This thesis seeks to highlight the importance of a geographic and culturally specific knowledge base to guide natural resource management and governance policy, particularly within the West African context. In order to demonstrate the level of complexity that may exist within this realm, the Kedougou region of Senegal is used as a case study. Traditional Method of Subsistence (TMoS), Traditional Ecological Knowledge (TEK), and ethnic diversity are considered in order to validate the need to go beyond a superficial involvement of community within models such as Community-based Natural Resource Management (CBNRM). Focus groups were conducted for this case study in order to identify areas of similarity and difference that exist along ethnic lines. Two areas of concern that all ethnic groups agreed upon was a depletion of water resources and a diminished growing season that leads to an annual food shortage in the region. Three primary areas of difference were found to coincide with traditional ethnic boundaries in the region: traditional religious belief, wealth accumulation and social hierarchy. The findings of this research demonstrate that while areas of cohesive community concern may serve as a focal point for CBNRM programs, it is also important to consider areas of ethnic difference which hold the potential to significantly influence sustainable and equitable resource management. For example, while traction methods for intensified agriculture are identified as important by all ethnic groups represented in this thesis: (A) traditional agricultural ethnic groups already have experience with these methods, and may only need access to assistance such as micro-credit opportunities, (B) the pastoral ethnic groups already have an abundance of traction animals, and so equipment may be what is primarily needed, while (C) the horticultural group may not have access to the land necessary for optimal traction agriculture. It is therefore suggested that CBNRM programs must be structured around community variables found along cultural lines in order to be of value to government and non-government conservation programs and policy formation in the region.

Submitted by Vasti Dinizmm (vastijpa@hotmail.com) on 2017-07-26T13:42:42Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 5779145 bytes, checksum: 5cbba6d3ca6627f2bed031fdbe1ef424 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-26T13:42:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 5779145 bytes, checksum: 5cbba6d3ca6627f2bed031fdbe1ef424 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-04-19 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The artisanal fishing is a secular activity developed by men and characterized by small scale exploitation of fisheries that serves as family income and subsistence. Currently, the coastal marine environment of Brazil has been suffering substantial degradation processes, due to the growing anthropic pressure and over-exploitation of natural resources. In the State of Paraiba, relevant studies suggest significant declines in fish catches by artisanal fisheries. Thus, the development of fisheries management plans that involve the interests of all individuals is critical, aiming the sustainability of fisheries. To achieve this, it is necessary to prioritize the use of Traditional Ecological Knowledge (TEK) of the local fishing communities, which is characterized as a set of knowledge and practices developed through adaptive processes in the relationship of living beings and the environment. Therefore, this study aims to characterize the artisanal fishing of Penha and Ponta do Seixas communities, located in Joao Pessoa, Paraiba State, through the description of their ethno-ecological aspects and the possible relationship between the amount of fish caught and overfishing. Artisanal fishery communities of Penha and Ponta do Seixas, located in the south of João Pessoa coast, in Paraíba state, were characterized by the use of scientific knowledge and Traditional Ecological Knowledge (TEK) of local fishermen. The TEK proved to be essential in the data collection, perception of fish stocks, and overfishing of certain species. The study was conducted through landing reports, unstructured interviews, participant observation, structured, and semi structured interviews. Motorized boats were the main vessels used by fishermen. Eight different fishing strategies have been identified, and the most used were the handline and bottom gillnet. Fifty three species of fishes were recorded, 24 through the monitoring of landings (captured with handline) and 29 from interviews. In total 7,670.4kg of fishes were sampled in 28 landings between February 2015 and January 2016. Among the 27 recorded families: Carangidae, Lutjanidae, and Serranidae stood out. The most captured species were: ‘guarajuba’ (Carangoides bartholomaei), ‘arabaiana’ (Seriola dumerili); ‘peixe-rei’ (Elegatis bipinnulatus), and ‘xixarro’ (Carangoides crysos). Most of landings were recorded during the summer, although no significant differences were observed between biomass and species richness captured during summer and winter. It was proposed the Index of the Fishery Importance (IPP) in order to highlight species, according to their biological, ecological, and commercial characteristics, that are more valued in the studied communities. According to the criteria of the IPP, five species stood out: ‘guarajuba’ (Carangoides bartholomaei), ‘arabaiana’ (Seriola dumerili), ‘xixarro’ (Carangoides crysos), ‘cioba’ (Lutjanus analis), and ‘peixe-rei’ (Elegatis bipinnulatus). Furthermore, it was used the Smith’s salience index (IS), which is based on higher frequency values and coincidence of items, by which: ‘cioba’ (Lutjanus analis), ‘guarajuba’ (Carangoides bartholomaei), ‘cavala’ (Scomberomorus cavalla), ‘xixarro’ (Carangoides crysos), and serra (Scomberomorus brasiliensis) stood out. In order to get more information on the biology, ecology and fisheries aspects of these species, an ethnobiological study was conducted with local fishermen. It was observed that fishermen have a vast knowledge of fish species, especially those considered most important according to the values of the IPP and IS. Therefore, it is suggested that fishermen’s TEK should be used in aid of scientific research conducted in the region as well as in discussion of fisheries resources management that may be developed in the area. / A pesca artesanal é uma atividade secular desenvolvida pelo homem, caracterizada pela exploração em pequena escala dos recursos pesqueiros, que servem como renda e subsistência familiar. Atualmente, os ambientes costeiros marinhos do Brasil vêm sofrendo consideráveis processos de degradação, decorrentes da crescente pressão antrópica e sobre-exploração de recursos. Na Paraíba, importantes trabalhos apontam para o declínio considerável nas capturas de peixes pela pesca artesanal. Assim, torna-se urgente o desenvolvimento de planos de manejo pesqueiros que envolvam os interesses de todos os indivíduos, buscando a sustentabilidade da pesca. Para tanto, deve-se priorizar a utilização do Conhecimento Ecológico Local (CEL) das comunidades de pescadores, caracterizado como um conjunto de saberes e práticas desenvolvidos através de processos adaptativos na relação dos seres vivos com o ambiente. Desta forma, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo a caracterização da pesca artesanal das comunidades da Penha e Ponta do Seixas, localizadas em João Pessoa, Paraíba, através da descrição de seus aspectos etnoecológicos e, a possível relação entre a quantidade de peixes e a sobrepesca de espécies. O estudo foi realizado através de acompanhamentos de desembarques, entrevistas não estruturadas, observação participante, entrevistas estruturadas e semiestruturadas. Barcos motorizados foram as principais embarcações utilizadas pelos pescadores. Foram identificados oito diferentes estratégias de pesca, com destaque para a linha de mão e rede de emalhe afundada. Foram registradas 53 espécies de peixes, 24 através do acompanhamento de desembarques (capturadas com linha de mão) e 29 a partir de entrevistas. Ao total foram amostrados 7.670,4kg de peixes, em 28 desembarques realizados entre fevereiro de 2015 e janeiro de 2016. Dentre as 27 famílias registradas, destacaram-se: Carangidae, Lutjanidae e Serranidae. As espécies mais capturadas foram: guarajuba (Carangoides bartholomaei), arabaiana (Seriola dumerili); peixe-rei (Elegatis bipinnulatus) e xixarro (Carangoides crysos). A maior parte dos desembarques foi registrada durante o verão, embora não tenham sido observadas diferenças significativas entre a biomassa e riqueza de espécies capturadas durante o verão e inverno. Também foi utilizado o Índice de Importância Para a Pesca (IPP), a fim de revelar as espécies que, de acordo com suas características biológicas, ecológicas e comerciais, são mais valorizadas nas comunidades estudadas. Segundo os critérios do IPP, cinco espécies se destacaram: guarajuba (Carangoides bartholomaei), arabaiana (Seriola dumerili), xixarro (Carangoides crysos), cioba (Lutjanus analis) e peixe-rei (Elegatis bipinnulatus). De maneira complementar, foi proposto o Índice de Saliência (IS), que se baseia nos maiores valores de frequência e coincidência entre os itens citados, destacando-se: cioba (Lutjanus analis), guarajuba (Carangoides bartholomaei), cavala (Scomberomorus cavalla), xixarro (Carangoides crysos) e serra (Scomberomorus brasiliensis). Com o objetivo de obter maiores informações quanto à biologia, ecologia e aspectos pesqueiros destas espécies, foi realizado um estudo etnobiológico junto aos informantes chave. Observou-se que os pescadores possuem um vasto conhecimento sobre as espécies de peixes, especialmente àquelas consideradas mais importantes segundo os valores do IPP e IS. Desta forma, sugere-se que o CEL dos pescadores seja utilizado no auxílio de pesquisas científicas desenvolvidas na região, bem como em discussões de manejo de recursos pesqueiros que por ventura sejam desenvolvidos na área.

This research investigated the feasibility and benefits of integrating geospatial technology with traditional ecological knowledge (TEK) of an indigenous Louisiana coastal population in order to assess the impacts of current and historical ecosystem change to community viability. The primary goal was to provide resource managers with a comprehensive method of assessing localized ecological change in the Gulf Coast region that can benefit community sustainability. Using Remote Sensing (RS), Geographic Information Systems (GIS), and other geospatial technologies integrated with a coastal community's TEK to achieve this goal, the objectives were (1) to determine a method for producing vulnerability/sustainability mapping products for an ecosystem-dependent livelihood base of a coastal population that results from physical information derived from RS imagery and supported, refined, and prioritized with TEK, and (2) to demonstrate how such an approach can engage affected community residents who are interested in understanding better marsh health and ways that marsh health can be recognized, and the causes of declining marsh determined and addressed. TEK relevant to the project objectives collected included: changes in the flora and fauna over time; changes in environmental conditions observed over time such as land loss; a history of man-made structures and impacts to the area; as well as priority areas of particular community significance or concern. Scientific field data collection measured marsh vegetation health characteristics. These data were analyzed for correlation with satellite image data acquired concurrently with field data collection. Resulting regression equations were applied to the image data to produce estimated marsh health maps. Historical image datasets of the study area were acquired to understand evolution of land change to current conditions and project future vulnerability. Image processing procedures were developed and applied to produce maps that detail land change in the study area at time intervals from 1968 to 2009. This information was combined with the TEK and scientific datasets in a GIS to produce mapping products that provide new information to the coastal restoration decision making process. This information includes: 1) what marsh areas are most vulnerable; and 2) what areas are most significant to the sustainability of the community.

This research was aimed at determining the ethno-ornithological knowledge of three Mushere villages close to the Dulu Forest, Nigeria to determine whether this might hold potential for developing a local conservation programme to protect the forest. The conservation objective of the research was aimed at determining the drivers of forest degradation, and possible means of mitigation. Using a mixed method approach, quantitative/qualitative data were collected in two years from different demographics (men, women, children, age differentials, occupation, urbanization). Oral interviews, semi-structured interviews, picture elicitation tasks, free-listing exercises and focus group discussions were employed in the data collection process. The findings revealed a relatively low ethno-ornithological knowledge, and a general indifference (ornitho-apatheia) towards birds. Knowledge transmission was predominantly through oral means while TEK acquisition was mainly through vertical and horizontal methods. While adults perceived birds as not valuable, children generally perceived birds as valuable. Cultural utilization and ecological salience were the main drivers of bird naming and knowledge. However, there was a high valuing of the Dulu forest, with the main drivers of the forest degradation being timber extraction. Overall, I concluded that the indifference of the Mushere towards birds revealed a lack of cultural appreciation of birds, leading to little TEK of birds, insufficient to encourage the use of TEK of birds in the conservation of the Dulu forest, and the use of birds as flagship domain for promoting conservation. However, a sustained approach towards encouraging birding activities could improve the perception of birds. I therefore suggest using an ecosystem approach in the conservation of the Dulu forest. Engaging the locals in dialogue, establishing a leadership structure for the management of the Dulu forest, providing alternative means of livelihoods are suggested as ways of mitigating the degradation of the Dulu forest.

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This work introduces the available authorization frameworks for the purpose of Single Sign-On functionality within an enterprise, along with the fundamental technicalities. The focus of the work is on SAML 2.0 and OAuth 2.0 frame- works. Following the details related to available protocol flows, supported client profiles and security considerations, the two frameworks are compared in accordance with a set of factors given in a criteria. The report discusses the possibilities provided by a Microsoft Windows based infrastructure, as well as different scenarios and their feasibility in an enterprise environment. The preferred framework, OAuth 2.0, is selected according to the given criteria and the comparative discussions.

<p>This dissertation is a policy driven ethnography of smallholder and alternative farmers in Indiana that centers food justice and utilizes interdisciplinary frameworks to analyze the adaptive strategies that farmers use to address the specific challenges they face. Through the implementation of adaptive strategies such as regenerative growing practices, the cultivation of community, stewardship of the land, and an emphasis on transparency, the smallholders I worked with over the course of this study negotiate complex agricultural spaces and build the resilience of their farmsteads and the communities they serve. Smallholder and alternative farmers in Indiana are reimagining the agricultural spaces they occupy and driving transformational change of dominant narratives and local food systems. Critiques of conventional agriculture and commodity production are not intended to reify binary perceptions of the agricultural paradigm, but rather to demonstrate that the critical role of smallholder and alternatives farmers should be valued as well. </p> <p> </p> <p>This research draws on four years of ethnographic research, archival sources, and close readings of policy measures and media reports to illuminate the historical context that has positioned smallholders in juxtaposition to large-scale conventional agriculture, and the critical role of smallholder farmers in driving food systems change while centering food justice and community resiliency. The driving research questions for the following essays follow: Why have small scale and alternative farmers chosen to farm (and farm differently)? What specific challenges do they face and how might these challenges be better addressed by existing support systems and new legislation? What can be learned from the alternative narratives and reimagined spaces smallholder farmers engage with? This work joins the growing body of research that challenges agricultural meta-narratives by presenting a counter-narrative of smallholder resilience and the <i>a priori</i> notion that posits agricultural technology as a panacea for everything from world hunger to economics to environmental concerns. </p>