In water conveyance systems, sudden changes in the flow velocity cause a phenomenon called waterhammer associated with high pressure head changes. Unless a control device is used as a precaution, waterhammer may result in costly damages and even in some cases, loss of human lives. In light of this concept, different control devices that can protect the systems against waterhammer are introduced so that the great pressure differences are absorbed and the system is maintained undamaged. In this thesis, the main functions, the requirements for its construction and the different types of the surge tanks are explained. The governing differential equations defining the flow conditions of the surge tanks and their solutions are provided. In addition, for the use of design engineers a procedure to determine proper dimensions of a surge tank is developed. For the sake of dimensioning the surge tank effectively, empirical equations, which calculate the height of three different types of surge tanks with dimensionless parameters, are obtained. With the help of regression analysis, the correlation between the parameters of the developed equations are determined, and found to be relatively high. Finally, the economical aspect of a surge tank is discussed and comparison parameters are introduced to the designer.

There exist various applications of transportation of slurries through pipelines all over the world. In the present study, the problem is formulated as a &quot / transportation problem&quot / to determine the pipe diameters and amounts of slurry to be transported from the demand (production) points to the processing (factory) points. The minimization of the cost consisting of the pipe and energy cost terms is considered as the objective function to determine the stated decision variables. Pipe cost is given as the function of pipe diameters and the energy cost is defined as function of pipe diameters and slurry amounts. Energy cost is obtained by using the relation that is previously determined after the experimental studies made for the magnetite ore. The optimization method used in the study is genetic algorithm method. A commercially available software written in C language is used and modified for the present study The proposed methodology to solve this nonlinear programming problem is applied to a transportation system and it is seen that the methodology made the complex, labor intensive equation solution process very convenient for the users.

The aim of this experimental study was to investigate the hydraulic conditions at which air-entraining vortices would form in front of horizontal intakes and to determine the ways of eliminating the formation of these vortices by testing anti-vortex devices. For these reasons, a series of experiments were conducted in an experimental setup composed of a reservoir having the dimensions of 3.10 m x 3.10 m x 2.20 m and a pump connected to the intake pipe. Within the reservoir, between the concrete side walls adjustable plexiglass side walls were placed to provide the desired wall clearance for the intake pipes. Six pipes of different diameters / 5 cm, 10 cm, 14.4 cm, 19.4 cm, 25 cm and 30 cm were horizontally mounted on the front side of the reservoir one by one, and for each case, a wide range of discharges was provided from the reservoir by the pump. Under symmetrical approach flow conditions and zero bottom wall clearance, the experiments were repeated for each intake pipe and the &ldquo / critical submergence depths&rdquo / for the tested discharges were determined. At some of the discharges, the effect of horizontal plates located on the top of the pipe entrance as anti-vortex devices on the elimination of the vortices was investigated. The measured critical submergence depths were related in dimensionless form to the relevant dimensionless parameters and empirical equations were derived. These equations were compared with similar ones available in the literature and it was shown that the agreement between them was quite good.

Borders of flow field around immersed bodies can be extended to long distances since there are no physical boundaries. In computational practice however, the flow domain must be restricted to a reasonable size by imposing appropriate boundary conditions at the edges of the computational space. In this thesis work, streamlines obtained from potential flow solution in a relatively large spatial domain are utilized to specify the boundaries and boundary conditions for a more restricted computational domain to be used for detailed viscous flow computations. A grid generation code is adopted for generation of unstructured triangular grid systems for domains involving multiple immersed bodies of any shape at arbitrary orientations such as a group of tall buildings in horizontal plane. Finite volume method is used in the solution of Laplace equation for the stream function. A deformation modulus is introduced as a probe parameter to aid locating the viscous flow boundaries. The computer code acts as a preprocessor for viscous flow computations, specifying the computational boundaries, the boundary conditions and generating the computational grid.

In the scope of the study, prismatic roughness elements with different longitudinal spacing and arrangements have been tested in a rectangular flume in order to reveal their effects on fundamental characteristics of a hydraulic jump. Two basic roughness types with altering arrangements have been tested. Roughness elements of the first type extends through the channel width against the flow with varying length and pitch ratios for different arrangements. The second type is of staggered essence and produced by piecing the roughness elements defined in the initial type into three parts which are equal in length. The doublet formed from the pieces on the sides is shifted to the consequent row to make two successive roughness rows encapsulate the channel span completely. Staggered roughness type is formed with the repetition of this arrangement along the flume. Independent of their type and arrangement, the entirety of roughness elements are embedded in the channel bed in order to avoid their protuberance into the flow, based on the presumption that the crests of the roughness elements levelled with the channel inlet would be less exposed to caving effects of flow than the protruding elements. In the study, influence of the proposed roughness elements on the fundamental engineering concerns as the length, height (tail water depth) and energy dissipation capacity of hydraulic jumps has been questioned in the light of empirical work and related literature on forced and smooth hydraulic jumps. At the final stage of the study, it was concluded that both strip and staggered roughness have positive effects on the characteristics of hydraulic jump given above. 3-7% more energy dissipation was observed in jumps on rough beds compared to classical hydraulic jumps. For tailwater dept reduction, whereas strip roughness provided 5-13%, staggered roughness led to 7-15% tailwater depth reduction compared to classical hydraulic jump. While strip roughness reduced jump length around 40%, 35-55% reduction was observed with staggered roughness when compared to classical hydraulic jump.

An impermeable weir constructed across a stream prevents the longitudinal movement of aquatic life and transportation of physical and chemical substances in water, eventually having a negative impact on river environment. However, a rubble mound weir is considered environmentally friendly, since its permeability allows the streamwise migration of aquatic life. This thesis investigates the performance of this type of weir as a water use facility. The particular objective of the investigation is to study the flow mechanism in terms of water surface profile and discharge through the weir. In the study, flow through the rubble mound weir is considered non-Darcian, steady, and one-dimensional. In the analysis, gradually varied open channel flow algorithm is applied to porous medium flow through the rubble mound weir in which laminar and turbulent components of flow are taken into consideration. Unlike previous studies where Stephenson and Wilkins relations were used, in this thesis Forchheimer equation is used. To verify the validity of numerical solution of governing equation based on Forchheimer relation, an experimental investigation is conducted in the laboratory. The experimentally obtained water surface profiles are compared with the numerical results. It is observed that there is a satisfactory agreement between numerical and experimental results. The water surface profiles obtained by numerical solution are further compared with those based on Stephenson and Wilkins relations. It is concluded that the proposed numerical solution technique for the Forchheimer based governing equation may be used in the analysis of flow through, and design of rockfill weirs.

The performance of outlets under constant head is investigated in this study. Behavior of single outlet is analyzed / subsequently effect of multiple outlets on a single outlet is examined. Parameters taken into account are constant head of water, orifice shape, orifice length, number of open outlets and discharge. The outlet type, which is examined, can be classified as a short tube orifice. Two different orifice diameters and tube lengths are used. Outlets had the diameter, 6.00 and 10.35mm. The ratio of orifice length to diameter (l/d) was 5 and 8. Number of outlets is 5, which are opened in several combinations. A dimensional analysis shows that discharge coefficient, Cd is a function of diameter-length ratio and the Reynolds Number. In this study, high Reynolds Number (2300&lt / Re&lt / 18600) range is examined and the results are compared with the available data in the literature. Furthermore, performance of the group outlets is investigated.

Siltation in reservoirs is becoming an important problem as the dams are getting older in the world. The general dam practice has been implemented in a sequence that / planning, design, construction, operation of dam until the accumulated sediment prevents its purpose function or functions. Unfortunately, effects of sedimentation and fate of the left over dams in the future are not figured. Indeed, these negative effects could be avoided, life of the reservoir can be prolonged and even the reservoir will last forever by minimizing the sedimentation. Therefore in this study, the methods that provide extension of reservoir life are discussed hydraulically, economically and applicability point of view. In addition, there is open source package program RESCON which examines and compares some sediment removal techniques economically and also hydraulically. RESCON is used in conjunction with several cases / namely &Ccedil / ubuk Dam-I, Bor&ccedil / ka Dam and Muratli Dam. Moreover, some sensitivity analyses are carried out in order to scrutiny of the program for Turkish economic conditions.

Sharp crested rectangular weirs used for discharge measurement purposes in open channel hydraulics are investigated experimentally. A series of experiments were conducted by measuring discharge and head over the weir for different weir heights for full width weir. It is seen that after a certain weir height, head and discharge relation does not change. Hence a constant weir height is determined. For that height / discharge and head over the weir are measured for variable weir width, starting from the full width weir to slit weir. Description of the discharge coefficient valid for the full range of weir widths and an empirical expression involving dimensionless flow variables is aimed. Experimental data obtained for this purpose and the results of the regression analysis performed are represented.

Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) is an optical technique used to display and evaluate the motion of fine particles in a flow. In this experimental study, velocity profiles are examined by PIV system and basic analysis methods are compared.