The division of Engineering Materials at Linköping University, department of Management and Engineering, conducted a research project concerning Fatigue life of thermal barrier coatings during 2009. During this project equipment to provoke these fatigue failure by rapidly heating and cooling test subjects in cycles, was ordered. Design and manufacturing of the equipment was handled internally at LIU. The equipment was built using a furnace that is lowered and raised over the table where the test subject is placed. To keep the temperature of the furnace a lid slides in place to close the downward facing opening of the furnace when it is in the raised position. On this door there is nozzle that is used to cooling of the test subject by air. To make sure that the equipment can work independently you need an automation controller that can evaluate if movement can occur without danger of collisions. The control system also needs to monitor that all elements are performed according to plan. This degree project is based on a modular system from OPTO 22 and includes the configuration of a PLC that will be supplied with logic and a user interface. The degree project resulted in a graphic interface in which a user can set desired values for different parameters and get information about current values for them. Using the interface the user could also start and stop the running of cycles. An analog interface consisting of a start and stop button is also handled in the project. Logic has been created and tested using simulations of incoming signals. During these tests it managed to transform the equipment from standby to starting position for running cycles, running cycles that can be adapted by the user and to put the equipment in standby position when the user want to power down the system. Apart from this there is also routines to monitor that movements is actually done according to plan and communicates with external systems capable of sending signals. A routine that both transform digital alarms and translate numerical values representing different choices to text messages in the graphic interface has been created.

In this thesis have an implementation of a maintenance program called Computerized Maintenance Management System that has been developed together with the personal from SKF. The work has been conducted for 10 weeks at Sapa Thermal Heat Transfer (Shanghai) Ltd on the maintenance department. Sapa manufacture, sell and deliver to the automobile market. The goal has been to understand and learn how to use the new computer system CMMS. It shall help Sapa to save on doing unnecessary maintenance and make it easier to order spare part, scheduled maintenance and to see the problems and the solution the problems in the CMMS database. My report is limited to parts of the CMMS. The edge guides critical points that are the position transducer and the vertical roller bearing. I describe the failures that can occur and recommend some solutions to the problems. With the creation of different concepts, explanations are given to guide you to the right solution. I give a short introduction to the current maintenance in Sapa and how to update the database through the creating of a user manual directed to Sapa. Interviews have been conducted at Sapa maintenance department with SKF and API Pro personal. The biggest helping tool has been from the CMMS there I have been able to read about current problems with the edge guide. Fact has also been taken from the Internet and material provided by Sapa The report shows a few recommendations and helping tools for how to continue the update in the CMMS for the new hot mill. Optimize the maintenance to the smallest component with the goal of saving money and production time. The reason is that CMMS shall contribute to manage the maintenance so much that the machine should have availability above 90 percent.

Kraftvärmeverket vid SCA Packaging Munksund AB är ett samarbete mellan SCA och Vattenfall och det består av en ångpanna av typen cirkulerande fluidiserad bädd som togs i drift 2001. Man vill nu genomföra en undersökning om CFBpannans prestanda har förändrats sedan starten, samt en undersökning av pannans maximala kapacitet. Examensarbetet har då bestått av att utföra ett prestandaprov samt ett prov för maximal kapacitet. Arbetet har även innefattat att utarbeta en algoritm för att fiktivt beräkna ingående bränslets fukthalt via rökgasparametrar. CFB-pannan är dimensionerad mot en termisk effekt på 98MW, vid en bränslekvalitet på 55 % fukthalt och värmevärdet 7,3 MJ/kg. Vid denna driftpunkt garanterar panntillverkaren Foster Wheeler en verkningsgrad på minst 90,57 %. Prestandaprovet från 2002 visade på en verkningsgrad på 91,1 %. Resultatet från dessa observationer visade på en verkningsgrad på 92,07 %, att notera är att bränslekvaliteten legat på fukthalten 50 % och värmevärdet 8,48 MJ/kg. Vid framtida produktionsökningar i pappersbruket kommer man samtidigt behöva öka produktionen av processånga. Man har sedan tidigare drifterfarenheter påpekat att man har haft problem med pannans luft/rökgassytem vid höga laster. Resultatet från maxkapacitetstesterna var att pannan primärt begränsas av kvaliteten på bränslet, då detta sätter en begränsning på hur mycket energi som finns tillgängligt. Processmässigt så blev resultatet att motorn till rökgasfläkten samt sandåterföringen var de begränsande enheterna. Vid testet var bränslefukthalten 45 % och man uppnådde då ett ångflöde på 146 ton/h. Det kom även fram att sekundärfläkten inte körts enligt panntillverkarens rekommenderade motorhastighet på 1765 varv/min, den aktuella inställningen har ett synkront varvtal på 1500 varv/min. Att utreda hur mycket effekt som dessa begränsningar låser fast har varit oerhört svårt att ge svar på, och vad gäller tidsramen för arbetet så har det inte kunnat grävas djupare i denna problemställning. En teoretisk analys har däremot utförts på maximal kapacitet vid olika bränslefukthalter, se Figur 33 och Figur 34 på sidan 78. Dessa figurer belyser hur viktig kvaliteten på bränslet är för att pannan skall kunna ha en möjlighet att leverera en hög last. Då hanteringen av bränslet för att minimera kvalitetsförluster är något man kan påverka med enklare metoder, är rekommendationen att man startar en projektgrupp som ser över bränslehanteringen för att minimera kvalitetsförluster vid egen kortvarig lagring. / The combined heat and power plant at SCA Packaging Munksund AB is a collaboration between SCA and Vattenfall and it consists of a steam boiler with a circulating fluidized bed which was taken in to service in 2001. Today the company wants to make an evaluation about if there is any changes in the CFPboilers performance since the start, they would also like an evaluation about the maximum capacity. The examination work has then been about executing a performance test and a maximum capacity test. The work has also included the construction of an algorithm that would fictively calculate the content of moisture for the in fed biofuel through the fluegas parameters. The CFB-boiler is dimensioned to have a thermal effect of 98 MW, with the quality of the biofuel having a content of moisture at 55 % and the heating value of 7,3 MJ/kg. At this operation point the boiler constructor guarantees an efficiency of 90,57 %. Evaluations made in 2002 concluded an efficiency at 91,1 %. The results from this report showed an efficiency at 92,07 %, one should then note that the biofuel quality then had a content of moisture at 50,05 % and a heating value at 8,48 MJ/kg. Future increases in the mills production will mean that they also need to increase the steam production as well. From earlier experiences with the boilers capacity, operators have countered problems with the air/fluegas-system at high loads. The primary result from the maximum capacity test is that the quality of the biofuel sets the limit for how well the boiler can perform. The secondary results indicate that the motor for the fluegasfan and that the bedmaterialreentrysystem are the narrow sections. For the test the contest of moisture was 45 % and the produced steam reached 146 ton/h. Something else that surfaced during the report was that the motor for the secondary air fan was not running at the boiler manufacturer dimensioned speed at 1765 rpm, the actual settings had a maximum synchronous speed at 1500 rpm. To investigate how much production capacity that is tied up in the narrow sections is extremely difficult to answer, the timeframe for the report limited the digging for an answer for this question. Instead a theoretical analysis was made on the maximum capacity from a perspective of different contests of moisture for the biofuel, watch Figur 33 and Figur 34 on page 78. These figures cast a light on the importance on the quality of the biofuel, so that the boiler has the ability to deliver high loads. Handling of the biofuel to minimize the loss of quality is something that can be affected with relatively simple methods, the recommendation is that a project group is started that looks over the handling of the biofuel to minimize the quality losses during short time storage.

Environmental related product requirements are increasing worldwide from government authorities, customers and other stakeholders. For small and medium sized companies manufacturing electric and electronic products it is more difficult compared to bigger companies to meet new product related requirements due to smaller budget, resources and knowledge. This research studies the awareness and ability to act upon changes when small and medium sized companies in Sweden face environmental related requirements. The result is compared to previous conducted studies in a number of Asian countries. The study has been conducted through face-to-face interviews (12 companies), phone interviews (6 companies), and questionnaires (50 companies). After a preliminary literature study and targeting of objective companies interviews were made at first with the questionnaire study based on results from the interviews. In total, respondents from 68 companies participated in this research. Results from the study reveal that companies both in Sweden and Asia experience the same directives from EU and that WEEE and RoHS have had the biggest impact upon companies. Outside the EU market, companies do not comply with the legislations in the same way. There is a difference in how Swedish companies choose to treat environmental related product requirements as compared to electric and electronic companies in Asia. Furthermore, legislations are a very effective form to affect companies’ environmental work and adaptations, especially if it is imposed directly on the product itself. Both Swedish and Asian companies feel they need more education, more information about environmental related product requirements and more support from government authorities in order to cope with increasing demands from customers and legislations.

This Master's Thesis addresses the problem of segmenting an image sequence with respect to the motion in the sequence. As a basis for the motion estimation, 3D orientation tensors are used. The goal of the segmentation is to partition the images into regions, characterized by having a coherent motion. The motion model is affine with respect to the image coordinates. A method to estimate the parameters of the motion model from the orientation tensors in a region is presented. This method can also be generalized to a large class of motion models. Two segmentation algorithms are presented together with a postprocessing algorithm. All these algorithms are based on the competitive algorithm, a general method for distributing points between a number of regions, without relying on arbitrary threshold values. The first segmentation algorithm segments each image independently, while the second algorithm recursively takes advantage of the previous segmentation. The postprocessing algorithm stabilizes the segmentations of a whole sequence by imposing continuity constraints. The algorithms have been implemented and the results of applying them to a test sequence are presented. Interesting properties of the algorithms are that they are robust to the aperture problem and that they do not require a dense velocity ¯eld. It is finally discussed how the algorithms can be developed and improved. It is straightforward to extend the algorithms to base the segmentations on alternative or additional features, under not too restrictive conditions on the features.

Chapter 2 describes the concept of canonical correlation. This you have to know about in order to understand the continuing discussion. Chapter 3 introduce you to the problem that was to be solved. Chapter 4, 5 and 6 discusses three different suggestions how to approach the problem. Each chapter begins with a section of experiments as a motivation of the approach. Then follows some theory and mathematical manipulations to structure the thoughts. The last sections contains discussions and suggestions concerning the approach. Finally chapter 7 contains a summary and a comparismental discussion of the approaches.

Segmentation is a process that separates objects in an image. In medical images, particularly image volumes, the field of application is wide. For example 3D visualisations of the anatomy could benefit enormously from segmentation. The aim of this thesis is to construct a segmentation tool. The project consist three main parts. First, a survey of the actual need of segmentation in medical image volumes was carried out. Then a unique three-step model for a segmentation tool was implemented, tested and evaluated. The first step of the segmentation tool is a seed-growing method that uses the intensity and an orientation tensor estimate to decide which voxels that are part of the project. The second step uses an active contour, a deformable “balloon”. The contour is shrunk to fit the segmented border from the first step, yielding a surface suitable for visualisation. The last step consists of letting the contour reshape according to the orientation tensor estimate. The use evaluation establishes the usefulness of the tool. The model is flexible and well adapted to the users’ requests. For unclear objects the segmentation may fail, but the cause is mostly poor image quality. Even though much work remains to be done on the second and third part of the tool, the results are most promising.

This thesis investigates the possibilities of using GIS (Geographic Information System) data with an airborne autonomous vehicle developed in the WITAS project. Available for the thesis are high resolution (0.16 meter sample interval) aerial photographs over Stockholm, and vector data in a common GIS format containing all roads in the Stockholm area. A method for removing cars from aerial photographs is presented, using the filtering method normalized convolution, originally developed for filtering uncertain and incomplete data. By setting the certainty to zero over the cars, this data is disregarded in the filtering process, resulting in an image without cars. This method is further improved by choosing an anisotropic applicability function, resulting in a filtering that preserves structures oriented in certain directions. The available vector data is investigated with regard to its use in a simulator for vehicle movement, and is found to be missing much of the essential information needed in such a simulator. A new data format better suited to these requirements is created, using the extensible markup language (XML) which generates a humanreadable data format and can use existing parsers to make the implementation simpler. The result is a somewhat complex, but highly general data format that can accurately express almost any type of road and intersection. Cars can follow arbitrary paths in the road database and move with a smooth motion suitable for use as input to image processing equipment. The simulator does not allow any dynamic behaviour such as changing speeds, starting or stopping, or interaction between cars, takeovers or intelligent behavior in intersections. In the airborne vehicle, a mapping from pixels in a camera image (like the ones output from the simulator) to locations in the road database is needed. This is an inverse mapping with respect to visualizing as described above. This gives important information to a car tracking system regarding the probable movement of cars and also making it possible to determine if a car breaks traffic regulations. A mapping of this kind is created using a simplified form of ray tracing known as ray casting, together with space partitioning methods used to vastly improve efficiency. All above mentioned tasks are implemented using C++ and object oriented methods, giving maintainable and extendable code suiting a quickly changing research area. The interface to the simulator is designed to be compatible to the existing simulation software used in the WITAS project. Visualization is done through the OpenGL graphics library, providing realistic effects such as lighting and shading.

We explore the use of colour for interpretation of unstructured off-road scenes. The aim is to extract driveable areas for use in an autonomous off-road vehicle in real-time. The terrain is an unstructured tropical jungle area with vegetation, water and red mud roads. We show that hue is both robust to changing lighting conditions and an important feature for correctly interpreting this type of scene. We believe that our method also can be deployed in other types of terrain, with minor changes, as long as the terrain is coloured and well saturated. Only 2D information is processed at the moment, but we aim at extending the method to also treat 3D information, by the use of stereo vision or motion.

This Master's Thesis discusses the different trade-offs a programmer needs to consider when constructing image processing systems. First, an overview of the different alternatives available is given followed by a focus on systems based on general hardware. General, in this case, means mass-market with a low price-performance-ratio. The software environment is focused on UNIX, sometimes restricted to Linux, together with C, C++ and ANSI-standardized APIs.