Delamination and cracks within the multilayer structure are typical failure modes observed in microelectronic and micro electro mechanical system (MEMS) devices and packages. As destructive detection methods consume large numbers of devices during reliability tests, non-destructive techniques (NDT) are critical for measuring the size and position of internal defects throughout such tests. There are several established NDT methods; however, some of them have significant disadvantages for detecting defects within multilayer structures such as those found in MEMS devices. This thesis presents research into the application of transient infrared thermography as a non-destructive method for detecting and measuring internal defects, such as delamination and cracks, in the multilayer structure of MEMS devices. This technique works through the use of an infrared imaging system to map the changing temperature distribution over the surface of a target object following a sudden change in the boundary conditions, such as the application of a heat source to an external surface. It has previously been utilised in various applications, such as damage assessment in aerospace composites and verification of printed circuit board solder joint manufacture, but little research of its applicability to MEMS structures has previously been reported. In this work, the thermal behaviour of a multilayer structure containing defects was first numerically analysed. A multilayer structure was then successfully modelled using COMSOL finite element analysis (FEA) software with pulse heating on the bottom surface and observing the resulting time varying temperature distribution on the top. The optimum detecting conditions such as the pulse heating energy, pulse duration and heating method were determined and applied in the simulation. The influences of thermal properties of materials, physical dimensions of film, substrate and defect and other factors that will influence the surface temperature gradients were analytically evaluated. Furthermore, a functional relationship between the defect size and the resulting surface temperature was obtained to improve the accuracy of estimating the physical dimensions and location of the internal defect in detection. Corresponding experiments on specimens containing artificially created defects in macro-scale revealed the ability of the thermographic method to detect the internal defect. The precision of the established model was confirmed by contrasting the experimental results and numerical simulations.

Ce travail porte sur la détection de l’endommagement de matériaux composites. Une première partie concerne l’élaboration de méthodes permettant d’estimer les termes sources de chaleur d’un matériau sollicité mécaniquement. Lors de ce processus, un ensemble de défauts mécaniques mènent à des productions de chaleur. La détection des sources peut permettre la détection de ces défauts. Deux principales méthodes sont présentées : une méthode dite « directe » basée sur une discrétisation du champ de température mesuré et une méthode « itérative » basée sur la méthode du gradient conjugué. A ces méthodes sont couplées des techniques de filtrages des données comme la SVD. Les équations sont résolues par différences finies sous leur forme linéaire. Des modifications sont apportées à l’algorithme itératif pour améliorer sa convergence ainsi que les résultats. Les problématiques envisagées font partie des problèmes inverses en thermique. L’objectif de la première partie est de trouver un lien entre l’apparition de macro-fissure et la localisation de termes sources de chaleur au sein d’un matériau composite. La seconde partie consiste à élaborer des méthodes d’estimation des diffusivités thermiques directionnelles. Les méthodes reposent sur une modélisation du transfert de chaleur à l’aide des quadripôles thermiques. Les estimations de paramètres sont réalisées sur des zones ciblées à risque sur un matériau déjà endommagé. Le but est de faire le lien entre un endommagement mécanique connu diffus et une dégradation des propriétés thermiques. Ce manuscrit est présenté en deux parties : une partie de validation des méthodes. Une partie expérimentale où sont analysés les composites. / This work deals with the damage detection of composite materials. These materials are used in the aeronautics industry. The first part concerns the development of methods to estimate the heat sources terms of a stressed material. During this process, a set of mechanical defects leads to heat productions. The sources detection can conduct to the detection of these defects. Two main methods are presented: a "direct" method based on a discretization of the measured temperature field and an "iterative" method based on the conjugate gradient method. These methods are coupled with data filtering techniques such as SVD. In order to optimize computation time, equations are solved by finite differences in their linear form. Modifications are also made for the iterative algorithm to improve its convergence as well as the results of the estimation. These problems are considered as thermal inverse problems. The main objective of the first part is to find an experimental link between the appearance of a macro fissure and the localization of a heat source term within a composite material. The second part consists in the elaboration of methods for estimating thermal directional diffusivities. The methods are based on a modeling of heat transfer using thermal quadrupoles. Parameter estimations are made on targeted "risked" areas on a material, which is already damaged but not under stress. The aim is to link a known mechanical damage, which is called "diffuse" to thermal properties degradation in the main directions. This manuscript is presented in two parts: a validation part of the methods, and an experimental part in which composites are analyzed.

Materiais aplicados na construção civil são importantes para fornecer segurança e conforto às pessoas. Quanto mais adequadas as propriedades térmicas, menos energia é necessária para aquecer ou resfriar uma área construída. A NBR 15575:2013 - Desempenho de Edificações Habitacionais, padronizou desempenhos térmicos para construções. Os blocos estruturais cerâmicos atendem o padrão mínimo, porém acredita-se que seu desempenho possa ser melhorado utilizando materiais de características isolantes dentro de seus furos verticais. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho é investigar compósitos de matriz cimentícia com agregados leves para o aprimoramento térmico de blocos estruturais cerâmicos. Para o estudo, quatro corpos de prova foram produzidos preenchendo o vazado dos blocos com compósitos de matriz cimentícia utilizando 80% agregados leves (argila expandida, vermiculita, poliestireno expandido (EPS) e perlita expandida), 20% de cimento, além de uma amostra preenchida com graute estrutural que é comumente utilizado em edificações de alvenaria estrutural. Também foram produzidos corpos de prova com os compósitos, para a análise de massa específica, microscopia, resistência à compressão, absorção de água e desempenho térmico medido por termografia. Nos blocos, analisou-se massa final preenchido, absorção de água e desempenho térmico. No estudo termográfico, os blocos preenchidos foram comparados ao bloco cerâmico vazado padrão. Concluiu-se que o preenchimento dos vazados dos blocos com todos os compósitos leves e com o graute estrutural proporcionou um desempenho térmico melhor que o do bloco padrão, se destacando o EPS como melhor desempenho. O desempenho térmico dos prismas de compósitos confirmou o que foi observado nos corpos de prova de blocos. Assim foram feitos novos corpos de prova maximizando o teor de EPS para 85% e 90%. A análise térmica destas amostras apresentou melhor resultado para EPS 90%. O aumento do teor de EPS diminuiu a resistência à compressão e aumentou a absorção de água, porém, como o foco é o desempenho térmico e o bloco preenchido com o compósito EPS (90%) atende as características normativas, esta pode ser uma solução interessante. / Materials applied in civil construction are important to provide security and comfort to people. The more appropriate the thermal properties are, the less energy it is necessary to provide heat or cold to a constructed area. The NBR 15575:2013 standard, which deals with the Performance of Residential Constructions, has standardized thermal performances for buildings. Structural ceramic blocks meet the minimum standard, but it is believed that their performance can be improved by means of materials with isolating characteristics within their vertical holes. Thus, the aim of this paper is to investigate cementitious matrix composites with lightweight aggregates for thermal improvement of ceramic structural blocks. For the study, four specimens were produced by filling the hollow spaces of the blocks with cementitious matrix composites using 80% of lightweight aggregates (expanded clay, vermiculite, expanded polystyrene – EPS –, and expanded perlite), and 20% of cement. These were compared to a sample filled with structural grout, which is commonly used in structural masonry buildings. Specimens were also produced with the composites for specific mass analysis, microscopy, compression resistance, water absorption and thermal performance measured by thermography. In the blocks, the final, filled weight was analyzed, as well as water absorption and thermal performance. In the thermographic study, the filled blocks were compared to standard ceramic hollow blocks. It was concluded that filling the hollow spaces of the blocks with all the lightweight composites and structural grout provided a better thermal performance than that of standard blocks, highlighting EPS as having the best performance. Thermal performance of the composite prisms confirms what was observed in the block specimens. Thus, new specimens were made maximizing the EPS content to 85% and 90%. Thermal analysis of these samples presented better results for EPS 90%. The increase in the EPS content decreased compression resistance and increased water absorption. However, as the focus is thermal performance and as the block filled with EPS composite (90%) meets the requirements of the standard, this may be an interesting solution.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar as características físicas preditoras do efeito do calor sobre os diferentes grupos genéticos de bovinos leiteiros. Foram utilizados trinta e oito animais, entre eles 19 da raça Holandesa, 08 Girolando ½ Holandês e 11 Girolando ¾ Holandês. Foram realizadas mensurações para as características físicas, como: espessura da pele e pelame, contagem e comprimento de pelos e medidas corporais, sendo essa realizada uma única vez por animal. Os parâmetros fisiológicos coletados foram: temperatura retal (TR), frequência respiratória (FR), frequência cardíaca (FC), escore de ofegação (EO). As imagens termográficas foram obtidas por uma câmera infravermelha (FLIR® System T300), onde se coletaram as temperaturas das regiões do lado direito (Ladod), lado esquerdo (Ladoe), olho direito (Olho), visão lateral do úbere direito (Uberelat), visão posterior do úbere (Uberetras) e pata dianteira direita na visão posterior (Pata). Os bovinos da raça Holandesa foram mais sensíveis ao estresse térmico por calor em relação aos Girolando (1/2 e 3/4 Holandês). A análise discriminante identificou o perímetro torácico como a característica física que tem influência na tolerância ao calor dos animais. A análise canônica separou os animais da raça Holandesa dos animais da raça Girolando ½ e ¾ Hoandês. A porcentagem de variação nos fatores principais foram maiores durante a tarde do que na manhã, porém foram baixos. As regressões e correlações não foram significativas, assim as características físicas não foram boas em predizer os indices fisiológicos e as temperaturas termográficas, portanto não devem ser utilizadas. / The objective of this study was to determine the physical characteristics predictive of the effect of heat on different genetic groups of dairy cattle. Thirty eight animals, including 19 Holstein, 08 Gir ½ Holstein and 11 Gir ¾ Holstein were used. Measurements to the physical characteristics were carried out: skin and coat thickness, number and length of hair and body measurements, performed once per animal. The physiological parameters collected included: rectal temperature (RT), respiratory rate (RR), heart rate (HR) and panting score (SP). Thermographic images were obtained by an infrared camera (FLIR T300 ® System), which collected the temperatures of the regions on the right and left side, eye, lateral view of the right udder, posterior view of the udder and right front leg in posterior. The Holstein cattle were less tolerant to heat stress than Girolando (1/2 and 3/4 Holstein) because these animals had difficulties in dissipating heat due to the larger body size, as well as thicker and longer coats. The correlations between physical characteristics, physiological parameters and thermographic measures were inconsistent between genetic groups are therefore not predictive of heat tolerance, while the regressions of morphometric characteristics on physiological and thermographic were not significant. Thus physical characteristics were not good at predicting the physiological indices or thermographic temperatures and therefore should not be used as measures of heat tolerance in dairy cattle.

Cette étude présente une analyse mécanique et énergétique de la fatigue des matériaux métalliques à grand et très grand nombre de cycles. Des bilans d'énergie en fatigue sont réalisés à partir de techniques d'imagerie quantitatives. Les sources de chaleur sont déterminées à partir des champs de température mesurés par caméra infrarouge. Les champs cinématiques sont obtenus en utilisant une technique de corrélation d'image numérique et permettent d'estimer l'énergie de déformation mise en jeu. Un premier objectif est d'analyser la pertinence énergétique des concepts de limite de fatigue et d'état cyclique stabilisé. Un deuxième objectif est de comparer les champs de dissipation à l'échelle mésoscopique aux distributions de bandes de glissement. Enfin, la comparaison d'essais de fatigue conventionnelle (30-50 Hz) et ultrasonique (20 kHz) permet d'analyser les effets de la fréquence sur le comportement dissipatif du matériau. / This work presents a mechanical and energy analysis of metallic materials during high and very high cycle fatigue tests. Energy balances are derived from quantitative imaging techniques. Heat sources are estimated from temperature fields measured by an infrared camera. Kinematic fields are obtained by using digital image correlation techniques and used to compute the deformation energy. A first aim is to analyse the energy relevance of the concepts of fatigue limit and stabilzed cyclic behavior. A second aim is to compare dissipation fields at mesoscale with the microstrural distribution of slip bands. Finally, conventional (30-50 Hz) and ultrasonic (20kHz) fatigue tests are used to analyse the frequency effect on the dissipative behavior of the material.

High combustion temperatures are required in gas-turbine engines to achieve high cycle efficiencies. With increasing temperature, however, the life span of the turbine components are reduced. The ability to accurately predict engine component temperature as a function of combustion temperature is required to strike this balance correctly. An experimental heat transfer measurement technique is developed in this thesis, which builds on a large body of existing literature. The technique enables a detailed quantification of turbine heat transfer on test rigs which closely represent gas-turbine engine configurations. Fundamental improvements are made to existing methods, in the definition of the ‘semi- infinite limit’ for transient measurement techniques, in Infra-red camera calibration, and in thermal effusivity measurement. The improvements were developed from first principles, verified experimentally, and have been used on a world leading heat transfer rig (the FACTOR combustor-turbine interaction rig, run on the NG-Turb facility at DLR Göttingen). It was found that optimisation of a number of measurement parameters was required to minimise the measurement uncertainty. It is shown that the optimum measurement parameters are dependant, and sensitive to the specific configuration of the test rig. An experimental procedure was developed and tested, which has been ‘tuned’ for measurements on the FACTOR test rig. Despite the challenging measurement environment on the FACTOR rig, it was found that state-of-the-art heat transfer measurement uncertainties of approximately 5%, could nevertheless still be achieved, by using the new methods. General principles and rules are established which can be used to guide the design of future heat transfer measurements, with the aim of minimising measurement uncertainty.

Submitted by Laryssa Petrocini Rosseto null (laryssa_p@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-04-28T12:04:12Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Laryssa Petrocini Rosseto.pdf: 4052291 bytes, checksum: 412d5ee6bfab0c9a10573907db5a3e2d (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Felipe Augusto Arakaki (arakaki@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-05-02T12:04:23Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 rosseto_lp_me_jabo.pdf: 4052291 bytes, checksum: 412d5ee6bfab0c9a10573907db5a3e2d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-02T12:04:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 rosseto_lp_me_jabo.pdf: 4052291 bytes, checksum: 412d5ee6bfab0c9a10573907db5a3e2d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-26 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Devido ao aumento da expectativa de vida dos animais e o crescente número de pessoas, a osteoartrite (OA), também conhecida como artrose, surge como uma das afecções mais relevantes na medicina veterinária e humana. Diversos tratamentos são utilizados e propostos, porém não há ainda consenso sobre a melhor terapia. Objetivou-se investigar e comparar a eficácia do Laser de baixa intensidade e o ultrassom terapêutico em conjunto com plasma rico em plaquetas (PRP), no tratamento da osteoartrite induzida em joelhos de ratos. Foram utilizados 72 ratos distribuídos aleatoriamente em nove grupos de oito animais: Grupo Controle (GC), Grupo solução fisiológica (GCF), Grupo osteoartrite 21 dias (GOA21), Grupo osteoartrite 42 dias (GOA42), Grupo osteoartrite e Laser (GOALa), Grupo osteoartrite e Ultrassom terapêutico (GOAUS), Grupo osteoartrite e PRP (GOAPrp), Grupo osteoartrite, PRP e Laser (GOAPrpLa) e Grupo osteoartrite, PRP e ultrassom terapêutico (GOAPrpUS). Foi realizada infiltração intra-articular de papaína 4% e cisteína 0,03M e, 21 dias após a indução, iniciou-se tratamento por três semanas com laser, ultrassom e/ou PRP. Foram realizadas avaliações perimétricas, termográficas, macro e microscópicas. Os resultados mostraram interação significativa entre os grupos em relação ao tempo para as avaliações perimétricas e termográficas, comprovando que a termografia foi eficaz para avaliar o comportamento da inflamação articular. Não foram observadas alterações macroscópicas na cartilagem articular em nenhum animal, fato este confirmado na avaliação histopatológica, onde evidenciou-se distensão e inflamação da cápsula articular, indicando a presença de sinovite. Com base nos resultados foi possível concluir que a aplicação de uma única dose de papaína 4% intra-articular não é suficiente para induzir a osteoartrite em joelhos de ratos, e sim sinovite. Além disso, os melhores resultados obtidos para a inflamação da sinóvia foram com o uso de PRP isolado ou combinado com laser. / Due to increasing life expectancy of animals and the growing number of people, osteoarthritis (OA), also known as arthrosis, appears as one of the most important diseases in veterinary and human medicine. Several treatments are use and proposed, but there is no consensus about the best therapy. This study aimed to investigate and compare the efficacy of Low-level laser therapy and therapeutic ultrasound in conjunction with platelet-rich plasma (PRP) in the treatment of osteoarthritis induced in rats’ knees. Randomly were used 72 mice divided into nine groups of eight animals: Control Group (CG), group saline (GCF), Group osteoarthritis 21 days (GOA21), Group osteoarthritis 42 days (GOA42), Group osteoarthritis and Laser (GOALa), Group osteoarthritis and therapeutic Ultrasound (GOAUS), osteoarthritis and PRP Group (GOAPrp), osteoarthritis Group, PRP and Laser (GOAPrpLa) and Group osteoarthritis, PRP and therapeutic ultrasound (GOAPrpUS). It was performed intra-articular infiltration of papain and cysteine 0.03M 4% and 21 days after the induction started three weeks treatment with laser, ultrasound and / or PRP. Evaluations were performed perimeter, thermographic, macro and microscopic. A significant interaction between the groups with respect to time to the perimeter and thermographic ratings, proving that thermography was effective to evaluate the behavior of articular inflammation. Macroscopic changes were observe in the articular cartilage in any animal, a fact confirmed in the histopathological evaluation, which showed up distension and inflammation of the joint capsule, indicating the presence of synovitis. Based on these results it was conclude that the application of a single dose of 4% papain intraarticular is not sufficient to induce osteoarthritis in the knees of mice, but synovitis. In addition, the best results to inflammation of the synovium were using PRP alone or in combination with a laser.

Os métodos mais utilizados para manutenção e inspeção em linhas de transmissão são caros, perigosos e pouco precisos. Este trabalho propõe um método de manutenção preventiva mais eficiente, autônomo, para um trabalho rápido e que não ofereça riscos aos trabalhadores envolvidos. O método visa a utilização de um dispositivo móvel que se locomover-se-a ao longo das linhas de transmissão e fará a inspeção. Foi utilizada uma câmera infravermelha e desenvolvido um método que processa os dados gerados pela câmera para assim permitir a automatização desejada desta manutenção preventiva. Esta câmera, ao invés de formar imagens utilizando as frequências eletromagnéticas na faixa do visível, que são reetidas pelos objetos, utiliza as frequências na faixa infravermelho, que são emitidas pelo próprio objeto que está sendo inspecionado. O objetivo é encontrar regiões das linhas de transmissão com elevada temperatura e acusar a falha, se for o caso, tão logo ela tenha sido detectada pela câmera e assim sendo possível saber a localização aproximada da falha e a melhor providência a ser tomada. / The methods used for maintenance and inspection of transmission lines are expensive, dangerous and inaccurate. This work proposes a method for preventive maintenance where is more e cient, autonomous, faster and that o ers no risk to workers. The method aims to use a mobile device that travels along the transmission lines andperforms the inspection. An infrared camera is used to develop a method that processes the generated data in order to enable the automation of preventive maintenance. This camera, instead of forming images by using the electromagnetic frequencies in the visible range, which are re ected from objects, uses frequencies in the infrared, which are emitted by the object under inspected. The goal is to nd regions of transmission lines with high temperatures and detect the fault, if any, the position of the fault and determine the best action to be taken.

Master of Science / Department of Biological & Agricultural Engineering / Ajay Sharda / Precise water application conserves resources, reduces costs, and optimizes plant performance and quality. Existing irrigation scheduling utilizes single, localized measurements that do not account for spatial crop water need; but, quick, single-point sensors are impractical for measuring discrete variations across large coverage areas. Thermography is an alternate approach for measuring spatial temperatures to quantify crop health. However, agricultural studies using thermography are limited due to previous camera expense, unfamiliar use and calibration, software for image acquisition and high-throughput processing specifically designed for thermal imagery mapping and monitoring spatial crop water need. Recent advancements in thermal detectors and sensing platforms have allowed uncooled thermal infrared (TIR) cameras to become suited for crop sensing. Therefore, a small, lightweight thermal infrared imaging system (TIRIS) was developed capable of radiometric temperature measurements. One-time (OT) and real-time (RT) radiometric calibrations methods were developed and validated for repeatable, temperature measurements while compensating for strict environmental conditions within a climate chamber. The Tamarisk® 320 and 640 analog output yielded a measurement accuracy of ±0.82°C or 0.62ºC with OT and RT radiometric calibration, respectively. The Tamarisk® 320 digital output yielded a measurement accuracy of ±0.43 or 0.29ºC with OT and RT radiometric calibration, respectively. Similarly, the FLIR® Tau 2 analog output yielded a measurement accuracy of ±0.87 or 0.63ºC with OT and RT radiometric calibration, respectively. A TIRIS was then built for high-throughput image capture, correction, and processing and RT environmental compensation for monitoring crop water stress within a greenhouse and temperature mapping aboard a small unmanned aerial systems (sUAS). The greenhouse TIRIS was evaluated by extracting plant temperatures for monitoring full-season crop water stress index (CWSI) measurements. Canopy temperatures demonstrated that CWSI explained 82% of the soil moisture variation. Similarly, validation aboard a sUAS provided radiometric thermal maps with a ±1.38°C (α=0.05) measurement accuracy. Due to the TIR cameras’ performance aboard sUAS and greenhouse platforms, a TIRIS provides unparalleled spatial coverage and measurement accuracy capable of monitoring subtle crop stress indicators. Further studies need to be conducted to produce spatial crop water stress maps at scales necessary for variable rate irrigation systems.

In this work, unmanned aerial vehicle-based non-destructive testing methods for concrete structures are evaluated and developed. There exists a need for improved infrastructure inspection techniques with increased expediency. Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are highly mobile and have shown promise towards achieving this directive, but more work is required to adapt traditional NDT methods to be UAV-compatible. To this end, concrete sounding techniques were evaluated with a quantitative acoustic frequency analysis procedure on a series of concrete slabs. One such method was adapted for use with a UAV and was used to detect subsurface voids in one of the concrete samples and offer a means of depth estimation. This work was complemented with experiments concerning UAV-based visual and infrared imaging techniques already in practice for UAV-based concrete inspection. Together, findings indicate the strengths and weaknesses of the NDTs tested and suggest further improvements for UAV-based NDTs and inspection strategies moving forward. Development of a novel sensor platform for UAV-based measurement, as well as results of an actual bridge inspection using infrared and optical methods demonstrate the present capabilities of the UAV-based instrumentation. / Graduate / 2019-07-03