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Gradientes térmicos induzidos no interior de componentes sujeitos a variações de temperatura durante o período de funcionamento podem provocar a ocorrência de tensões e deformações internas. A repetição destes ciclos térmicos pode causar a nucleação e a propagação de trincas por um processo denominado fadiga termomecânica. Este trabalho apresenta um estudo sobre o comportamento da liga de alumínio A356-T6, processada nas condições fundida e tixoextrudada, sob fadiga isotérmica e termomecânica. Foram realizados ensaios de fadiga de baixo ciclo isotérmica para as temperaturas de 120 e 280°C, e ensaios de fadiga termomecânica em-fase e fora-de-fase para a faixa de temperatura de 120 a 280°C. O material tixoextrudado apresentou melhor desempenho em fadiga nas condições isotérmica e anisotérmica (termomecânica) devido a uma microestrutura globular com menor nível de porosidade. / Thermal gradients induced in components during service under temperature changes can cause internal stresses and strains. This cyclic thermal behavior can cause crack nucleation and propagation under a process denominated thermomechanical fatigue. Permanent mold casting and tixoextruded A356-T6 aluminum alloy behavior under isothermal and thermomechanical fatigue was study in this work. Isothermal low cycle fatigue tests were performed in temperatures of 120 and 280°C. In-phase and out-of-phase thermomechanical fatigue tests were carried out in temperature range from 120 to 280°C. The tixoextruded material presented better isothermal and thermomechanical fatigue performance due to a globular microstructure and lower porosity level.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-21T20:43:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JUAN CARLOS GALVIS.pdf: 4226266 bytes, checksum: 0eae227198c4da35bbd08f40e2f3a569 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-15 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This study aimed to develop a detailed study of an alternative technique for surface coatings of components or structures made aluminum alloys, using the friction surfacing process. Thus, the influence of deposition process parameters was evaluated as: traverse speed and rotational speed of consumable rod in mechanical properties and metallurgical deposits made. Due to the fact that the machine used is conventional, the axial force as a process parameter was not obtained directly on the machine. To this was used as a control parameter deposition rate, which is calculated from the relationship between the manual displacements in the Z-axis (Dz) of the machine table with the total time (t) of deposition. The experiments were performed using a conventional milling machine KONE KFE-3 / BR available by machining center of SENAI Ponta Grossa-Paraná capable of generating rotational speeds up to 4200 RPM and traverse speed in the table up to 800 mm/min. aluminum alloy rods were deposited AA6351-T6 on AA5052-H32 aluminum alloy substrates using simple type layer deposition (CS) and overlay (S). After execution of the friction deposition process, the deposits obtained were characterized with regard to geometry (length, width and thickness), followed by macro- and microstructure by the techniques of stereoscopic microscopy (EM), optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and microanalysis by energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS).Additionally, a microtexture analysis by EBSD technique in a scanning electron microscope with field emission (FEG-SEM) was carried out. In order to evaluate the mechanical properties along the thickness of deposits and especially the adhesion strength of the interface deposit /substrate and deposit / deposit microhardness tests and bending test at three points were conducted, respectively. The experimental results showed that the best combination of friction surfacing process parameters between traverse speed and rotational speed used had better interfacial adhesion strength of the deposits were: i) In the case of single layer deposits (CS),the deposit obtained with traverse speed of 240 mm/min and 3000 RPM rotational speed presented the best results and ii) In the case of the overlay type container (S), the best results were obtained with the traverse speed of 340 mm/min and 3000 RPM rotational speed / O presente trabalho teve como objetivo desenvolver um estudo detalhado de uma técnica alternativa para recobrimentos superficiais de componentes ou estruturas fabricadas em ligas de alumínio, utilizando o processo de união por Deposição Superficial por Atrito (Friction Surfacing FS). Assim, foi avaliada a influência dos parâmetros do processo de deposição como: velocidade de avanço da mesa da máquina e velocidade de rotação da haste consumível nas propriedades mecânicas e metalúrgicas dos depósitos realizados. Em virtude da máquina utilizada ser convencional, a força axial como parâmetro de processo não foi obtida diretamente na máquina. Para isto, foi utilizado como parâmetro de controle a taxa de deposição, sendo este calculado a partir da relação entre o deslocamento manual no eixo Z (Dz) da mesa da máquina com o tempo total (t) de deposição. Os experimentos foram realizados utilizando-se uma máquina fresadora KONE KFE-3/BR disponibilizada pelo Centro de Usinagem do SENAI Ponta Grossa - Paraná com capacidade de gerar velocidades de rotação de até 4200 RPM e velocidades de avanço na mesa de até 800 mm/min. Foram depositadas hastes de liga de alumínio AA6351-T6 sobre substratos de liga de alumínio AA5052-H32 realizando deposições de tipo camada simples (CS) e sobrecamada (S). Após execução do processo de deposição por atrito, os depósitos obtidos foram caracterizados quanto a geometria (comprimento, largura e espessura), seguido de análises macro e microestruturais por meio das técnicas de microscopia estereoscópica (ME), microscopia óptica (MO), microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) e microanálise por espectroscopia de energia dispersiva (EDS). Adicionalmente, foi realizado uma análise de microtextura pela técnica de EBSD em microscópio eletrônico de varredura com emissão de campo (FEG-MEV). Com o intuito de avaliar as propriedades mecânicas ao longo da espessura dos depósitos e principalmente a resistência de adesão da interface depósito/substrato e depósito/depósito ensaios de microdureza e ensaios de dobramento em três pontos foram realizados, respectivamente. Os resultados experimentais mostraram que as melhores combinações de parâmetros de processo de deposição por atrito entre velocidade de avanço e velocidade de rotação usados que obtiveram melhor resistência de adesão interfacial dos depósitos foram: i) no caso dos depósitos de camada simples (CS), velocidade de avanço de 240 mm/min e velocidade de rotação de 3000 RPM e ii) no caso do depósito tipo sobrecamada (S), a velocidade de avanço de 340 mm/min e velocidade de rotação de 3000 RPM.

L’alliage d’aluminium 6061-T6 a été choisi comme matériau de structure du casier et du caisson du cœur de réacteur Jules Horowitz (RJH). Transparent aux neutrons, il doit ses bonnes propriétés mécaniques à la précipitation de fines aiguilles nanométriques appelées béta'' contenant Mg et Si et à la présence de dispersoïdes Al(Cr,Fe,Mn)Si jouant un rôle important dans la résistance à la recristallisation. Le caisson et le casier seront soumis à de forts flux neutroniques à une température avoisinant les 50°C. L’objectif de cette thèse est d’étudier les évolutions microstructurales de l’alliage sous irradiation et plus particulièrement la stabilité des précipités. Pour cela, des études analytiques par irradiations in-situ et ex-situ aux électrons et aux ions à température ambiante et forte dose ont été réalisées ainsi qu’une étude du comportement des précipités sous irradiations aux neutrons à faible dose. La caractérisation fine des précipités par Microscopie Electronique en Transmission a montré que les dispersoïdes sont stables sous irradiation, cependant ils présentent une structure cœur/coquille avec un cœur riche en (Fe, Mn) et une coquille riche en Cr qui s’accentue sous irradiation par accélération de la diffusion. En revanche, les nano-phases type béta’’ sont déstabilisées par l’irradiation. Elles sont dissoutes par irradiation aux ions au profit de l’apparition d’amas riches en Mg, Si, Al, Cu et Cr participant à l’augmentation du durcissement de l’alliage, tandis qu’elles tendent à se transformer en précipités cubiques sous irradiation aux neutrons. / The 6061-T6 Aluminium alloy, whose microstructure contains Al(Fe,Mn,Cr)Si dispersoids and hardening needle-shaped beta” precipitates (Mg, Si), has been chosen as the structural material for the core vessel of the Material Testing Jules Horowitz Nuclear Reactor. Because it will be submitted to high neutron fluxes at a temperature around 50°C, it is necessary to study microstructural evolutions induced by irradiation and especially the stability of the second phase particles. In this work, analytical studies by in-situ and ex-situ electron and ion irradiations have been performed, as well as a study under neutron irradiation. The precipitates characterization by Transmission Electron Microscopy demonstrates that Al(Fe,Mn,Cr)Si dispersoids are driven under irradiation towards their equilibrium configuration, consisting of a core/shell structure, enhanced by irradiation, with a (Fe, Mn) enriched core surrounded by a Cr-enriched shell. In contrast, the (Mg,Si) beta” precipitates are destabilized by irradiation. They dissolve under ion irradiation in favor of a new precipitation of (Mg,Si,Cu,Cr,Al) rich clusters resulting in an increase of the alloy’s hardness. beta’’ precipitates tend towards a transformation to cubic precipitates under neutron irradiation.

Gradientes térmicos induzidos no interior de componentes sujeitos a variações de temperatura durante o período de funcionamento podem provocar a ocorrência de tensões e deformações internas. A repetição destes ciclos térmicos pode causar a nucleação e a propagação de trincas por um processo denominado fadiga termomecânica. Este trabalho apresenta um estudo sobre o comportamento da liga de alumínio A356-T6, processada nas condições fundida e tixoextrudada, sob fadiga isotérmica e termomecânica. Foram realizados ensaios de fadiga de baixo ciclo isotérmica para as temperaturas de 120 e 280°C, e ensaios de fadiga termomecânica em-fase e fora-de-fase para a faixa de temperatura de 120 a 280°C. O material tixoextrudado apresentou melhor desempenho em fadiga nas condições isotérmica e anisotérmica (termomecânica) devido a uma microestrutura globular com menor nível de porosidade. / Thermal gradients induced in components during service under temperature changes can cause internal stresses and strains. This cyclic thermal behavior can cause crack nucleation and propagation under a process denominated thermomechanical fatigue. Permanent mold casting and tixoextruded A356-T6 aluminum alloy behavior under isothermal and thermomechanical fatigue was study in this work. Isothermal low cycle fatigue tests were performed in temperatures of 120 and 280°C. In-phase and out-of-phase thermomechanical fatigue tests were carried out in temperature range from 120 to 280°C. The tixoextruded material presented better isothermal and thermomechanical fatigue performance due to a globular microstructure and lower porosity level.

The presented diploma thesis deals with various types of quenching and their respective effects on mechanical and structural properties of AlSi7Mg0.6 alloy castings. Cast with precision casting technology into a self-supporting ceramic shell made by plaster investment technology, flat test bars cast by Alucast were used as experimental samples. Sample castings were used in both cast state and after T6 heat treatment. Air-flow and air-water combination with varying water passage (spraying) were used as the quenching media in the quenching process of the castings. In order to evaluate the effect of five different quenching processes on the structure and mechanical properties of the castings, the method of light microscopy, Brinell hardness test and static traction test were used. Evaluation and porosity and SDAS quantifications were carried out by means of image analysis. Experiments did not prove right the hypothesis holding that low SDAS values inevitably mean higher mechanical properties of the castings. On the other hand, distinct is the negative influence of heterogeneous structure and porosity. Despite the fact that the heat treatment was successful in reducing the influence of structural inhomogeneities, it cannot be concluded that spray quenching has an utterly positive bearing on the mechanical and structural properties of the castings.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi de otimizar o processo de fabricação da placa reforçadora de solo, fabricada pelo processo de injeção sob baixa pressão em liga de alumínio. Atualmente, a liga utilizada no processo é a SAE 305 (AA 413) e problemas de falha do componente em campo tem sido reportados pelos clientes. As peças estudadas referem-se às placas acessórias utilizadas para fornecer sustentação durante a entrada e saída de vaus por carros de combate do Exército Brasileiro, anteriormente adquiridas no mercado internacional e agora produzidas internamente. O estudo focou na alteração da composição química da liga, baseado na liga de alumínio da peça importada, tratamento de banho com modificação do silício, refino de grão e modificação no projeto do molde permanente. Adquiriu-se junto ao fornecedor a liga de Al9Si0,3Mg visando a fabricação das peças com tratamento térmico T6. Para obtenção das propriedades mecânicas foram realizados ensaios de tração, dureza Brinell e impacto. Para caracterização metalúrgica foram realizados ensaios metalográficos com auxílio de microscopia óptica. Verificou-se que a presença de magnésio na liga Al-Si exclusivamente com tratamento térmico T6, alterou o comportamento mecânico da peça melhorando seus resultados. O tratamento de banho com modificador de silício a base de sódio não produziu resultados significativos. Finalmente, realizou-se simulação do preenchimento da molde via software CAE Click2Cast, modo injeção de baixa pressão, para caracterização dos defeitos e sugestões de melhoria no sistema de alimentação. Deste trabalho, conclui-se que as melhores propriedades mecânicas de resistência a tração e dureza foram obtidas com a alteração da liga SAE 305 para a liga Al9Si0,3Mg com tratamento térmico T6 e que para atingir melhores resultados deve-se introduzir ao processo um novo molde permanente com refrigeração e alimentação adequada da peça. / The objective of this research was to optimize the manufacturing process of the reinforcing plate of soil, manufactured by the injection process under low pressure in Al-Si alloy. Currently, the alloy used in the process is SAE 305 (AA 413) and mechanical resistance problems, when used in the field, have been reported by customers. Currently, the alloy used in the process is SAE 305 (AA 413) and field component failure problems have been reported by customers. The studied pieces refer to the accessory plates used to provide support during the entry and exit of vats by tanks of the Brazilian Army, previously acquired in the international market and now produced internally. The study focused on the alteration of the chemical composition of the alloy, based on the aluminum alloy of the imported part, bath treatment with silicon modification, grain refining and modification in the permanent mold design. The Al9Si0.3Mg alloy was purchased from the supplier to manufacture the T6 heat treated parts. To obtain the mechanical properties tensile tests, Brinell hardness and impact were performed. For metallurgical characterization, metallographic tests were performed with the aid of light microscopy. It was verified that the presence of magnesium in the Al-Si alloy exclusively with T6 heat treatment, altered the mechanical behavior of the part improving its results. Bath treatment with sodium silicon modifier did not produce significant results. Finally, the mold filling simulation was carried out using CAE Click2Cast software, low pressure injection mode, to characterize the defects and suggestions for improvement in the feed system. From this work, it was concluded that the best mechanical properties of tensile strength and hardness were obtained with the change of the SAE 305 alloy to the Al9Si0.3Mg alloy with T6 thermal treatment and that to achieve better results a new permanent mold with cooling and proper feeding of the part.

Aluminum alloys are having more attention due to their high specific stiffness and processing advantages. 7075 aluminum alloy is a wrought composition aluminum alloy in the Al-Zn-Mg-Cu series. Due to the significant addition of these alloying elements, 7075 has higher strength compared to all other aluminum alloys and effective precipitation hardenability characteristic. On the other hand, aluminum alloys have some drawbacks, which hinder the widespread application of them. One of the most commonly encountered defects in aluminum alloys is the hydrogen porosity. Additionally, in case of 7075, another problem is the lack of fluidity. Magnesium addition is thought to be effective in compensating this deficiency. Accordingly, in this study, die cast 7075 aluminum alloy samples with hydrogen porosity and additional magnesium content were investigated. The aim was to determine the relationship between hydrogen content and hydrogen porosity, and the effects of hydrogen porosity, additional magnesium and T6 heat treatment on ultimate tensile and flexural strength properties of pressure die cast 7075 aluminum alloy. 7075 aluminum alloy returns were supplied from a local pressure die casting company. After spectral analysis, pressure die casting was conducted at two stages. In the first stage, 7075 aluminum alloy with an increase in magnesium concentration was melted and secondly 7075 aluminum alloy was cast directly without any alloying addition. While making those castings, hydrogen content was measured continuously before each casting operation. As a final operation T6 heat treatment is carried out for certain samples. Finally, in order to accomplish our aim, mechanical and microstructural examination tests were conducted.

Le soudage par friction malaxage " Friction Stir Welding " est un procédé d'assemblage de pièces en phase semi solide. Le cordon de soudure est obtenu grâce à un outil de révolution composé d'un épaulement et d'un pion. Ce procédé utilise le principe de la conversion de l'énergie mécanique en énergie thermique par frottement de l'outil avec les pièces à assembler. Ce travail de thèse est une contribution à la modélisation expérimentale et à la simulation numérique de ce procédé permettant de fournir des modèles pour aider à la compréhension des phénomènes thermiques et mécaniques ainsi que les interactions entre les paramètres de soudage. Les études expérimentales sont principalement orientées vers la caractérisation de l'écoulement de matière à l'aide de marqueurs et vers l'optimisation des paramètres du procédé. L'effet de la géométrie de l'outil (outil à pion cylindrique ou outil avec méplats) sur l'écoulement de la matière au cours du soudage est étudié. Pour représenter la géométrie de l'écoulement et prédire les champs thermiques et mécaniques à l'état stationnaire, des modèles formulés sur la base de la dynamique des fluides sont adoptés dans la présente thèse. Deux modèles thermomécaniques sont développés: (1) un premier modèle numérique construit sous Fluent permet d'étudier le comportement thermomécanique et l'écoulement au cours du soudage FSW. Une loi de comportement dépendante de la température et de la vitesse de déformation est utilisée et une discussion sur les conditions de contact entre l'outil et les plaques à souder est présentée. Les résultats de l'écoulement sont comparés avec ceux obtenus expérimentalement dans le cas de suivi des trajectoires de particules de cuivre. (2) un deuxième modèle original basé sur une procédure itérative est mis en œuvre permettant le soudage de plaque de grandes dimensions. En effet, pour une meilleure prise en compte des conditions aux limites thermiques, un modèle thermomécanique construit autour de l'outil de soudage et couplé avec un modèle thermique pour tout le reste du domaine étudié. Ce modèle permet de prendre en compte le transfert de chaleur dans l'outil et dans la plaque support. Les cycles thermiques et la plage de viscosité pour deux alliages d'aluminium (AA7020-T6 et AA6061-T3) sont analysés et comparés avec succès aux résultats expérimentaux. Les efforts et le couple de soudage calculés numériquement sont validés par rapport à la littérature.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi de otimizar o processo de fabricação da placa reforçadora de solo, fabricada pelo processo de injeção sob baixa pressão em liga de alumínio. Atualmente, a liga utilizada no processo é a SAE 305 (AA 413) e problemas de falha do componente em campo tem sido reportados pelos clientes. As peças estudadas referem-se às placas acessórias utilizadas para fornecer sustentação durante a entrada e saída de vaus por carros de combate do Exército Brasileiro, anteriormente adquiridas no mercado internacional e agora produzidas internamente. O estudo focou na alteração da composição química da liga, baseado na liga de alumínio da peça importada, tratamento de banho com modificação do silício, refino de grão e modificação no projeto do molde permanente. Adquiriu-se junto ao fornecedor a liga de Al9Si0,3Mg visando a fabricação das peças com tratamento térmico T6. Para obtenção das propriedades mecânicas foram realizados ensaios de tração, dureza Brinell e impacto. Para caracterização metalúrgica foram realizados ensaios metalográficos com auxílio de microscopia óptica. Verificou-se que a presença de magnésio na liga Al-Si exclusivamente com tratamento térmico T6, alterou o comportamento mecânico da peça melhorando seus resultados. O tratamento de banho com modificador de silício a base de sódio não produziu resultados significativos. Finalmente, realizou-se simulação do preenchimento da molde via software CAE Click2Cast, modo injeção de baixa pressão, para caracterização dos defeitos e sugestões de melhoria no sistema de alimentação. Deste trabalho, conclui-se que as melhores propriedades mecânicas de resistência a tração e dureza foram obtidas com a alteração da liga SAE 305 para a liga Al9Si0,3Mg com tratamento térmico T6 e que para atingir melhores resultados deve-se introduzir ao processo um novo molde permanente com refrigeração e alimentação adequada da peça. / The objective of this research was to optimize the manufacturing process of the reinforcing plate of soil, manufactured by the injection process under low pressure in Al-Si alloy. Currently, the alloy used in the process is SAE 305 (AA 413) and mechanical resistance problems, when used in the field, have been reported by customers. Currently, the alloy used in the process is SAE 305 (AA 413) and field component failure problems have been reported by customers. The studied pieces refer to the accessory plates used to provide support during the entry and exit of vats by tanks of the Brazilian Army, previously acquired in the international market and now produced internally. The study focused on the alteration of the chemical composition of the alloy, based on the aluminum alloy of the imported part, bath treatment with silicon modification, grain refining and modification in the permanent mold design. The Al9Si0.3Mg alloy was purchased from the supplier to manufacture the T6 heat treated parts. To obtain the mechanical properties tensile tests, Brinell hardness and impact were performed. For metallurgical characterization, metallographic tests were performed with the aid of light microscopy. It was verified that the presence of magnesium in the Al-Si alloy exclusively with T6 heat treatment, altered the mechanical behavior of the part improving its results. Bath treatment with sodium silicon modifier did not produce significant results. Finally, the mold filling simulation was carried out using CAE Click2Cast software, low pressure injection mode, to characterize the defects and suggestions for improvement in the feed system. From this work, it was concluded that the best mechanical properties of tensile strength and hardness were obtained with the change of the SAE 305 alloy to the Al9Si0.3Mg alloy with T6 thermal treatment and that to achieve better results a new permanent mold with cooling and proper feeding of the part.