Nesta dissertação de mestrado, vamos apresentar uma prova para os grandes desvios para variáveis aleatórias independentes e identicamente distribuídas com todos os momentos finitos e para a medida empírica de cadeias de Markov com espaço de estados finito e tempo discreto. Além disso, abordaremos os teoremas de Sanov e Gärtner-Ellis. / In this master thesis it is presented a proof of the large deviations for independent and identically distributed random variables with all finite moments and for the empirical measure of Markov chains with finite state space and with discrete time. Moreover, we address the theorems of Sanov and of Gartner-Ellis.

In this thesis, we have dealt primarily with two function algebras. The first one is the space of all holomorphic functions on the unit disc D in the complex plane which are continuous up to the boundary, denoted by A(D). The second one is H1(D), the space of all bounded analytic functions on D. We study results that characterize their maximal ideals. We start with necessary definitions and recall some useful results. In particular, the factorization of Hp functions in terms of Blaschke products, inner and outer functions is stated. Using this factorization, we provide an exposition of a beautiful result, originally by Beurling and rediscovered by Rudin, on the closed ideals of A(D). A maximality theorem by Wermer, which proves that A(D) is itself a maximal closed ideal of H1(D) is proved next. In chapter three, we expand our horizon and look at H1(D) as a dual space to characterize its weak-* closed maximal ideals. In the process we come across the shift operator and a theorem by Beurling, on the shift invariant subspaces of H2(D). We return in our quest to find out more about the maximal ideals of H1(D). The corona theorem states that the maximal ideals of the form Mτ = {ƒ ε H1(D) : ƒ (τ)=0} where τ is in D, are dense in the space of maximal ideals equipped with the Gelfand topology. We describe two approaches to the theorem, one that uses a lemma by Carleson on the existence and special properties of a contour in D. This is followed by a shorter and much more elegant proof by Wolff that uses elementary properties of Hp functions to achieve the same end. We conclude by presenting a proof of the Toeplitz corona theorem.

Recently, Kimber has discovered a general class of topological spaces, the members of which are termed barypact spaces, that includes the compact topological spaces. This class is distinct form the set of all compact topological spaces, but its members possess many of the useful properties associates with compactness. As a consequence, several standard compactness theorems become special cases of corresponding theorems in a more general setting and the techniques of proof applied to these extensions provide new, and sometimes remarkably simple, proofs of the very theorems they generalize. The purpose of this paper is to extend to this class three compactness theorems of topology: the Stone-Weierstrauss theorem, the Ascoli theorem, and the Dini theorem. It is assumed throughout this paper that the reader is familiar with the standard set theoretic notation and with such concepts as topological space, compact topological space, metric space, continuity, convergence, uniform convergence, and so on. Sometimes theorems that are used in support of this paper, but are not directly part of it, will be stated without proof; however, sources for such material are included in the bibliography.

It is well known that there exist domains Ω in Cn,n ≥ 2, such that all holomorphic functions in Ω continue analytically beyond the boundary. We wish to study this remarkable phenomenon. The first chapter seeks to motivate this theme by offering some well-known extension results on domains in Cn having many symmetries. One important result, in this regard, is Hartogs’ theorem on the extension of functions holomorphic in a certain neighbourhood of (D x {0} U (∂D x D), D being the open unit disc in C. To understand the nature of analytic continuation in greater detail, in Chapter 2, we make rigorous the notions of ‘extensions’ and ‘envelopes of holomorphy’ of a domain. For this, we use methods similar to those used in univariate complex analysis to construct the natural domains of definitions of functions like the logarithm. Further, to comprehend the geometry of these abstractly-defined extensions, we again try to deal with some explicit domains in Cn; but this time we allow our domains to have fewer symmetries. The subject of Chapter 3 is a folk result generalizing Hartogs’ theorem to the extension of functions holomorphic in a neighbourhood of S U (∂D x D), where S is the graph of a D-valued function Φ, continuous in D and holomorphic in D. This problem can be posed in higher dimensions and we give its proof in this generality. In Chapter 4, we study Chirka and Rosay’s proof of Chirka’s generalization (in C2) of the above-mentioned result. Here, Φ is merely a continuous function from D to itself. Chapter 5 — a departure from our theme of Hartogs-Chirka type of configurations — is a summary of the key ideas behind a ‘non-standard’ proof of the so-called Hartogs phenomenon (i.e., holomorphic functions in any connected neighbourhood of the boundary of a domain Ω Cn , n ≥ 2, extend to the whole of Ω). This proof, given by Merker and Porten, uses tools from Morse theory to tame the boundary geometry of Ω, hence making it possible to use analytic discs to achieve analytic continuation locally. We return to Chirka’s extension theorem, but this time in higher dimensions, in Chapter 6. We see one possible generalization (by Bharali) of this result involving Φ where is a subclass of C (D; Dn), n ≥ 2. Finally, in Chapter 7, we consider Hartogs-Chirka type configurations involving graphs of multifunctions given by “Weierstrass pseudopolynomials”. We will consider pseudopolynomials with coefficients belonging to two different subclasses of C(D; C), and show that functions holomorphic around these new configurations extend holomorphically to D2 .

We look at three distinct topics in analysis. In the first we give a direct and easy proof that the usual Newton-Leibniz rule implies the fundamental theorem of algebra that any nonconstant complex polynomial of one complex variable has a complex root. Next, we look at the Riesz representation theorem and show that the Riesz representing measure often can be given in the form of mini sums just like in the case of the usual Lebesgue measure on a cube. Lastly, we look at the idea of holomorphic domination and use it to define a class of complex Banach manifolds that is similar in nature and definition to the class of Stein manifolds.

<p>Diss. Stockholm :  Stockholm School of Economics, 2012. Introduction together with 6 papers</p>

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This doctoral thesis addresses one major difficulty in formal proof: removing obstructions to intuition which hamper the proof endeavour. We investigate this in the context of formally verifying geometric algorithms using the theorem prover Isabelle, by first proving the Graham’s Scan algorithm for finding convex hulls, then using the challenges we encountered as motivations for the design of a general, modular framework for combining mathematical tools. We introduce our integration framework — the Prover’s Palette, describing in detail the guiding principles from software engineering and the key differentiator of our approach — emphasising the role of the user. Two integrations are described, using the framework to extend Eclipse Proof General so that the computer algebra systems QEPCAD and Maple are directly available in an Isabelle proof context, capable of running either fully automated or with user customisation. The versatility of the approach is illustrated by showing a variety of ways that these tools can be used to streamline the theorem proving process, enriching the user’s intuition rather than disrupting it. The usefulness of our approach is then demonstrated through the formal verification of an algorithm for computing Delaunay triangulations in the Prover’s Palette.

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