Project report (M. Eng.)--Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1990. / Vita. Abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaf 56). Also available via the Internet.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2006. / The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file (viewed on May 7, 2009) Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (M.S.)--Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1994. / Vita. Abstract. Includes bibliographical references. Also available via the Internet.

Thesis (M.S.)--Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1990. / Vita. Abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 45-46). Also available via the Internet.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1992. / Vita. Abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 425-430). Also available via the Internet.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1983. / Typescript. Vita. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 304-306).

Thesis (M. Arch.)--University of Hong Kong, 2004. / Includes special report study entitled: Basis for tall buildings in the new millenium : a history of skyscrapers evolution and transformation. Also available in print.

This thesis studies the effects of model aspect ratio on the static forces and galloping vibrations of bluff shapes when exposed to a turbulent boundary layer similar to the atmosphere. Previous investigations have analyzed the galloping oscillations of finite prismatic bodies exposed to a turbulent shear flow on the basis of the quasi-steady theory and the assumption of an average lateral force. Herein consideration is given to the variation of lateral forces with height and the galloping oscillations of two finite square towers are predicted. The turbulent boundary layer was grown over a long fetch of roughness and at the location of the static and dynamic tests was 28" deep and had properties similar to a suburban or forested full scale exposure. The geometric scale of the models found from an analysis of velocity spectra was about 1/500. For the height to width ratios examined, aspect ratio had little effect on the average static forces for small angles of attack. The local static forces, measured from the pressure distribution, had a wide variation over the height of the model. For the finite sections examined the response predicted from the local forces gave higher amplitudes for the same reduced velocity as compared, to the response found from the average forces. The results of the dynamic tests agreed with the galloping response predicted from the local sectional forces indicating that the three-dimensional effects are important in the consideration of the galloping phenomenon. The measurements of velocity spectra in the wake of the rigid 28" model indicate that the Strouhal shedding frequency varies along the span of the model. Similar velocity spectra behind the galloping 28" model did not exhibit a discernible peak at the stationary value of the Strouhal number. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Mechanical Engineering, Department of / Graduate

As one of the major forage crops of the United States management programs to optimize stockpiled tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) can potentially increase livestock profitability.  This study consists of two experiments designed to assess different aspects of summer stockpiling.  Experiment 1 evaluated the effects of summer stockpiling endophyte infected Kentucky 31 tall fescue on biomass and nutritive value of tall fescue forage.  Treatments included four whole plot treatments (two nitrogen (N) application timing, legume inclusion, and control) each divided into sub-plot cut and no cut treatments.  The cut treatment consisted of a single cutting taken in May.  Nitrogen in the form of urea was applied at a rate of 56 kg/ha for the March N treatment and for the June N treatment.  Yield and quality of summer stockpiled fescue was adequate to support dry beef cows.  Experiment 2 evaluated the effects of summer stockpiling on the biomass yield and nutritive value of three types of tall fescue with N fertilization (endophyte infected (E+), endophyte-free (E-), and novel endophyte (MaxQ)) and four species of native warm-season grasses without N fertilization (switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.), big bluestem (Andropogon gerardii Vitman), indiangrass (Sorghastrum nutans (L.) Nash), and little bluestem (Schizachyrium scoparium (Michx.) Nash)).  Native warm-season grasses produced much higher yields than all tall fescue types but the nutritive value was not adequate to support the nutrient requirements of livestock.  Summer stockpiled tall fescue is a viable resource to provide low requirement animals with quality forage during late summer and early fall. / Master of Science

While the Southeastern U.S. does not produce cereal grains at the same output as Midwestern states, a relatively temperate climate and consistent rainfall allow for abundant forage production. Tall fescue dominated pastures in this region provide a high-quality forage source to support consistent cattle growth and production. Furthermore, the nearly year-round grazing potential serves as a cost-effective feed source. Leveraging forage resources is imperative for the U.S. beef industry to maintain consistent production of a quality human protein source at a consumer-friendly price, but energy content in purely forage diets is lacking to produce comparable growth and carcass performance to concentrate-based diets. Therefore, the objectives of this dissertation are to examine supplementation strategies for growing and finishing cattle in fescue-based systems in the Southeast to optimize value for cattle producers. The first experiment investigated whether steer performance and grazing behavior was affected by supplement feeding time and delivery method in a forage-based backgrounding program. Traditionally, producers choosing to supplement backgrounding cattle with grain or coproduct feeds do so in a single meal event in the early morning. It has been hypothesized that these morning feedings could disrupt the natural diurnal grazing pattern of cattle to negatively affect forage utilization and overall cost of gain. Additionally, while self-feeder systems using supplements containing intake limiters give producers an option to reduce feeding labor compared to daily hand-fed supplementation, alternate methods of supplement delivery also have the potential to influence grazing behavior and cost of gain within backgrounding programs. This experiment used backgrounding steers supplemented daily at 0930 (AM), steers supplemented daily at 1330 (PM), and steers provided supplement through a self-feeder (SELF) to provide cattle performance and economic data directly relevant to regional producers. Combined 2-yr results show that while AM, PM, and SELF cattle all exhibited altered grazing routines, treatments did not result in differences (P ≥ 0.18) in final body weight (BW), average daily gain (ADG), ultrasound 12th rib fat thickness (uFT), or overall forage mass disappearance. Dry matter intake (DMI) in the SELF treatment exceeded the target despite inclusion of intake limiters, resulting in increased (P < 0.01) supplement DMI, a tendency (P = 0.07) towards decreased G:F, and substantially greater (P < 0.01) cost of gain in SELF relative to the hand-fed treatments. Results support that producers have flexibility in scheduling daily supplementation routines without compromising steer performance in pasture-based backgrounding programs. Furthermore, producers should consider the tradeoff between labor efficiency and ration cost when considering utilizing self-feeders containing intake limiters. The second experiment investigated the effects of frame size and supplementation containing a rumen protected fat (RPF) on growth performance and carcass characteristics of pasture finished cattle. Market dynamics continue to favor cattle that produce heavier carcasses, which discounts smaller framed feeder calves at sale barns. At the same time, Virginia is flush with cow-calf production, high quality tall fescue pastures, and access to population dense areas with markets that incentivize pasture-finished beef through price premiums. Together, this provides an alternative marketing channel for smaller framed calves through pasture-finished beef markets, but questions remain on how to optimally produce this specialty beef. Supplemental feeds can increase cattle production on pasture, and RPF offer a feeding strategy to increase energy intake without negatively effecting ruminal fiber digestion. There is limited work investigating the application of RPF within beef cattle systems and carcass traits, and it is unclear if RPF has been utilized specifically within pasture finishing systems. Therefore, this experiment examined growth performance, carcass characteristics, and organoleptic qualities of beef from small-framed (SM) and medium-framed (MED) cattle on novel endophyte-infected fescue pasture finishing systems either offered no supplement (NON) or daily supplementation (SUP) containing RPF. Pasture treatments were compared relative to a grain-fed feedlot control (F) to show these cattle had the genetic merit to meet expectations of the U.S. fed-beef system. Results from this 2-yr experiment indicate that frame size had little impact on growth performance, with SM and MED cattle having similar (P ≥ 0.37) final BW, ADG, and forage DMI in this pasture finishing system. However, MED cattle produced more valuable carcasses compared to SM cattle as evident by greater (P ≤ 0.04) mean HCW, 12th rib fat thickness, and marbling score. Samples of M. longissimus thoracis from MED cattle also had greater (P ≤ 0.02) concentrations of 14:0, 16:0, 18:0, 18:1, and 18:2 fatty acids compared to samples from SM cattle. While NON cattle produced carcasses with a lower (P = 0.01) yield grade than SUP cattle, overall, SUP cattle were more productive by both live and carcass metrics. The SUP treatment produced greater (P ≤ 0.04) final BW, ADG, 12th rib fat thickness, HCW, marbling score, dressing percentage, and concentrations of 14:0, 16:0, 18:0, 18:1, and 18:2 fatty acids. Similarity (P = 0.55) in objective measures of meat tenderness between F and pasture treatments emphasizes the importance of harvesting cattle before 2 years of age to prevent declines in meat tenderness associated with advancement of connective tissue. There tended (P = 0.05) to be a frame by supplement interaction for marbling score driven by lower values in SM-NON in relation to other pasture treatments. Tendencies towards frame by supplement interactions for Warner-Bratzler shear force (P = 0.08) and total energy (P = 0.06) were also driven by increased values in SM-NON relative to other pasture treatments. Taken together, a lack fat deposition in SM-NON cattle appears to have a negative impact on beef tenderness relative to pasture treatments. Overall results of this experiment support low levels of supplementation in pasture-finishing systems to improve carcass value, and that medium framed cattle are more flexible in profit margins compared to smaller framed counterparts. Collectively, these investigations support that tall fescue grazing systems in the Southeast can serve as a nutritional foundation to beef cattle growing and finishing enterprises. Data from these experiments can be directly applied to help producers match cattle type to feed resources when supplementing a pasture-based system to optimize resource management and overall profitability. / Doctor of Philosophy / The U.S. beef cattle industry is unique to any other commercial food animal enterprise. Smaller animals like poultry and swine can be raised within enclosed spaces to control temperature, humidity, and airflow. Beef cattle, however, require a larger land footprint and more feed resources per animal. This exposes cattle to the volatility of outdoor production, which adds another set of variables that cattle managers must account for. Additionally, cattle have the longest lifecycle from conception to harvest relative to all other livestock species, so cattle producers are more vulnerable to long-term financial risk. Despite these challenges the U.S. beef industry succeeds by organizing cattle production into multiple interconnected business sectors. Segmenting the beef cattle industry allows producers to tailor their management practices to what works within their region of the country based on unique resources, climate patterns, and especially feed availability. Collectively the parts of the beef industry work as a dynamic system, but this also creates cattle with a variety of physical characteristics and genetics to complement the array of production styles. Different types of cattle can be valued differently depending on what traits consumers in a specific market desire. Therefore, sustained economic success in the cattle industry often comes down to pairing different cattle management systems with the correct end consumer market. Approximately 20% of the U.S. cattle population resides in Southeastern states where relatively temperate climates and consistent rainfall allows for abundant availability of high-quality forage. Especially in states like Virginia, tall fescue and other cool-season grasses provide nearly year-round forage growth for cattle to graze as a relatively inexpensive and abundant feed supply. However, forages lack the nutrient density of cereal grains, which support higher rates of growth and produce beef with an eating experience that the American palate has grown accustomed to. This creates a gradient of cattle nutritional strategies ranging from primarily forage-based cattle production on one end to primarily grain-based strategies on the other. Therefore, the objective of this dissertation was to evaluate supplementation strategies for growing and finishing beef cattle in fescue-based production systems in the Southeast from the perspectives of both live cattle and meat production. Backgrounding systems are a transitional period following weaning that focuses on lean growth to prepare yearling calves for the feedlot finishing phase. Cattle on these traditionally forage-based systems are frequently supplemented with grain or grain coproduct feeds to increase weight gain, but supplement delivery method and time of feeding varies between producers. This could influence natural cattle grazing cycles to negatively impact pasture utilization, which would increase the cost of gain. Over a 2-yr study post-weaning cattle growth performance and grazing behavior were compared between backgrounded cattle supplemented by hand in the morning, by hand in the afternoon, or through a self-feeder. Although altering the time of day that supplements were provided to cattle changed daily grazing routines, there were no differences in weight gain, body composition, or forage disappearance between all 3 treatments. Self-fed cattle had nearly twice the cost of gain compared to hand-fed cattle, highlighting the importance of accounting for cost of gain when making nutritional program decisions. Market dynamics favor cattle that produce heavier carcass weights, but this has led to smaller framed feeder calves receiving discounts at sale barns. The Southeast is flush with cow-calf production, abundant forage resources, and population dense areas that incentivize pasture-finished beef. This creates opportunity for cattle producers looking to increase the value of smaller framed calves through premiums in specialty beef markets. A 2-yr study examined the effects of frame size and supplementation containing a rumen protected fat on cattle growth performance, forage utilization, and carcass characteristics. Small framed and medium framed cattle on novel endophyte-infected tall fescue pastures were either received daily supplementation or no supplement and were compared against a grain-fed control group. Smaller framed cattle grew at a slower rate relative to medium framed cattle, and produced less valuable carcasses in terms of both the amount of beef produced and meat quality. Low levels of supplementation improved growth performance and carcass value, but overall medium frame, unsupplemented cattle had the greatest profit flexibility relative to other pasture treatments. Collectively, these experiments highlight the profit potential of forage-based beef cattle production in the Southeast. The beef industry will have to continue to adapt to produce more beef to feed a growing global population through tighter constraints, and forage resources will play a key role in providing a cost-effective, high quality feed source. Accounting for differences in resource management, end markets, and cattle type is paramount in maintaining a sustainable and profitable U.S. beef industry.