It is desirable to develop tomato varieties which have the character of being able to set fruit at relatively cool temperature between 10°C to 15.5°C for commercial production in Canada. The tomato varieties Puck, Bonny Best, Immur, Prior Beta, Cold Set and some of their reciprocal Fl hybrids were grown both in greenhouses and in growth chambers under two different temperature levels, experiments were carried out to study fruit, set and the effects of self and cross-pollination on fruit development in four varieties and the Fl hybrids of PxBB, BBxP, IPBxBB, BBxIPB, CSxBB, and BBxCS. Under both cool and warm temperatures, the percentage of fruit set and also size of fruit were increased when cross-pollination was used in contrast to self-pollination. Under cool temperature, all Fl hybrid lines had a higher percentage of fruit set than their two parents, but in warm temperature the Fl hybrid lines had a intermediate percentage between those of the two parents. Under both temperature regimes there were distinct differences among lines in the time intervals for different component stages in the life cycle. Cool temperatures increased lengths of these intervals, but relative difference in lengths of interval was clearly evident. Among the ten lines, IPB was notably the earliest variety to ripe first fruit. In the first component interval from seeding to flower opening, IPB was the earliest and Bonny Best the latest; however, for the two succeeding intervals, namely flowering to fruit set and fruit set to ripening, IPB did not have the shortest intervals or most rapid growth. In fact Puck variety was better than IPB for the second component interval, and in the third interval, (BBxIPB) Fl and the reciprocal cross were the earliest. This sort of variability suggests recombination to put the earliest component stages together to synthesize a very early line. / Land and Food Systems, Faculty of / Graduate

The regulatory properties of fructose 1,6-diphosphatase (FDPase) from liver of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri), South American lungfish (Lepidosiren paradoxa) and migrating pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) were examined over the physiological temperature ranges of the organisms. In rainbow trout saturation curves for substrate (fructose 1,6-diphosphate), and a cofactor (Mg²⁺ ) are sigmoidal, and the evidence suggests cooperative interaction between the binding sites for these ligands. The affinity of the trout enzyme is approximately 50-to 100-fold higher for Mn²⁺ than for Mg²⁺ and the Mn²⁺ saturation curve is hyperbolic. The enzyme is inhibited by Ca²⁺ and Zn²⁺ and this inhibition appears to be competitive with respect to cofactor. The trout FDPase has an alkaline pH optimum and high pH values enhance FDPase affinity for cofactor. Low concentrations of 5'AMP inhibit the rainbow trout FDPase and the enzyme-AMP interaction is sensitive to temperature; thus, Ki for AMP at 25° is approximately 30-fold higher than at 0°. Furthermore, increasing concentrations of the cofactors tend to reduce and/or reverse the AMP inhibition and it is suggested that these ions may play a role in regulating the efficiency of AMP as an inhibitor of FDPase activity. Similar to the trout FDPase, substrate and cofactor saturation curves for the lungifsh FDPase are sigmoid and Hill plots of the data suggest homotropic interaction between their respective binding sites. Affinity of the lungfish enzyme for substrate increases markedly at low temperature, with the result that at physiological concentrations of substrate, the velocity of the reaction is essentially independent of temperature. In addition, increasing pH values stimulate enzyme activity and increase affinity of the lungfish FDPase for cofactor. The lungfish enzyme is inhibited by AMP, as is the trout FDPase, but affinity for the allosteric inhibitor is reduced and this FDPase-AMP interaction is independent of temperature. It is suggested that the decreased sensitivity to AMP is adaptive in view of the aestivating habit of the South American lungfish, under which condition the animal would be starved for long periods of time and a low energy charge (high concentrations of AMP) would probably exist in the liver cell. The regulatory properties of FDPase from migrating salmon were investigated. The calculated energy charge of the liver cell from these fish is very low (0.464) in keeping with the extended starvation and high rates of muscular and biosynthetic activity in these organisms. As in the trout and lungfish enzymes, affinity of salmon FDPase for substrate increases with a decrease in temperature. As a result at physiological concentrations of substrate enzyme activity is independent of temperature. Arrhenius plots of the saturation kinetics are complex and suggest an inter-conversion of one or more forms of the enzyme. Subsequent examination of the enzyme by sucrose density gradient centrifugation at different temperatures indicates that such thermally-dependent changes in conformation of the protein do occur, a finding which also offers a basis for the observed temperature-dependent changes in Km for substrate. The affinity of salmon FDPase for its allosteric inhibitor, AMP, is lower than in other FDPases and this enzyme-AMP interaction is largely insensitive to temperature. The functional significance of this reduced sensitivity to AMP is that it allows normal, indeed high, FDPase activity during conditions of low energy charge. These findings suggest mechanisms for the maintenance of high rates of gluconeogenesis in salmon during spawning migration. / Science, Faculty of / Zoology, Department of / Graduate

Effects of day/night temperature regimes ranging from 45/40 to 90/75°F on growth and development of Dark Skin Perfection peas were studied in controlled-environment cabinets. Light intensity was about 1500 foot-candles and the photoperiod was 16 hours. Rate of plant development, in terms of nodes produced per day, increased steadily as the average temperature increased. Rate of stem elongation, however, was most rapid at 70/55°F; and plant height was greatest at 60/50°F. On a dry matter accumulation per day basis, vine growth decreased above and below a temperature optimum which shifted from 70/60 to 60/50°F in the course of plant development. Tillering was most prolific at the lower temperatures and was absent at 90°F. Pea yield decreased as temperature increased above 60/50°F, due mainly to a reduction in the number of pods per plant. The number of peas per pod was decreased by high day/high night-temperature treatments and by high day temperature treatments imposed prior to full bloom. The combination of high day and high night temperatures caused an increase in the number of nodes to the first flower, whereas number of nodes to the first flower was decreased at the very low temperatures. Percent dry matter of plants was markedly increased at 45/40°F. / Land and Food Systems, Faculty of / Graduate

Low, non-freezing temperatures can cause both, harmful and beneficial effects on plants, and this research was carried out to survey some effects on starch and pigment accumulation. Four species were selected on the basis of photosynthetic biochemistry and major systematic grouping. Zea and Gomphrena possess the C₄-dicarboxylic acid pathway typical of certain families of tropical origin, while Triticum and Phaseolus contain the Calvin cycle alone which is typical of plants originating in temperate regions. Zea and Triticum are Monocotyledoneae while Gomphrena and Phaseolus are members of the Dicotyledoneae. Plants of each species were subjected to 10 days of cold treatment starting when they were 10, 21 or 35 days old (15, 26 and 40 days old for Gomphrena), and spectrophotometry measurements of starch, chlorophylls a and b, and carotenoids were carried out during the treatments. The effects of cold temperature depended on species, age, and duration of treatment. All of the species exhibited a significantly higher level of starch in the cold temperature for at least two of the three ages tested. The most dramatic effect of low temperature occurred in Gomphrena when the starch concentration increased to over 2000 per cent of the concentration attained at the warm temperature. Variations in the effect of cold treatment between the different ages tested were more pronounced in the monocots used than in the dicot species studied and variations due to the duration of cold treatment were observed in Gomphrena and Triticum. Cold treatment also caused significant reduction in total chlorophylls, chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b in all the species except Triticum. In Zea, the response to cold decreased as the plants aged, and the duration of cold treatment had a significant effect in Zea and Gomphrena. When the youngest plants only are considered, the response of starch and chlorophyll levels to cold treatment was well correlated with the typical photosynthetic pathway of the species tested. Low temperature had no significant effect on total carotenoid concentration .The effect of low temperature on light transmission by young Zea leaves during the first 48 hours of greening was also examined. Chlorophyll a concentration and leaf light transmission were highly correlated and the more convenient transmission measurements can therefore be used to predict leaf chlorophyll concentration. At the warm temperature used, there was a linear increase in chlorophyll concentration after a 2 hour lag period. Preceding cold treatment caused a longer lag period before chlorophyll began to accumulate at the warm temperature. Also, no chlorophyll accumulated, or there was net chlorophyll breakdown at low temperature. Kinetin treatment did not prevent the decrease in chlorophyll concentration at the low temperature. / Land and Food Systems, Faculty of / Graduate

The feasibility of sea surface temperature (SST) data improving the performance of an ocean general circulation model (OGCM) is investigated through a series of idealized numerical experiments. The GFDL Bryan-Cox-Semtner primitive equation model is set-up as an eddy resolving, unforced, flat bottomed channel of uniform depth. 'Observed' SST data taken from a reference ocean established in a control run are continuously assimilated into an 'imperfect' model using a simple 'nudging' scheme based on a surface relaxation condition of the form Q = C(SST — T₁) where Q is the heat flux and T₁ is the temperature at the top level of the model. The rate of assimilation is controlled by adjusting the constant inverse relaxation time parameter C. Numerical experiments indicate that the greatest improvement in the model fields is achieved in the extreme case of infinite assimilation (i.e., C = ᅇ) in which the 'observed' SST is directly inserted into the model. This improvement is quantified by monitoring the reduction in the root mean square (RMS) errors relative to the simulated reference ocean. Assimilation with longer relaxation time-scales (i.e., smaller C's) proves quite ineffective in reducing the RMS errors. The improvement in the direct insertion numerical experiment stems from the model's ability to transfer assimilated SST into subsurface information through strong advective processes. The assimilation of cool surface data induces convective overturning which transfers the 'cool' information downward rapidly but adversely affects the vertical thermal structure by an unrealistic deepening of the mixed layer. By contrast, warm surface data do not penetrate downward readily. Thus, the systematically biased downward flux of coolness gradually produces unrealistically cool subsurface waters. / Science, Faculty of / Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Department of / Graduate

The columnar to equiaxed transition has been studied experimentally using accurate temperature measurements and with a heat transfer mathematical model in Pb-1.5%Sn and Sn-10%Pb alloys. The behaviour of the two alloys was markedly different. In the Pb-1.5%Sn alloy, the transition did not occur until a large portion of the liquid thermally supercooled. At this point the temperature gradient in the liquid is very low, approximately O℃/mm. For Sn-10%Pb, the transition occurred at a positive temperature gradient of approximately 0.12℃/mm which confirms earlier work by Mahapatra and Weinberg. Supercooling was also found to occur in this alloy but it is not certain whether the supercooling is constitutional or thermal. The difference in the behaviour of the two alloys is related to the density of nuclei prior to directional solidification. Altering the method to release latent heat by using the Scheil equation or the Lever rule instead of the traditional linear assumption in the mathematical model did not have a significant effect on the predicted temperatures or temperature gradients in the Pb-1.5%Sn alloy. The effect was seen when the Sn-10%Pb alloy was considered. The difference is attributed to the total amount of latent heat to be released by a particular alloy. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Materials Engineering, Department of / Graduate

"This paper describes the procedure and results of a surface isotherm analysis of the North Indian Ocean for June 1920, a dry monsoon year, and June 1933, a wet monsoon year. It was found that June sea-surface temperatures were higher during the year of excessive rainfall as compared to a year of deficient rainfall. This positive parallelism is evidence which supports the hypothesis that the amount of rainfall over India during the southwest monsoon depends upon the variation of the surface temperature of the North Indian Ocean"--Abstract. / "August 15, 1952." / Typescript. / "Submitted to the Graduate Council of Florida State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science." / Includes bibliographical references (leaf 14).

The wastewater treated at the Hopewell Regional Wastewater Treatment Facility (HRWTF) is very unique both because it is comprised of effluents of seven different industries in the area in addition to the domestic wastewater in the area, and because it reaches high temperatures in the basins, often above 45oC during the summer. Four different bench scale systems consisting of continuously stirred tank reactors (CSTRs) in series were operated during the summer of 1997 to quickly assess the feasibility of nitrifying and denitrifying the total flow at HRWTF down to a final effluent total nitrogen concentration of 10 mg-N/L or less. The four main treatment strategies tested were: aerobic/anoxic treatment of the final effluent of HRWTF at moderate temperatures (approximately 30oC); anaerobic/anoxic/aerobic (A2/O) treatment of the primary effluent of HRWTF at moderate temperatures; treatment of the effluent of one of the industries which had a high ammonia wastewater and which was originally believed to contain nitrification inhibitors; and fully aerobic treatment of the primary effluent of HRWTF at high temperatures (of approximately 40 to 45oC) with an activated sludge gradually acclimated to such temperatures over the course of two months. At the end of the study, a two-week high temperature study was conducted on the system which had been treating the secondary effluent all summer with the same activated sludge which was acclimated only to temperatures around 30oC. The fully aerobic high temperature system which had been nitrifying the primary effluent all summer was converted to a modified Lutzack-Ettinger (MLE) process at the end of the study to test whether the primary effluent could be denitrified as well as nitrified at high temperatures with the sludge acclimated to high temperatures. All four of the main treatment strategies demonstrated that nitrification and denitrification of either the total flow or the high ammonia side stream could be achieved down to the desired total nitrogen concentrations. The high temperature study conducted on the system which had been treating the secondary effluent all summer indicated that the sudden increase from approximately 30oC to approximately 40oC over a twenty-four hour period, similar to the sudden temperature increase which occurs every spring at HRWTF, quickly ends nitrification in a system not acclimated to high temperatures, while denitrification and COD removal is hardly affected by such a temperature change. While the nitrification performance of the gradually acclimated system treating the primary effluent at high temperatures was adequate, problems maintaining a consistent MLVSS or ETSS concentration suggested that the high temperatures seen in the basins at HRWTF are likely to make consistent treatment difficult. As a result of considering both capital cost requirements and quality of treatment, the bench scale testing suggested that the most likely candidates for successful treatment of the total flow down to desired total nitrogen concentrations would involve either the A2/O treatment of the primary effluent of HRWTF, possibly with the addition of a cooling tower, or A2/O treatment of the high ammonia side stream, possibly involving the dilution of the wastewater with one of the other flows sent to HRWTF. It was concluded that pilot scale evaluation of the two options was required for a final design decision, and pilot scale evaluation was being performed when this thesis was completed. / Master of Science

I evaluated the effects of thermal and hydrologic conditions on growth and recruitment of Shovelnose Sturgeon (Scaphirhynchus platorynchus) in the lower Mississippi River and assessed mortality. Duration of water temperatures 12-24°C had a positive influence and temperatures below 11°C had a negative influence on annual growth. Duration of water temperatures above 28°C, duration of floodplain inundation, duration of low water, and minimum and maximum river stage did not influence annual growth. Duration of water temperatures 18-20°C and 18-24°C had a positive influence on recruitment, and duration of temperatures at and below 10°C had a negative influence on recruitment. Duration of days above 5, 6, 7, 8, and 8.9 m on the Vicksburg, MS river gage did not influence recruitment. Annual mortality was 28%. Growth and recruitment of Shovelnose Sturgeon in the lower Mississippi River appear to be positively influenced by duration of moderate water temperatures and minimally influenced by hydrologic conditions.

N/A / Thesis / Master of Engineering (ME)