall även ge svar på hur de arbetar med återanvändning och vad de återanvänder, eller vad som ligger bakom då de inte arbetar mer för återanvändning. </p><p>För att besvara mina frågeställningar har jag intervjuat sju informanter på sju olika företag. Jag har haft ett hermeneutiskt förhållningssätt i min studie, vid intervjuerna har jag använt mig av en kvalitativ ansats och vid analysen har jag använt mig analytisk induktion. Resultaten i min studie visar att objektorientering banar väg för återanvändning och ger effektivare systemutveckling. </p><p>Resultaten visar också att då hjulet inte behöver uppfinnas på nytt, så leder det till tidsbesparingar och lägre kostnader för företagen. Alla företag arbetar med återanvändning, antingen mer eller mindre, men för att arbeta mer med det behövs en organisation som tar hand om det merarbete som tillkommer vid återanvändning. </p><p>Slutsatser i denna studie är att objektorientering ger enklare system till skillnad från de traditionella systemutvecklingsmetoderna, det ger även säkrare system och snabbare systemutveckling, vilket även återanvändning leder till. För att bedriva återanvändning i större skala behövs det en organisation inom företaget som driver detta. </p> / <p>When you work object-oriented in system-development it is said that reuse is one of the benefits with this way of working. My purpose in this study was to examine how system development-companies, which work object-oriented, look at the object-orientation and reuse- phenomena. With this study I also want answers that say if they work with reuse and if they do what they reuse. </p><p>To answer my questions at issue I have interviewed seven informants from seven different companies. I have had a hermeneutical attitude in my study, I have used a qualitative projection and in the analysis I have used an analytic induction. </p><p>The results in my study shows that object-orientation pave the way for reuse and give more effective system-development. The results also show that if the wheel doesn’t have to be invented again, over and over, it leads to timesaving and lower costs for the companies. All companies work with reuse, more or less, but to be able to work even more with the reuse-issue the company needs an organization witch is able to take care of the extra work witch arise with reuse. </p><p>The conclusion of this study is that object-orientation gives easier system in contrast to the traditional method of system-developments, it also gives more secure system and faster system-developing, witch also reuse leads to. There is a need for an organization within the company that is able to drive the reuse- issue, if they are going to be able to reuse in larger scale.</p>

<p>An information system is something that evolves over time to enhance the company that is using it. The technology for building an information system is also evolving. New methods and new programming languages make system development easier. As new technology breaks ground and the demands of a company’s information system grow, the company will sooner or later get to a point where a change in the base of the system is necessary. Today a component-based framework is a common choice among companies. Our survey aims to find out what factors a company considers when they choose a new framework. Some of the factors we consider are how they affect the choice in the company, and if these same factors will influence the same choice in all companies. </p><p>The results are based on a survey that we have done for six major companies. The results show that several factors affect the choice - independent or in combination with other factors. One of the most important factors is whether deeper knowledge about the framework can be acquired within the company or in the open market. It is also important that the supplier of the framework is reliable and well respected on the market. For guidance in these matters most companies turn to market forecasts from major IT research and advisory firms. We can also establish that the answers we got from the separate companies show large similarities concerning which factors they thought affected their choice the most.</p>

<p>Denna fallstudie avser att undersöka vilka behov användarna vid Kriminalvårdsverket har av att få de hjälpfunktioner som finns i verksamhetens applikationer samlade till en och samma plats. Definitioner om hur applikationer skall vara utformade för att uppnå god användbarhet förklaras, för att senare länkas ihop med det resultat som inkommit genom en utförd enkätundersökning av användarna i verksamheten. </p><p>Resultatet av enkätundersökningen tillsammans med egna och andras teorier diskuteras i slutet av uppsatsen. Det visar sig att det centrala problem som finns i verksamheten inte är direkt knutet till att man samlar användarhjälpen på en och samma plats, utan verksamheten lider av stora organisatoriska problem såsom bristande utbildning i de olika programmiljöerna, skiftande kompetens och ovilja hos användarna att utnyttja de olika applikationerna som finns i verksamheten. </p><p>I uppsatsen föreslås en rad konkreta punkter att tänka på, innan arbetet med att samla användarhjälp på en och samma plats kan påbörjas. Några av dessa punkter är bland annat utbildning av användare, start av en projektgrupp med deltagare ur alla yrkeskategorier som är berörda av en förändring, såsom systemförvaltare, IT-inspektörer, kanslister, vårdare etc. Även ett förslag på hur utformningen av en centrerad användarhjälp inom verksamheten skulle kunna vara uppbyggd diskuteras. </p> / <p>The purpose of this case study is to examine what needs the users of the Swedish Prison and Probation Service have in getting different kinds of help functions put together at one place. The definitions of how applications should be designed to obtain usability for the users are analysed. An opinion poll with a representative selection of users is also done. </p><p>The result from the opinion poll and the conclusion from different theories is that the biggest problem for the administration is not that the help functions can’t be found at one place. The problem is rather lack of training in the different applications, resistance of using computers and varied competence regarding information technologies. These problems must be solved before the work of collecting all the help functions to one place can be launched. </p><p>The study recommends many concrete suggestions to solve these problems, some of these are: educate the users and start a project where participants should be found from all different categories of employees. The study also presents a suggestion on how the place, with the help functions, should be designed.</p>

<p>The emission legislations and the new On Board Diagnostics (OBD) legislations are becoming more strict and making the demands on control and fault detection higher. One way to</p><p>control and diagnose the engine is to use a control/diagnose strategy based on physical models and therefore better models are necessary. Also, to be competitive and meet the markets demand of higher power, longer durability and better fuel economy, the models needs to be improved continuously. In this thesis a mean value model of the intake system that predicts the charge air temperature has been developed. Three models of different complexity for the intercooler heat-exchanger have been investigated and validated with various results. The suggested intercooler heat-exchanger model is implemented in the mean value model of the intake system and the whole model is validated on three different data sets. The model predicts the intake manifold temperature with a maximum absolute error of 10.12 K.</p>

<p>Forskningen om artificiella immunsystem försöker använda människans immunförsvar som modell för hur ett datorsystem på egen hand skall kunna försvara sig mot okänt inkräktande, till skillnad från traditionella antiviruslösningar som bygger på manuell detektion av nya virus. </p><p>Denna uppsats hävdar att människans immunförsvar inte är någon relevant modell för ett artificiellt immunsystem som tillgodoser användarnas behov av säkrare datorsystem, eftersom det finns skillnader i hur datorsystem och människor principiellt fungerar.</p><p>Ett antal hypoteser ställs upp som beläggs med data från den immunologiska forskningen, Microsofts säkerhetsbulletiner, samt virusbeskrivningar från antivirusföretaget Sophos. Hypoteserna kopplas ihop i en slutledningskedja som visar att de hypoteser som relaterar till datorsystem, inte är förenliga med de hypoteser som relaterar till människans immunförsvar, om det artificiella immunsystemet skall tillgodose användarnas behov av säkrare datorsystem. </p><p>Forskningen om artificiella immunsystem diskuteras, där de principer och antaganden som de olika lösningarna bygger på monteras ned genom att implicita inkonsistenser görs explicita. Uppsatsen avslutas med en belysning av varför hypoteserna egentligen går att belägga, där grundbulten är att människans immunförsvar skyddar behovet hos sin värd, den mänskliga individen, till skillnad från det artificiella immunsystemet, som inte är tänkt att skydda behovet hos sin värd, själva datorsystemet, utan snarare behovet hos användaren av datorsystemet.</p>

Applications in computer graphics, digital signal processing, communication systems, robotics, astrophysics, fluid physics and many other areas have evolved to become very computation intensive. Algorithms are becoming increasingly complex and require higher accuracy in the computations. In addition, software solutions for these applications are in many cases not sufficient in terms of performance. A hardware implementation is therefore needed. A recurring bottleneck in the algorithms is the performance of the approximations of unary functions, such as trigonometric functions, logarithms and the square root, as well as binary functions such as division. The challenge is therefore to develop a methodology for the implementation of approximations of unary functions in hardware that can cope with the growing requirements. The methodology is required to result in fast execution time, low complexity basic operations that are simple to implement in hardware, and – sincemany applications are battery powered – low power consumption. To ensure appropriate performance of the entire computation in which the approximation is a part, the characteristics and distribution of the approximation error are also things that must be possible to manage. The new approximation methodologies presented in this thesis are of the type that aims to reduce the sizes of the look-up tables by the use of auxiliary functions. They are founded on a synthesis of parabolic functions by multiplication – instead of addition, which is the most common. Three approximation methodologies have been developed; the two last being further developments of the first. For some functions, such as roots, inverse and inverse roots, a straightforward solution with an approximation is not manageable. Since these functions are frequent in many computation intensive algorithms, it is necessary to find very efficient implementations of these functions. New methods for this are also presented in this thesis. They are all founded on working in a floating-point format, and, for the roots functions, a change of number base is also used. The transformations not only enable simpler solutions but also increased accuracy, since the approximation algorithm is performed on a mantissa of limited range. Tools for error analysis have been developed as well. The characteristics and distribution of the approximation error in the new methodologies are presented and compared with existing state-of-the-art methods such as CORDIC. The verification and evaluation of the solutions have to a large extent been made as comparative ASIC implementations with other approximation methods, separately or embedded in algorithms. As an example, an implementation of the logarithm made using the third methodology developed, Harmonized Parabolic Synthesis (HPS), is compared with an implementation using the CORDIC algorithm. Both implementations are designed to provide 15-bit resolution. The design implemented using HPS performs 12 times better than the CORDIC implementation in terms of throughput. In terms of energy consumption, the new methodology consumes 96% less. The chip area is 60% smaller than for the CORDIC algorithm. In summary, the new approximation methodologies presented are found to well meet the demanding requirements that exist in this area.

In today's mining industry, most of the sensor measurements in high temperature environments are expensive and the sensors are not well integrated with the materials treated in the hot temperatures. The conditions can vary much between the sensors location and where the materials are located. It is crucial to have high performance measurements to reach a more optimized control over the oven. A more optimized process gives a better combustion which decreases the fuel consumption and is more energy efficient. To increase the performance of these measurements, it is necessary to have wireless sensor systems, which can be well integrated with the materials and have a low cost. This so there is no need to use same system several times and it shouldn't matter if it gets destroyed in the oven. In this thesis, the focus lies on building the electronics and software for controlling a wide band oxygen sensor. The electronics are built by components with an upper temperature limit of 125 ◦C or above. The sensor itself is supposed to be heated up by an internal heating element. However, in these experiments, it is heated up by the surroundings in the oven. A major challenge in the work was the design of the control loop to keep the sensor in a correct and stable operating point. When initial oxygen measurements were compared with reference measurement done simultaneously in the oven, it didn't match well. These differences were shown to be caused by different locations of the sensor and the reference measurements. Further measurements in a live industrial setting confirmed the functionality of the system.

Embedded systems are all around us in the modern world and continue to evolve as time passes. Therefore, it is important to keep the knowledge in the field evolving, and education is a big part of it. This thesis focuses on how to design a lab assignment for a course about embedded systems with the stress on networking. Embedded systems have reliability and timeliness requirements, which will have to be accounted for when designing the network of the system. The work started with a literature study of communication protocols and how they support the requirements imposed by the embedded systems. Using this knowledge hardware was evaluated and chosen. With the lab assignment in mind, Arduino Zero was chosen as the platform as well as three network modules: Wi-Fi, Bluetooth and Zigbee. The hardware was used to implement a simple embedded system consisting of two nodes: a sensor node and a controller node. The sensor node sends the data to the controller which then acts upon the data. Three program were written, each with its own communication solution (time-triggered, event-triggered and a hybrid solution) and then tested in different environments. From the results of the tests, guidelines were formulated about how to design an assignment and what hardware to use. A general guideline was also created describing a lab assignment step by step. We recommended switching the platform from Arduino Zero to Arduino Uno to reduce the amount of workarounds needed to get the system running. Having more than one communication protocol also proved valuable since the students could show their knowledge by argumenting for their choice of protocol.

In this thesis the real-time latency of an i.MX7D processor on a CL-SOM-IMX7 boardis evaluated. The real-time Linux for the system is created using Xenomai with both theI-Pipe patch and thePREEMPT_RTpatch. The embedded distribution is built using theYocto Project and uses a vendor i.MX kernel maintained by NXP. The maximum latency for thecobaltcore is268μsfor user-space tasks with a loadedCPU. These types of tasks have the highest latency of Xenomai's three task categories.A latency measurement of thePREEMPT_RTpatch showed a maximum latency ofwith an idle CPU. Therefore it is concluded that thecobalt412μscore has a lower latencyand is therefore better suited for real-time applications. A comparison is made with other modules and it is found that the latency measured inthis thesis is high compared to for example a Raspberry Pi 3B. The source code and congurations for the project can be found at https://github.com/bracoe/meta-xenomai-imx7d / Denna uppsats utvärderar realtidsfördröjningen för en i.MX7D på en CL-SOM-IMX7.Realtidoperativsystemet skapas med hjälp av Linux och både Xenomais I-Pipe patchochPREEMPT_RTpatch implementeras. Den inbyggda distributionen byggs med hjälp avYocto projektet och använder NXPs egna Linux kärna. Den maximala fördröjningen förcobalt kärnan är 268μs för user-space uppgifter med enbelastad CPU. Dessa typer av uppgifter har den högsta fördröjningen av Xenomais treuppgiftskategorier. En fördröjningsmätning avfördröjning på412μsPREEMPT_RTpatchen visade en maximalmed en overksam CPU. Slutsatsen görs attcobaltkärnan har enlägre fördröjning och är därför mer lämpad för realtidsapplikationer. En jämförelse görs med andra moduler och den visar att fördröjningen mätt i dennauppsats är hög jämfört med till exempel en Raspberry Pi 3B. Källkoden och kongurationer kan hittas på https://github.com/bracoe/meta-xenomai-imx7d

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