Orientadora: Profa. Dra. Mariana Rodrigues da Silveira / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do ABC, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Matemática , 2014. / Neste trabalho apresentamos um estudo das Teorias de Morse e Morse-Bott no contexto de sistemas dinâmicos. Consideramos uma variedade Riemanniana suave e fechada M de dimensão finita. Dada f : M ! R uma função de Morse-Smale, associamos a f o complexo de cadeia de Morse-Smale-Witten, que recupera a homologia da variedade M (Teorema de Homologia de Morse). Mais geralmente, qualquer função de Morse- Bott-Smale f :M !R pode ser associada ao complexo de cadeia de Morse-Bott-Smale, que é um multicomplexo que se reduz ao complexo de cadeia de Morse-Smale-Witten quando f é uma função de Morse. O Teorema de Homologia de Morse-Bott mostra que a homologia deste multicomplexo também coincide com a homologia de M sua prova tem como caso particular uma prova para o Teorema da Homologia de Morse. / In this work we present a study of Morse and Morse-Bott theories in the context of dynamical systems. We consider a Riemannian smooth, closed n-dimensional manifold M. Given a Morse-Smale function f :M !R, we associate f to the Morse-Smale-Witten chain complex, which recovers the homology of the manifold M (Morse Homology Theorem). More generally, any Morse-Bott-Smale function f :M !R can be associated to the Morse-Bott-Smale chain complex, which is a multicomplex that coincides with the Morse-Smale-Witten complex when f is a Morse function. The Morse-Bott Homology Theorem shows that the homology of thismulticomplex also coincides with the homology of M and its proof has as a particular case a proof for the Morse Homology Theorem.

L'objet d'étude de ce mémoire est la géométrie des courbes holomorphes entières à valeurs dans le complémentaire d'hypersurfaces génériques de l'espace projectif complexe. Les conjectures célèbres de Kobayashi et de Green-Griffiths énoncent que pour de telles hypersurfaces, de grand degré, les images de ces courbes entières doivent satisfaire certaines contraintes algébriques. En adaptant les techniques de jets développées notamment par Bloch, Green-Griffiths, Demailly, Siu, Diverio-Merker-Rousseau, pour les courbes à valeurs dans une hypersurface projective (cas dit compact), nous obtenons la dégénérescence algébrique des courbes entières f : ℂ→Pⁿ∖Xd (cas dit logarithmique), pour les hypersurfaces génériques Xd de Pⁿ de degré d ≥ (5n)² nⁿ. Comme dans le cas compact, notre preuve repose essentiellement sur l'élimination algébrique de toutes les dérivées dans des équations différentielles qui sont vérifiées par toute courbe entière non constante. L'existence de telles équations différentielles est obtenue grâce aux inégalités de Morse holomorphes et à une variante simplifiée d'une formule de résidus originalement élaborée par Bérczi à partir de la formule de localisation équivariante d'Atiyah-Bott. La borne effective d ≥ (5n)² nⁿ est obtenue par réduction radicale d'un calcul de résidus itérés de très grande ampleur. Ensuite, la déformation de ces équations différentielles par dérivation le long de champs de vecteurs obliques, dont l'existence est ici généralisée et clarifiée, nous permet d'engendrer suffisamment de nouvelles équations pour réaliser l'élimination algébrique finale évoquée ci-dessus. / The topic of this memoir is the geometry of holomorphic entire curves with values in the complement of generic hypersurfaces of the complex projective space. The well-known conjectures of Kobayashi and of Green-Griffiths assert that for such hypersurfaces, having large degree, the images of these curves shall fulfill algebraic constraints. By adapting the jet techniques developed notably by Bloch, Green-Griffiths, Demailly, Siu, Diverio-Merker-Rousseau, in the case of curves with values in projective hypersurfaces (so-called compact case), we obtain the algebraic degeneracy of entire curves f : ℂ→Pⁿ∖Xd (so called logarithmic case), for generic hypersurfaces Xd in Pⁿ of degree d ≥ (5n)² nⁿ. As in the compact case, our proof essentially relies on the algebraic elimination of all derivatives in differential equations that are satisfied by every nonconstant entire curve. The existence of such differential equations is obtained thanks to the holomorphic Morse inequalities and a simplified variant of a residue formula firstly developed by Bérczi from the Atiyah-Bott equivariant localization formula. The effective lower bound d ≥ (5n)² nⁿ is obtained by radically simplifying a huge iterated residue computation. Next, the deformation of these differential equations by derivation along slanted vector fields, the existence of which is here generalized and clarified, allows us to generate sufficiently many new differential equations in order to realize the final algebraic elimination mentioned above.