The Tetrahymena thermophila rDNA minichromosome has been used as a model system for studying DNA replication. Previous studies have identified cis-acting replication determinants within the rDNA origin and promoter region including the type I element that is essential for replication initiation, fork progression and promoter activation. TIF1 is a non-ORC single strand-binding protein that binds the type I element in vivo. TIF1 binds opposing strands at the origin and promoter regions indicating that it may play a role in selectively marking these regions. In this dissertation, I use gene disruption to elucidate the role of TIF1 in replication. This work reveals that TIF1 represses rDNA origin firing, and is required for proper macronuclear S phase progression and division. Replication at the rDNA origin initiates precociously despite the observation that TIF1 mutants exhibit an elongated macronuclear S phase and a diminished rate of DNA replication. The amitotic macronucleus also displays delayed and abnormal division even though cells exit S phase with a wild-type macronuclear DNA content. Nuclear defects are also evident in the diploid micronucleus as TIF1 mutants contain fewer micronuclear chromosomes and are unable to pass genetic information to progeny. This defect is progressive as clonal mutant lines exhibit micronuclear instability during subsequent vegetative cell cycling. This work reveals that these macro- and micronuclear phenotypes may be the result of DNA damage as TIF1 mutants are hypersensitive to DNA damaging agents. This suggests that TIF1 mutants may have defects in the DNA damage response pathway. TIF1-deficient cells also incur DNA damage with no exogenous damaging agents. I propose that micro- and macronuclear defects witnessed in TIF1 mutant cells result from cells exiting S phase with compromised chromosomes due to the accumulation of DNA damage. Furthermore, TIF1 appears to play a role in the prevention, recognition or repair of DNA damage in addition to regulating rDNA replication and cell cycle progression and division. Additionally, TIF1 plays an essential role in the faithful propagation of both the macro- and micronuclear genomes.

Le côlon des mammifères est colonisé d'environ 1013 bactéries. Si ce microbiote contribue au métabolisme, au développement et à la protection de l'organisme et représente une source massive d'antigènes. Il doit donc être compartimenté afin d'empêcher leur dissémination dans l'organisme où il pourrait être délétère. Lors de ma thèse, je me suis intéressé au rôle du Transforming Growth Factor beta (TGF-bêta, une cytokine fortement exprimée sous forme inactive au niveau de l'intestin des mammifères. Nous avons pu montrer que l'expression de l'intégrine alphav bêta 8par les lymphocytes T régulateurs (Treg) est essentielle à l'activation du TGF-bêta. Par ailleurs, mes travaux démontrent que deux protéines de la voie de signalisation du TGF-bêta, TIF-1gamma et SMAD4, contrôlent l'expression de l'IL-22 dans les cellules lymphocytaires innées de groupe 3 (ILC3) du côlon, responsable du maintien l'intégrité de la barrière intestinale empêchant l'entrée massive de bactéries et une suractivation des lymphocytes Th17 impliqués dans le développement spontané de cancers colorectaux. Ainsi, mes travaux de recherche ont permis de mettre en évidence le rôle clé du TGF-bêta dans le maintien de l'intégrité intestinale essentiel à la prévention du développement de cancers colorectaux induits spontanément par le microbiote / Mammalian colon harbors about 1013 bacteria. Although this microbiota contributes to metabolism, development and protection of the organism, it constitutes a huge source of antigens and must be compartmentalized in order to prevent intestinal bacteria dissemination in the organism that could be harmful for the host. During my PhD, I was interested in the role of Transforming Growth Factor beta (TGF-beta, a highly expressed cytokine and produced as an inactive form in mammalian gut. We showed that the expression of integrin alpha v beta 8by regulatory T cells (Treg) is essential to activate TGF-beta. Moreover, my work revealed that two proteins of the TGF-beta signaling pathway, TIF-1gamma and SMAD4, are responsible for the control of the expression of IL-22 within colonic group 3 Innate Lymphoid Cells (ILC3) which maintains the intestinal barrier integrity and prevents bacteria from entering and over-activation of Th17 cells involved in spontaneous colorectal cancer development. My work revealed a key role for TGF-beta in the maintenance of intestinal barrier-integrity essential to prevent spontaneous microbiota-induced colorectal cancer development